Development of TMG s Climate Change policy and Policy Transfer to National Gov.

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1 Development of TMG s Climate Change policy and Policy Transfer to National Gov. 12th Annual Meeting of the Reform Group at Schloss Leopoldskron, Salzburg Energy and Climate Policy - Supply Security in International Comparison 26 th September 2007 Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies Noriaki YAMASHITA

2 Table of Contents 1. Background 2. Framework & Research Questions 3. Development of Tokyo RE policy 4. Policy Transfer from Tokyo to National Gov. 5. Conclusion 2

3 1. Background Japanese gov. (METI) has no effective RE policy Low RPS target: 1.35% by 2010, 1.63% by Net increase 1% by 2010, 1.28% by 2014 It prohibits RE rather than promote Taget of RE ratio of electricity % (2014) 1.35% (2010) 32% (2020) 22% (2010) 45% (2030) 12.5% (2010) 15% (2015) 10% (2010) 21% (2010) 15% (2020) 5% (2010) 15% (2020) 20% (2010) 25% (2013) JP EU Germany U.K. France China U.S. CA NY RE share of electricity when target setting (Most ly dam type hydro) 7% (2003) 10% (2003) 19% (2003) 3

4 1. Background Japanese PV tragedy just as solar thermal and wind Solar thermal had its peak in 1980 s Wind s peak Installation by year (MW) JP Japan (by year) GR Germany (by year) Voluntary programme by utilities (1992) National subsidy (1994) EEG (2000) EEG amendment (2004) Subsidy banned (2005) Japan (Cumuat ive) Germany (Cumulat ive) )Cumulative installation (MW Source: ISEP based on the data from NEF, EurOvserver 0 4

5 1. Background TMG s environmental policies leads other gov.s, and national gov.. 1. Measures against Vehicle Pollution (1999) 2. TMG CO2 Emission Reduction Program (2002) 3. Energy Labels (2002) 4. Green power purchasing (2005) Tokyo 5

6 2. Policy transfer the process by which knowledge about policies, administrative arrangements, institutions, and ideas in one political system (past or present) are used in the development of policies, administrative arrangements, institutions and ideas in another political system (Dolowitz and Marsh 1996) Exporter Importer Knowledge about Policies Adinistrative arrangements Institusions ideas Types of transfer Copying, Emulation, Mixtures, Inspiration Requirements 1. Exporter adopts new policy earlier than importer 2. Both policy are similar 3. Importer knows exporter s policy Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature, Political Studies,

7 2. Policy transfer about FIT & RPS FIT from Denmark to Germany (and to Denmark) New FIT from Aachen to Germany RPS from U.K. to Japan Germany New EEG amendment (2004) ( 10 thousand kw) Germany FIT introduction (1990) DK semi-fit agreement (1984) DK FIT introduction (1992) Spain FIT (1994) Germany New EEG (2000) DK gov. change(2001) Aachen model (1995) JP RPS (2003.4) Germany Denmark India Spain U.S.A Japan 7

8 2. Example of cross-reference Naha Cross-reference about landscape reg. Visiting Symposium Telephone website , etc. Karatsu Arita Konagai Nagasaki yamaga Reihoku Amakusa Kitakyusyu Fukuoka Yame Yanagawa Yufuin Kumamoto Ogata Hyuga Miyazaki MIyakonojo Shimonoseki Hagi Yamaguchi Iwakuni Matsuyam Kouchiken Shimane Matsue Shimaneken Hiroshimaken Kurashiki Tottori Kobe Himeji Akashi Ashiya Kakogawa Akou Marugame Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH, 2006 MIkuni Fukui Sabae Wajima Kanazawa Mikawa Kaga Yamanaka Kyoto Uji Takaoka Yao Itami Toyonaka Izumisano Takarazuka HInoehara Amagasaki Nara NIshinomiya Yokkaichi Nagahama Takayama HIkone Gokasou Osaka Ueno Ise Furukawa Hagiwara Yawata Gihu Tajimi Komaki Inuyama Kasugai Seto Nagoya Asizyo Tokoname Toyohashi Joetsu MItsumizu Ofuse Nagano Susaka Karuizawa Narakawa Matsumoto Takatoo Komagane Fuzinomiya Mishima Shizuoka Itou toubetsu Niseko Hakodate Murakami kumagaya yorii Oume Kunitachi Chofu Hatano Isehara Odawara Manazuru Yugawara Asahikawa higashikawa saxtuporo Eniwa Hirosaki Kouhoku Shinji Sirasawa Kiryu Takasaki Saitama Kawagoe Yoshimi Setagaya MInato Sagamihara Yamato Samukawa Fujiswa Chigasaki Aomori Nisiokobe Kanayama Yamagata Takahata Oumihachiman Fukushima Aizuwakamatsu Shirakawa Tochigi NIkko Utsunomiya Masuko Ashikaga Tochigi Iwatsuki Saitama Chiyoda Bunkyo Aarakawa Yokohama Kawasaki Kamakura Yokosuka 8 Morioka Sendai Iwaki MIto Furukawa Yoshikawa Toda Sawara Abiko Kashiwa Numanam Ichikawa Sakura Urayasu Chiba Ichihara Ohtaki

