Great Lakes Navigation System

Transcription

1 Great Lakes Navigation System Mike O Bryan Great Lakes Navigation Business Line Manager Great Lakes Waterways Conference February 16, 2011 US Army Corps of Engineers

2 Meeting Agenda Welcome; Introductory Remarks Great Lakes Navigation Program Program Accomplishments Expected Navigation Program President s Budget - Dredging Backlog Update - Soo Locks Reliability - Dredged Material Management Strategy - Breakwater Risk Communication LTC Derosier Mike O Bryan District Operations Chiefs Shamel Abou El-Seoud Key Project Updates Josh Feldmann Wayne Schloop Stakeholder Update Stakeholder Feedback Open Discussion Jim Weakley All 2

3 Federal Harbors on the Great Lakes Grand Marais Beaver Bay Two Harbors Knife River Cornucopia La Pointe Duluth- Superior Bayfield Port Wing WI Keweenaw Waterway Lake Superior Eagle Harbor MI Pensaukee Big Suamico Green Bay Chippewa Harbor Menominee Oconto Presque Isle Cedar River Two Rivers Lac La Belle Grand Traverse Bay Big Bay Marquette Gladstone Little Bay de noc Algoma Kewaunee Washington Island Sturgeon Bay Grand Marais Manistique Little Lake St. James Frankfort Arcadia Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef Portage Lake Cross Village Leland Mackinac Island Mackinac City Cheboygan Hammond Bay Inland Route Petoskey Charlevoix Greilickville Whitefish Point Harbor Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Alpena Black River Harbor Harrisville Au Sable Harbor Tawas Bay A non-linear navigation system with 63 federal commercial harbors dependent on each other for the efficiency and health of the system 24 of the Nation s top 100 harbors linked in trade with each other in a complex pattern of interdependency. Shallow-draft (recreational) harbors are critically important to the regional economy; not high administration priority. CANADA Cape Vincent Sackets Harbor Ogdensburg Morristown Deep Draft Shallow Draft IL Manitowoc Sheboygan Port Washington Milwaukee Kenosha Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Indiana Harbor Manistee Ludington Pentwater White Lake Muskegon Grand River Grand Haven Holland Saugatuck South Haven St. Joseph St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City IN Point Lookout Port Austin Harbor Beach Saginaw Port Sanilac MI OH Lexington Black River Pine River St. Clair River Belle River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Rouge River Detroit River Monroe Bolles Harbor PA NY Oswego Port Ontario 3

4 FY10 Dredging Contracts Beaver Bay Grand Marais Chippewa Harbor Lake Superior Two Harbors Eagle Harbor Lac La Belle Knife River Cornucopia Duluth- Superior Port Wing La Pointe Bayfield Keweenaw Waterway Grand Traverse Bay Big Bay Little Lake Whitefish Point Harbor MI Presque Isle Marquette Gladstone Grand Marais Manistique Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Mackinac Island WI Little Bay de noc Washington Cedar River Island Menominee Oconto Pensaukee Sturgeon Bay Big Suamico Algoma Kewaunee Green Bay Two Rivers St. James Mackinac City Cheboygan Cross Village Hammond Bay Inland Route Petoskey Charlevoix Leland Alpena Black River Harbor Greilickville Frankfort Harrisville Arcadia Au Sable Harbor Portage Lake Tawas Bay CANADA Ogdensburg Morristown Cape Vincent Sackets Harbor Commercial Recreational President s Budget IL Manitowoc Sheboygan Port Washington Milwaukee Kenosha Waukegan Manistee Ludington Pentwater White Lake Muskegon Grand River Grand Haven Holland Saugatuck South Haven St. Joseph Point Lookout Saginaw MI Port Austin Harbor Beach Port Sanilac Lexington Black River Pine River St. Clair River Belle River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Rouge River Detroit River NY Port Ontario Oswego Omnibus Bill Adds $6M MI Regional Dredging Fund ARRA Funding Chicago Harbor Chicago River Calumet St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City IN OH Monroe Bolles Harbor PA 4

