Madagascar s Unique Biodiversity and Conservation Needs
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1 Madagascar s Unique Biodiversity and Conservation Needs Russell Mittermeier, Ph.D. President, Conservation International ABCG Meeting on Madagascar s Environmental Program 21 July 2010
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4 MADAGASCAR US AID July 21, 2010 A Little Early History US AID s Critical Role The Global Importance of Madagascar s Biodiversity: A Country of Superlatives Madagascar as a Hotspot & a Megadiversity Country The Critical Importance of Protected Areas The Durban Vision / SAPM Green Economies: PES & REDD Ecotourism and Local Communities Time for a Major International Commitment to Save a Global Public Good
5 EARLY HISTORY: After the Majunga Cyclone WWF-US, US AID and Beza-Mahafaly The Key Role of Sam Rae The 1985 SSC Workshop & Conference a Madagascar sur la Conservation des Ressources au Service du Developpement, Nov. 4-12, 1985 WWF, WB, and US AID Prince Philip: Ecological Suicide The First EAP in Africa WB and US AID Why ANGAP?
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7 MEGADIVERSITY 18 Biologically Wealthiest Nations on Earth
8 MEGADIVERSITY > 2/3 of all known species: terrestrial, freshwater & marine
9 MEGADIVERSITY COUNTRIES BRAZIL INDONESIA COLOMBIA MEXICO AUSTRALIA PERU CHINA MADAGASCAR MEXICO PHILIPPINES PAPUA NEW GUINEA INDIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO ECUADOR MALAYSIA SOUTH AFRICA VENEZUELA UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FRANCE
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11 HOTSPOTS Prioritizing Areas of High Irreplaceability (Endemic Species) and High Threat
12 HOTSPOTS Earth s 35 Richest and Most Endangered Ecoregions
13 HOTSPOTS Area Remaining Intact 3,385,341 km2 2.3% of Earth s land surface
14 Plant Endemism in the Hotspots 150,000 species 50% of all plants as endemics
15 Vertebrate Endemism in the Hotspots 12,065 species 42% of all vertebrates as endemics
16 Targets for achieving species outcomes: globally threatened species
17 Threatened Species in Hotspots (CR, EN, VU) Birds 83% Mammals 82% Amphibians 90%
18 HOTSPOTS: KEY POINTS Not Just Tropical Rain Forest Not Just Species Richness or Endemism Concentration of Endemism at Higher Taxonomic Levels (Endemic Genera, Families) Deep Lineages / Evolutionary History
19 ENDEMISM AT THE FAMILY LEVEL (PLANTS + VERTEBRATES) MADAGASCAR 25 NEW ZEALAND 7 CHILEAN WINTER RAINFALL / VALDIVIAN FORESTS 7 NEW CALEDONIA 7 CAPE FLORISTIC REGION 5 SUNDALAND 3 JAPAN 3 CARIBBEAN 2+ SW AUSTRALIA 2 INDO-BURMA 2 SW CHINA 2
20 ENDEMISM AT THE GENERIC LEVEL (PLANTS + VERTEBRATES) MADAGASCAR 478 CARIBBEAN 269 ATLANTIC FOREST 210 SUNDALAND 199 EASTERN AFROMONTANE 178 CAPE FLORISTIC REGION 162 MESOAMERICA 138 WESTERN GHATS / SRI LANKA 125 NEW CALEDONIA 122 HIMALAYA 107
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23 Madagascar Plants 14-15,000 spp. 80+% endemic / found nowhere else on Earth
24 363 species 92% endemic
25 260 species 5 endemic families
26 Lemurs 5 families 15 genera 101 species 100% endemic
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29 New Species Discoveries in Madagascar
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31 Field Guide to the Lemurs of Madagascar 1994: (1/06): : 101!
32 244 species known new species ( )
33 Madagascar Pochard Rediscovered!!
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35 16% remaining?
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38 Western Indian Ocean Seascape
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43 CONTROL THE ILLEGAL HARVESTING OF SOKAKE Strengthen the law enforcement in Androy and Atsimo Andrefana Regions WCS
44 Sokakes in other regions are killed by punching a large hole in the shell and taking only the liver -- hundreds to thousands of slaughtered tortoises have been found in Anandriana.
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47 Madagascar: The World s Highest Priority Hotspot?
48 WHAT TO DO? SOME SUGGESTIONS Protected Areas Green Economies: PES, REDD+ Ecotourism and Local Communities
49 The Critical Importance of Protected Areas
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52 Ecosystem Services
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54 The Durban Vision / SAPM
55 MADAGASCAR Commitment to triple Protected Area coverage over the next 5 years!
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58 MADAGASCAR $50 million Trust Fund requested in September, 2003 CI invests first $1 million from Global Conservation Fund $34 million committed to date, of which $22 million already in; $19 more in the world
59 SAPM: Current situation Existing: 47 protected areas managed by Madagascar National Parks (category I, II et IV of IUCN): 1.7 M Ha Provisional status: 29 new protected areas (Most of them in category V et VI): 2,997,145 Ha Creation in progress: 40 new protected areas: 1,168,419 Ha Extension of Madagascar National Parks network: 505,488 Ha TOTAL: >6.3 Million Hectares i.e. 10% of the land area
60 Green Economies Protected Areas as the Anchors in larger Corridors PES & REDD+ Greening the Mining Sector
61 Mantadia corridor: a multi-benefit approach Objectives: Reduce carbon emissions, conserve native biodiversity, enhance human welfare and restore degraded land Conservation (REDD) and Ecological restoration (reforestation): REDD: 425,000 hectares World Bank BioCarbon Fund to buy up to 430,000 tons for ~$1.5 million
62 Ecotourism & Local Communities 2 nd highest foreign exchange earner in 2008 ($400,000) Nowhere near its potential Clear benefits to communities and linkages with biodiversity
63 DreamWorks T
64 $500,000 for Ecotourism
65 Local Communities Guide Associations Village Entrepeneurs / Community Protected Areas Hundreds of new sites could be developed at very low cost
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72 MADAGASCAR WHAT NOW??? Marc Ravalomanana >>> Andry Rajoelina?????????
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74 Time for a Truly Global Commitment Regardless of the Political Situation Scenario 3
75 Haiti
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77 US AID had major leadership role in the past. It needs to have an even greater role in the future.
78 And it s not too late.
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