9 2. Dynamic cross-reliance model Polciy innovation from local government From landscape ordinance to the National Landscape Law (S. ITOH 2005) Scope: Individual & Total level Individual level: identify local condition, cross reference, and Follow-thenation mentality Total level: cross reference Cross reference is a key driver of policy transfer among local gov.s They act to reduce uncertainty 1. Technical uncertainty: policy effect, side effect, 2. Political uncertainty: opposed by upper gov. Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

10 2. Vertical relationship National gov. Prefectural gov. Local gov. Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

11 2. Flat relationship Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

12 2. Integrated picture Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

13 2. Example of cross-reference Naha Cross-reference about landscape reg. Visiting Symposium Telephone website , etc. Karatsu Arita Konagai Nagasaki yamaga Reihoku Amakusa Kitakyusyu Fukuoka Yame Yanagawa Yufuin Kumamoto Ogata Hyuga Miyazaki MIyakonojo Shimonoseki Hagi Yamaguchi Iwakuni Matsuyam Kouchiken Shimane Matsue Shimaneken Hiroshimaken Kurashiki Tottori Kobe Himeji Akashi Ashiya Kakogawa Akou Marugame Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH, 2006 MIkuni Fukui Sabae Wajima Kanazawa Mikawa Kaga Yamanaka Kyoto Uji Takaoka Yao Itami Toyonaka Izumisano Takarazuka HInoehara Amagasaki Nara NIshinomiya Yokkaichi Nagahama Takayama HIkone Gokasou Osaka Ueno Ise Furukawa Hagiwara Yawata Gihu Tajimi Komaki Inuyama Kasugai Seto Nagoya Asizyo Tokoname Toyohashi Joetsu MItsumizu Ofuse Nagano Susaka Karuizawa Narakawa Matsumoto Takatoo Komagane Fuzinomiya Mishima Shizuoka Itou toubetsu Niseko Hakodate Murakami kumagaya yorii Oume Kunitachi Chofu Hatano Isehara Odawara Manazuru Yugawara Asahikawa higashikawa saxtuporo Eniwa Hirosaki Kouhoku Shinji Sirasawa Kiryu Takasaki Saitama Kawagoe Yoshimi Setagaya MInato Sagamihara Yamato Samukawa Fujiswa Chigasaki Aomori Nisiokobe Kanayama Yamagata Takahata Oumihachiman Fukushima Aizuwakamatsu Shirakawa Tochigi NIkko Utsunomiya Masuko Ashikaga Tochigi Iwatsuki Saitama Chiyoda Bunkyo Aarakawa Yokohama Kawasaki Kamakura Yokosuka 13 Morioka Sendai Iwaki MIto Furukawa Yoshikawa Toda Sawara Abiko Kashiwa Numanam Ichikawa Sakura Urayasu Chiba Ichihara Ohtaki

Visiting Symposium Telephone website E-mail, etc.

14 2. Policy transfer among local gov. Cross-reference about landscape reg. Visiting Symposium Telephone website , etc. Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

15 2. Research Question 1. What role has TMG played in terms of policy transfer to National gov.? 2. Lessons from Policy Transfer for new actions. 3. Why TMG Env. Bureau can make innovative measures? 15

16 2. Example of PT from local to national Example of Policy transfer on environment from Local gov. to National Gov. Late 1950 s: Environmental Pollution Law Tokyo, Yokohama and other local gov.s Late 1990 s: Green Purchasing Law From Shiga and local network with NPOs Shiga Tokyo Yokohama 16

17 3. Development of Tokyo RE policy Stop Global Warming Tokyo (2002) Co2 Emission Reduction Program & Green Building Program Energy Efficiency Labeling System on Electric Appliance Wind power plant, Fuel cell bus, etc. Renewable Energy Plan (2006) Around 20% use of RE by 2020 Demand-pull Climate Change Strategy(2007) Cap & Trade scheme Fluorescent lamp to home Green Power Purchasing Forum (with ISEP) 1 million kw solar installation 50 billion yen Foundation 17

18 3. Development of Tokyo RE policy From global warming to Climate Change From voluntary commitment to obligation Cap & Trade for business From project to long term strategy Long-term and high target From single project to policy mix Command & Control, Information & Incentive, Subsidy, Tax incentive, Public education, and so on. 18

19 4. PT from Tokyo to National Gov. year Tokyo year National 2002 Energy Label for Electric appliance 2004 Green Power Purchasing TMG CO2 Emission Reduction Program National Energy Label for Electric appliance 2006 Environmental Concern Proposal Law GWG emission report, publication Million kw Solar? Energy Committee 2007 Green Energy Purchasing Forum RPS law amendment? National Green certificate system?? GWG emisiion report? National Green certificate system? 19

20 4. Policy Transfer from Tokyo to National Gov. Energy Label METI set Committee METI Energy Label system Tokyo Symposium 1 st Campaign Campaign with 8 cities Reinforce bylaw Kyoto city Others Campaign Monitoring research Energy Label Network Local gov. NPOs researchers Cooperation with each prefecures 20