5 Harbors Eligible for $6M Regional Dredging Fund FY10 ALPENA, MI ARCADIA, MI AU SABLE, MI BAY PORT, MI BIG BAY, MI BLACK RIVER (GOGEBIC), MI BOLLES HARBOR, MI CLINTON RIVER, MI EAGLE HARBOR, MI FRANKFORT, MI GRAND MARAIS, MI INLAND ROUTE, MI LAC LA BELLE, MI LELAND, MI LES CHENEAUX ISLAND CHANNELS, MI LEXINGTON, MI LITTLE LAKE, MI LUDINGTON, MI MANISTEE, MI MANISTIQUE, MI MARQUETTE, MI MENOMINEE, MI NEW BUFFALO, MI PENTWATER, MI POINT LOOKOUT, MI PORT AUSTIN, MI PORT SANILAC, MI PORTAGE LAKE, MI ROUGE RIVER, MI SAUGATUCK, MI SOUTH HAVEN, MI WHITE LAKE, MI WHITEFISH POINT, MI 5

6 Omnibus Bill Regional Dredging Provisions FY08 Commercial Dredging ($6.544M) Transportation Cost Savings Relationship Among Harbors Coordinate with Stakeholders FY08 Lake Superior Small Harbor Dredging ($1.564M) FY08 Michigan Reprogramming Provision FY09 $5M Michigan Provision (30 Eligible Harbors) FY10 $6M Michigan Provision (32 Eligible Harbors) FY10 Lake Superior Small Harbor O&M ($1.9M) 6

7 FY09/10 Construction Projects Beaver Bay Grand Marais Chippewa Harbor Lake Superior Two Harbors Eagle Harbor Lac La Belle Knife River Cornucopia La Pointe Duluth- Superior Bayfield Port Wing WI Grand Traverse Bay Keweenaw Waterway Big Bay Little Lake Whitefish Point Harbor MI Presque Isle Grand Marais Marquette Manistique Gladstone Little Bay de noc Washington Island Cedar River Menominee Oconto Pensaukee Sturgeon Bay Big Suamico Algoma Green Bay Kewaunee Two Rivers Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef St. James Cross Village Petoskey Inland Route Charlevoix Leland Greilickville Frankfort Arcadia Portage Lake Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Mackinac Island Mackinac City Cheboygan Hammond Bay Alpena Black River Harbor Harrisville Au Sable Harbor Tawas Bay CANADA Manitowoc Manistee Point Lookout Port Austin Sheboygan Ludington Pentwater Saginaw Harbor Beach Port Washington White Lake Muskegon Grand River MI Black River Port Sanilac Lexington Milwaukee Grand Haven St. Clair River Kenosha Holland Saugatuck Pine River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Belle River NY Commercial Recreational IL FY09/10 Construction Projects Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Calumet IN South Haven St. Joseph St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City OH Rouge River Detroit River Monroe Bolles Harbor PA 7

8 FY11 Anticipated Dredging Projects Beaver Bay Grand Marais Chippewa Harbor Lake Superior Two Harbors Eagle Harbor Lac La Belle Knife River Cornucopia Duluth- Superior Port Wing La Pointe Bayfield Keweenaw Waterway Grand Traverse Bay Big Bay Little Lake Whitefish Point Harbor MI Presque Isle Marquette Gladstone Grand Marais Manistique Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Mackinac Island WI Little Bay de noc Washington Cedar River Island Menominee Oconto Pensaukee Sturgeon Bay Big Suamico Algoma Green Bay Kewaunee Two Rivers St. James Mackinac City Cheboygan Cross Village Hammond Bay Petoskey Inland Route Charlevoix Leland Alpena Black River Harbor Greilickville Frankfort Harrisville Arcadia Au Sable Harbor Portage Lake Tawas Bay CANADA Ogdensburg Morristown Cape Vincent Sackets Harbor Manitowoc Manistee Point Lookout Port Austin Sheboygan Ludington Pentwater Saginaw Harbor Beach Port Ontario Oswego Port Washington White Lake Muskegon Grand River MI Black River Port Sanilac Lexington Milwaukee Grand Haven St. Clair River Kenosha Holland Saugatuck Pine River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Belle River NY Commercial Recreational President s Budget IL Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Calumet IN South Haven St. Joseph St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City OH Rouge River Detroit River Monroe Bolles Harbor PA 8

9 FY11 Anticipated Construction Projects Beaver Bay Grand Marais Chippewa Harbor Lake Superior Two Harbors Eagle Harbor Lac La Belle Knife River Cornucopia La Pointe Duluth- Superior Bayfield Port Wing WI Grand Traverse Bay Keweenaw Waterway Big Bay Little Lake Whitefish Point Harbor MI Presque Isle Grand Marais Marquette Manistique Gladstone Little Bay de noc Washington Island Cedar River Menominee Oconto Pensaukee Sturgeon Bay Big Suamico Algoma Green Bay Kewaunee Two Rivers Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef St. James Cross Village Petoskey Inland Route Charlevoix Leland Greilickville Frankfort Arcadia Portage Lake Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Mackinac Island Mackinac City Cheboygan Hammond Bay Alpena Black River Harbor Harrisville Au Sable Harbor Tawas Bay CANADA Manitowoc Manistee Point Lookout Port Austin Sheboygan Ludington Pentwater Saginaw Harbor Beach Port Washington White Lake Muskegon Grand River MI Black River Port Sanilac Lexington Milwaukee Grand Haven St. Clair River Kenosha Holland Saugatuck Pine River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Belle River NY Commercial Recreational IL FY11 Construction Projects Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Calumet IN South Haven St. Joseph St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City OH Rouge River Detroit River Monroe Bolles Harbor PA 9

10 FY11 Corps Funding Status Congress has not passed an appropriations bill for FY11. The Corps is operating under a Continuing Resolution Authority (CRA), with funding levels no greater than FY10. Projects that did not receive funding in FY10 are not eligible for funding under the CRA. It is possible that we will have a year-long CRA in FY11. 10

11 FY12 President s Budget Dredging Projects Chippewa Harbor Beaver Bay Grand Marais Lake Superior Two Harbors Eagle Harbor Lac La Belle Knife River Cornucopia Duluth- Superior Port Wing La Pointe Bayfield Keweenaw Waterway Grand Traverse Bay Big Bay Little Lake Whitefish Point Harbor MI Presque Isle Marquette Gladstone Grand Marais Manistique Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Mackinac Island WI Little Bay de noc Washington Cedar River Island Menominee Oconto Pensaukee Sturgeon Bay Big Suamico Algoma Green Bay Kewaunee Two Rivers St. James Mackinac City Cheboygan Cross Village Hammond Bay Petoskey Inland Route Charlevoix Leland Alpena Black River Harbor Greilickville Frankfort Harrisville Arcadia Au Sable Harbor Portage Lake Tawas Bay CANADA Ogdensburg Morristown Cape Vincent Sackets Harbor Manitowoc Manistee Point Lookout Port Austin Sheboygan Ludington Pentwater Saginaw Harbor Beach Port Ontario Oswego Port Washington White Lake Muskegon Grand River MI Black River Port Sanilac Lexington Milwaukee Grand Haven St. Clair River Kenosha Holland Saugatuck Pine River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Belle River NY Commercial Recreational President s Budget IL Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Calumet IN South Haven St. Joseph St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City OH Rouge River Detroit River Monroe Bolles Harbor PA 11

12 FY 12 President s Budget Great Lakes Navigation $80.0M in Operations & Maintenance $22.4M in Dredging (1.65M cubic yards) $11.9M in Dredged Material Management $2.5M in Soo Asset Renewal 12

13 Great Lakes Navigation System Historical Funding FY07-FY12 All Appropriations $120,000 $100,000 $80,000 $60,000 $40,000 $20,000 $0 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 13

14 Major System Requirements Reducing/eliminating dredging backlog Soo Locks Reliability Dredged material management Maintaining system infrastructure - Breakwater risk communication

15 Reducing Dredging Backlog 15

16 Backlog Growth Under Constrained Dredging Funding ,000 Dredging Backlog Grows to over 26M CY by ,000 Cubic Yards Dredged (x1000)- Blue Line 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 24,000 20,000 16,000 12,000 8,000 4,000 Cumulative Backlog (1,000 cu yds) - Green Line Assume FY12-FY17 Ann. Dredging Equal to FY12 PB Level of 1.65M CY Annual Great Lakes Dedging Average Annual Need Dredging Backlog 16

17 Dredging Funding Trends Quantity Dredged (M cu yd) 5.0 ARRA (Stimulus) M Annual Reqm t FY07 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 L. Superior Regional Provisions Michigan Regional Provision Commercial Regional Provisions Energy & Water Adds President's Budget 17

18 FY12 Dredging Plan Beaver Bay Grand Marais Chippewa Harbor Lake Superior Two Harbors Eagle Harbor Lac La Belle Knife River Cornucopia Duluth- Superior Port Wing La Pointe Bayfield Keweenaw Waterway Grand Traverse Bay Big Bay Little Lake Whitefish Point Harbor MI Presque Isle Marquette Gladstone Grand Marais Manistique Channels in Straits of Mackinac Grays Reef Soo Locks St. Marys River Detour Les Cheneaux Island Mackinac Island WI Little Bay de noc Washington Cedar River Island Menominee Oconto Pensaukee Sturgeon Bay Big Suamico Algoma Green Bay Kewaunee Two Rivers St. James Mackinac City Cheboygan Cross Village Hammond Bay Petoskey Inland Route Charlevoix Leland Alpena Black River Harbor Greilickville Frankfort Harrisville Arcadia Au Sable Harbor Portage Lake Tawas Bay CANADA Ogdensburg Morristown Cape Vincent Sackets Harbor Manitowoc Manistee Point Lookout Port Austin Sheboygan Ludington Pentwater Saginaw Harbor Beach Port Ontario Oswego Port Washington White Lake Muskegon Grand River MI Black River Port Sanilac Lexington Milwaukee Grand Haven St. Clair River Commercial Recreational FY12 President s Budget FY12 Unbudgeted Dredging IL Kenosha Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Calumet IN Holland Saugatuck South Haven St. Joseph St. Joseph River New Buffalo Michigan City OH Pine River Clinton River Lake St. Clair Rouge River Detroit River Monroe Bolles Harbor Belle River PA NY 18

19 Soo Locks Reliability 19

20 The Soo Locks A Lynch Pin of the Great Lakes Navigation System 70% of the commercial commodities transiting the Soo Locks are limited by size to the Poe Lock Security concerns - foreign crews in vessels are capable of seriously damaging or destroying locks There is currently no redundancy for the Poe Lock The economic impact of a 30-day unscheduled closure of the Soo Locks = $160M Two major efforts are underway to improve reliability of the Soo Locks 1. Maintain existing infrastructure through Asset Renewal Plan 2. Add redundancy by constructing a new replacement lock with the same dimensions as the Poe Lock 20

21 Soo Locks Asset Renewal Long-Term Plan Asset Renewal Plan will maximize reliability and reduce risk through 2035 Full funding required $100 million over 6 years $25.1 M funded to date through FY10 new hydraulics, stop logs, utilities Crib Dam construction Compressed Air System design Mac Lock modernization design Funding, $M $20.0 $18.0 $16.0 $14.0 $12.0 $10.0 $8.0 Funded Needed $6.0 $4.0 $2.0 $0.0 FY08 FY09 FY10 FY11 FY12 FY13 FY14 FY15

22 Soo Locks Asset Renewal Major Remaining Deficiencies Undersized Compressed Air System Nearing End of Useful Life critical for ice control to operate gates Dec - May Estimated Cost: $5.2M Failure would cause 14-day outage of Poe and Mac Locks - Impact: $60M Poe Hydraulics - includes installation of interlocks; risk is loss of gate Estimated Cost: $100K installation Failure would cause 75-day outage of Poe Locks - Impact: $320M MacArthur Lock Interlocks & Automation Risk is loss of Mac gate Estimated Cost: $6.3M Failure would cause 75-day outage of Mac Lock Significant shipping delays due to reliance on Poe and eliminates life safety risk Miter Gate Anchorages: Poe and MacArthur Risk is loss of gate Estimated Cost: $1.6M Failure would cause 75-day outage of Poe or Mac Locks Impact up to $320M

23 New Replacement Lock Inconsistent with Administration policy due to BCR of 0.73 WRDA 2007: Construction at 100% federal expense Other Considerations: Security, rail/infrastructure capacity, impacts of extended closure 23

24 24 Soo Locks Construction Full Funded Total Project Cost Estimate: $580.3 M Current BCR:.73 Funds Expended Through FY10: $29.5 M Completed Construction Contracts : Coffer Dam: $3.2 M Down Stream Approach Channel Excavation: $7.1 M FY11 Budget and Potential Construction Information: FY11 President s Budget = $0 House Mark-Up = $12,000,000 Senate Mark-Up = $1,000,000 FY11 Capability = $125,000,000 Increment 1 - $12 M Continue Design & Up Stream Approach Wall at RR Bridge Increment 2 - $28 M Down Stream Approach Walls Increment 3 - $41 M Up Stream Channel Excavation Increment 4 - $44 M Up Stream Approach Walls 80 Million tons of cargo transits the locks annually 30 day unscheduled outage = $160M Without the Poe Lock, America s Steel Industry would be severed from its major source of iron ore Way Ahead, as funding allows Complete Design Any funds received will be used for two purposes Move forward with new lock design and construction Provide long term Over 90% of the U.S. Iron Ore passes through the locks stabilization of construction sites if full funding will not be received ~8,000 vessels traverse the locks annually

25 Dredged Material Management 25

26 DMM Historical Perspective Dredged material nearly exclusively disposed via open water placement Great Lakes CDFs constructed and/or operated by USACE at a cost of $900M (2009 dollars) Execute sustainable DMM solutions 26

27 Current Dredged Material Placement Methods Percent of Harbors Employing Each Method Percent of Volume of Material Employing Each Method Lake Superior 50% 45 1% Ontonagon MI St. Marys River % 30% WI Near Shore CDF Open Water Upland Menominee Sturgeon Bay Kewaunee Green Bay Manitowoc Sheboygan Port Washington Milwaukee IL Kenosha Waukegan Calumet Indiana Harbor IN Frankfort Manistee Ludington Muskegon Grand Haven Holland St. Joseph New Buffalo Saginaw MI Alpena Rouge River Detroit River OH Lake St. Clair Monroe Harbor Beach St. Clair River CANADA Buffalo Dunkirk Erie PA Rochester NY Oswego 27

28 Current Dredged Material Placement Methods by State 28

29 Cleveland Maximum Concentrations of PCBs in mg/kg 12 8 Concentrations

30 Green Bay Maximum Concentrations of PCBs in mg/kg Concentrations NOTE: Metals and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are also a contaminant of concern PCB data composited samples used for open water testing; river samples and near bay did not pass open water testingthis material would not pass open water testing

31 Current Dredged Material Management Conditions DREDGED MATERIAL MANAGEMENT STATUS MINNESOTA Grand Marias Two Harbors Duluth Superior Ashland Lake Superior Keweenaw Waterway Ontonagon Presque Isle Marquette Grand Marias Channel in Straits of Mackinac St. Marys River Critical Dredged Material Management issues could severely restrict channel availability within 5 years Pressing Dredged Material Management issues could severely restrict channel availability within 10 years. No pressing issues within next 10 years; continue to work on long range planning such as DMMPs. Little Bay de Noc Grays Reef Cheboygan WISCONSIN Menominee Charlevoix Alpena Green Bay Kewaunee Frankfort MICHIGAN Manitowoc Manistee Ludington ANNUAL DREDGING REQUIREMENT (CY) 800K 100K 250K 50K 95K <50K Sheboygan Port Washington Milwaukee Kenosha Waukegan Chicago River & Harbor Calumet ILLINIOS Muskegon Harbor Grand Haven Holland St. Joseph Harbor INDIANA Saginaw Toledo Detroit River Rouge River Monroe St. Clair River Harbor Beach Channels in Lake St. Clair CANADA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA NEW YORK 31

32 Beneficial Reuse Removing 300K cubic yards of material from Cleveland CDF in 2010 for brownfield restoration. Lorain CDF will be full in 2012; newly dredged material will be used to restore brownfield site for the City at no cost to the Corps. Duluth CDF is nearing capacity; the CDF site is currently used as recycling facility washing all dredged material received to recover granular material for commercial uses; this has extended the CDF life. Material from Duluth will also be removed in 2010 for beneficial reuse to restore an abandoned mine site. 32 Cleveland CDF Removing material Duluth CDF Recycling granular material

33 Breakwater Repair and Maintenance 33

34 Breakwater Condition and Consequences 104 miles of breakwaters within the Great Lakes Nav. System 80% are over 50 years old, 50% are 90+ years old Duluth, MN Many structures now provide storm damage reduction to infrastructure that developed behind the breakwater 50+ year design life, much of the system requires significant repairs Underinvested in the last 10+ years Cost $15-20M or more per mile to repair Cleveland, OH

35 Harbor Structure Condition Assessments Two Harbors Knife River Duluth- Superior Grand Marais Bayfield Cost to Restore Most Critical Harbors to Acceptable Level of Risk: Ashtabula Harbor $39.0M Chicago Harbor $23.6M Cleveland Harbor $44.0M Fairport Harbor $28.0M Lorain Harbor $14.0M Milwaukee Harbor $33.0M Eagle Harbor Keweenaw Waterway WI IL Lake Superior MI Menominee Oconto Manitowoc Sheboygan Port Washington Milwaukee Kenosha Waukegan Chicago Harbor Chicago River Lac La Belle Grand Traverse Big Bay Presque Isle Marquette Cedar River Two Rivers Indiana Harbor Leland Charlevoix Alpena Sturgeon Bay Greilickville Algoma Frankfort Harrisville Kewaunee Arcadia Au Sable Portage Lake Tawas Bay Manistee Point Lookout IN Grand Marais Manistique Little Lake Ludington Pentwater White Lake Muskegon Grand Haven Holland Saugatuck South Haven St. Joseph New Buffalo Michigan City Whitefish Point Detour Mackinac Island Mackinaw City Cheboygan Inland Route Hammond Bay Petoskey MI OH Detroit River Bolles Harbor Clinton River Port Austin Harbor Beach Port Sanilac Lexington CANADA Cape Vincent Oswego NY Port Ontario A PA Failure Unlikely B Low Risk of Failure C Medium Risk of Failure D High Risk of Failure F Failed Commercial BUILDING Recreational STRONG

36 Harbor Infrastructure Strategic Risk Communication PROCESS 1. Working regionally with GL Nav Team and LRD, prepare document that conveys the current condition of the harbor infrastructure as well as the risk involved in the event of failure 2. Inform RIT, HQ, Congressionals 3. Share with stakeholders 4. Conduct 10 regional meetings Convey condition of structures and risk to protected local infrastructure Discuss specifics on each harbor Layout resources needed for repair Discuss potential non-federal options Cleveland Harbor Milwaukee Harbor Chicago Harbor

37 Summary - Great Lakes Navigation System The Great Lakes Navigation System s Transporting Rates Savings More competitive American steel Lower cost energy Lower cost concrete (construction) $3.6 Billion/year More competitive Grain for Export Less fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions Less congested highways/rails 37

38 Communication New Great Lakes Brochure Regional Provisions Paper Web Site: Fact Sheets Presentations Mailing Lists send information to 38

39 Key Great Lakes Contacts GL Navigation Business Line Manager Mike O Bryan (313) Marie Strum (313) Shamel Abou-El-Seoud - Chicago Operations Chief (312) Josh Feldmann - Buffalo District Operations Chief (716) Wayne Schloop - Detroit Operations Chief (313)

40 Questions 40