21 4. Policy Transfer from Tokyo to National Gov. Green power purchasing METI Env. Concern Contract law Counsillor ISEP Carbon value Committee Tokyo Energy & ISEP research Environment planning program 1 st example Reinforce the program Yokohama Others Initiative program Green Energy Purchasing Forum21

22 4. Policy Transfer from Tokyo to National Gov. TMG CO2 Emission Reduction Program Councilor & NPO proposal GWG emission report, publication Tokyo CO2 Emission Reduction Program Reinforce bylaw Announce of Cap & Trade system 22

23 5. Conclusion 1. What role has TMG played in terms o policy transfer to National gov.? Innovative policy maker Starting point of cross-reference and lead to networking Some types of policy transfer Directly(TMG CO2 Emission Reduction Program,) Tokyo, network, METI (Energy Label, Greenpower) TMG stuff, NGOs, Researchers Networking Tokyo Other Tokyo Follower Follower Follower Others Directly influence Networking 23

24 5. Conclusion 2. Lessons from Policy Transfer for New activity Use cross-reference relationship with IT 1 Million kw Solar Energy Committee -Directly(?) Green Energy Purchasing Forum -Networking(?) TMG stuff, NGOs, Researchers Networking Tokyo Other Tokyo Follower Follower Follower Others Directly influence Networking 24

25 5. Conclusion 3. Why can TMG Env. Bureau make innovative measures? Organizational culture of TMG Env. Bureaue Outstanding Personality and Expertise Strategic partnership between Tokyo and ISEP had important role for making RE strategy. Social capitals 25

26 Thank you for your kind attention! Contact: Noriaki YAMASHITA, Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies 26

27 Bibliography IIDA Tetsunari, 2005, Political lessons from myth about Japan for RE promotion ~Political initiative and confilct around renewable energy in Japan, 6th Inter-Parliamentary Meeting on renewable energy and energy efficiency, EUFORES IIDA Tetsunari, KANIE Norichika, MARUYAMA Yasushi, NISHIKIDO Makoto and HONDO Hiroshi, 2006, Renewable Energy and Social Innovation in Japan, University of St. Gallen Research Conference Social Acceptance of renewable Energy Innovation URL[ 8_Iida_etal/$FILE/ _Iida_etal.pdf] Eric Martinot, Akanksha Chaurey, Debra Lew, Jos e Roberto Moreira, and NjeriWamukonya, Renewable Energy Markets in Developing Countries, ENERGY MARKET, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ : YAGISHITA Masaharu, SUGIYAMA Noriko, 2006 A Proposal Toward Promoting Policies and Measures in Local Area for Global Warming : based on a Suvey of the Action Plan by Local Governments in Japan, Environmental Research No.141 OHNO Teruyuki, 2006, Tokyo Renewable Energy Policies, Symposium about Energy of Metropolitan, Tokyo ITOH Shuichirou, 2006 Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law Dolowitz and Marsh, 1996 Who learns what from whom: a review of the policy transfer literature, Political Studies,

28 1. Background Recent environmental policy innovation by TMG lead other governments, and national environmental policies. Tokyo took initiative to introduce these policy measures, and had an impact on others and national policies. 1. Measures against Vehicle Pollution (1999) 2. TMG CO2 Emission Reduction Program (2002) 3. Energy Labels (2002) 4. Green purchase of electricity (2005) 28

29 1. Background Stage 1 Feb Co2 Emission Reduction Program & Green Building Program Wind power plan, Fuel cell bus, etc. Stage 2 Nov TMG s Basic Policy to Prevent the Heat Island Effect and Global Warming Discussion at TMG Environmental Committee Energy research of 1000 large business Stage 3 Apr New Co2 Emission Reduction Program New Green Building Program Energy Efficiency Labeling System on Home Electric Appliance CO2 Emission Management Program on Electricity Supply 29

30 2. scheme Relationship of 3 maxim to decision making for adopting new policy Cross-reference Lash to following nation local condition t0 Policy measure is adopted by national gov. time Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

31 4. Policy Transfer from Tokyo to National Gov. Energy Label year Tokyo Other cities National 2002 Symposium on EU s Energy Label (with ISEP) Campaign with Electric appliance retailers 2003 Kyoto city 2004 Campaign with 7 cities near TOKYO 17 local gov. Energ Label network established 2005 Reinforce the sublaw from Monitoring research effort duty to duty 2006 METI Energy Label system 31

32 6. Further question Other example of institution about Energy and Environment? 32

33 2. Example of cross-reference Cross-reference about landscape reg. Visiting Symposium Telephone website , etc. Policy Innovation from local government from landscape ordinance to landscape law, Shuichirou ITOH,

Technical Report for. Asian Barometer Survey Japan wave4

Technical Report for. Asian Barometer Survey Japan wave4 Institute of Political Science at Academia Sinica Technical Report for Asian Barometer Survey Japan wave4 July 21, 2016 Central Research Services, Inc. 1 [RESEARCH DESIGN] - Research Method: