NUCLEAR PROBLEMS WITH THE JAPAN DISASTER. Yasuhiro Otomo, MD. PhD.

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1 NUCLEAR PROBLEMS WITH THE JAPAN DISASTER Department of Acute Critical Care and Disaster Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medicine Yasuhiro Otomo, MD. PhD.

2 HUGE TRAGEDY

3 AN ACCIDENT AT THE FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (NPP) 3

4 Earthquake, Tsunami, & Events at the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) 4

5 Damages to Fukushima Daiichi NPP -All operating units were automatically shut down safely, when earthquake occurred. -Emergency D/Gs had worked properly until the Tsunami attack. 1 Loss of Off-site Power due to the Earthquake Partly damaged Grid Line Tsunami (inundation height 14~15 m) Turbine Building Reactor Building About 25 M About 44M D/G Emergency Diesel Generators Seawater level Seawater Pump Elevation: About 10 m 2Emergency Diesel Generator Inoperable due to the Tsunami 3Blackout & loss of all Cooling Function 5

6 PROCESS OF THE FUEL MELT DOWN Loss of water supply Temperature increase Core melt down Core melt through Hydrogen generation Hydrogen explosion JNES

7 HYDROGEN EXPLOSION TEPCO

8 Radionuclides released into the Atmosphere radionuclides half-life Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Total Xe d Cs y Cs y Sr d Sr y Ba d Te-127m d Te-129m 33.6 d Te-131m 30.0 h Te h Ru d Ru d Zr d Ce d Ce d Np d Pu y Pu y Pu y Pu y Y d Pr d Nd d Cm d I d I h I h I h Sb d Sb h Mo h Amouts of radionuclides released into the atmosphere were evaluated by the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency of Japan.

9 Release of radionuclides The earthquake and tsunami affected the Fukushima Daiichi NPP and caused serious damages to NPP, resulting in a large amount of radioactive materials being released into the environment. Te Bq (half life 78.2 h) I Bq (half life 8.0 d) Cs Bq (half life 2.1 y) Cs Bq (half life 30.0 y) As of June 6, 2011 Modification on October 20, 2011 ( by Nuclear and Industrial Safety) 9

Total deposition of Cs-134 and Cs-137 on the ground surface - Reflecting the results of the fourth airborne monitoring - ( As of December 16, 2011 ) Fukushima Daiichi NPP 134 Cs / 137 Cs

10 Total deposition of Cs-134 and Cs-137 on the ground surface - Reflecting the results of the fourth airborne monitoring - ( As of December 16, 2011 ) Fukushima Daiichi NPP 134 Cs / 137 Cs (Bq/m 2 ) Nov 5, 2011 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and U.S. Department of Energy 10

11 Comparison with the Chernobyl Accident Contaminated area due to the Chernobyl accident 11

12 Comparison with the Chernobyl Accident (2) Comparison of Cs-137 deposition area (km 2 ) from between Fukushima and Chernobyl NPP accident. kbq m >1480 Fukushima 3, Russia 49,800 5,700 2, Belarus 29,900 10,200 4,290 2,200 Ukraine 37,200 3, Courtesy of Dr Toshimitsu Homma, JAEA

13 Evacuation & sheltering (1) March 11 14:46 Earthquake 21:23 Evacuation of residents within 3 km radius from Unit 1 of 1F NPP March 12 5:44 Evacuation within 10 km radius from 1F NPP 15:36 Hydrogen explosion at Unit 1 17:39 Evacuation within 10 km radius from 2F NPP 18:25 Evacuation within 20 km radius from 1F NPP March 13 Evacuation of patients at hospitals and facilities was arranged. Most of them were reallocated to outside hospitals. However, approximately 700 patients remained left within the 20 km zone. 0:47 Emergency evacuation was issued for patients in hospitals and facilities within the 20 km zone 11:01 Second hydrogen explosion at Unit 3 Eleven workers got injured. 13

14 Evacuation & sheltering (2) March 15 March 25 Indoor stay was directed to the residents from 20 to 30 km radius from 1F NPP 6:00 Explosion of Units 2 & 4 occurred Radiation level soared from 0.09 in am to μsv/hour in the evening in Fukushima 11:00 In-house evacuation from 20 km to 30 km from 1F NPP 15:00 Evacuation of all residents within 20 km zone was completed The Chief Cabinet Secretary asked voluntary evacuations for the residents within the area from 20 km to 30 km from 1F NPP 14

15 People at Ohkuma-town, Fukushima - Evacuating to School Gym - From The Asahi Newspaper 15

16 Radiation Exposure of Residents 16

17 Location of the screening sites Fukushima Minpo News 20/3/2011 Yabuki 3 Image from Figure 3, Health Physics 105,

18 Number of people surveyed in Fukushima prefecture 12 March - 9 May 2011 Cumulative Daily number Cumulative Daily number For evacuees Data from Figure 1, Health Physics 105,

prefecture after the earthquake March 12 11:00 a.m.

19 Dose assessment of residents - Fukushima Health Management Survey - Based on questionnaire for residents about behavior in Fukushima prefecture after the earthquake March 12 11:00 a.m. Completing evacuation Time sequential maps of radiation dose rate near NPP with intervals of 1hour for initial phase and 1day for the remained period. March 12 10:00 a.m. Starting evacuation Calculation of resident s dose for 4 months after March 11,

4 msv Most of residents evacuated < 1 msv: 77.5 % < 2 msv: 94.9 % < 3 msv: 97.

20 EXTERNAL EXPOSURE DOSE FOR THE FIRST FOUR MONTHS (RESIDENT S DOSE DISTRIBUTION BY REGIONS) Quite low dose for living daily life Average: 1.4 msv Most of residents evacuated < 1 msv: 77.5 % < 2 msv: 94.9 % < 3 msv: 97.2 % Maximum: 25 msv Average: 0.8 msv < 1 msv: 99.3 % Maximum: 3.6 msv Average: 0.2 msv Average: 1.0 msv Average: 0.1 msv Average: 0.6 msv Average: 0.3 msv

21 (Persons) 300,000 Dose distribution in residents (excluding workers) 250, , , , , ,894 Chest X-ray 0.3 msv Natural radiation exposure 2 msv/year Upper GI contrast study 4 15 msv CT scan (body) msv 50, ,726 1, (As of January 31, 2013) ( Max 25 msv ) (msv) 21

22 Long-term Radiation-Related Health Effects in a Unique Human Population: Lessons Learned from the Atomic Bomb Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:S122-S133)

EXTERNAL EXPOSURE DOSE FOR RESIDENTS by wearing glass badge, for <15 years old residents, during three months Distribution of the external exposure dose in 2011 and 2013 [number] 30,000 25,000 20,000

23 EXTERNAL EXPOSURE DOSE FOR RESIDENTS by wearing glass badge, for <15 years old residents, during three months Distribution of the external exposure dose in 2011 and 2013 [number] 30,000 25,000 20,000 15,000 13,127 28, ~ ~ Decreasing to lower level 10,000 5, ,888 3,313 4, < ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ [msv/3m] Fukushima city, HP.

24 Internal Doses of Public People by Whole Body Counter (WBC) 24

25 INTERNAL EXPOSURE DOSE FOR RESIDENTS EXAMINED BY WHOLE-BODY COUNTER CONDUCTED AT MINAMI-SOMA CITY HOSPITAL conducted between September 26, 2011, and March 31, 2012 Residents in the Minami-soma city Cs concentration in children Cs concentration in adult 40Bq/kg Max: 196.5Bq/kg (Committed effective dose 1.07mSv/50years) Cs 134+Cs 137 Bq/k g Quite low dose for living daily life Cs 134+Cs 137 Bq/k g JAMA. 2012;308(7):

Children; junior high school students FCCJ MARCH 2015

26 DETECTION RATE OF THE CS IN THE HUMAN BODY Decreasing to undetectable level Adult; high school students Children; junior high school students FCCJ MARCH

Thyroid screening for children Background according to SPEEDI software Thyroid dose >100mSv estimated for some members of public Appropriate areas under above category outside of 30km radius; no

27 Thyroid screening for children Background according to SPEEDI software Thyroid dose >100mSv estimated for some members of public Appropriate areas under above category outside of 30km radius; no order of evacuation nor of in-door sheltering Intervention Survey for all children in these area 1080 children, aged 0-15 years Equipment NaI scintillation survey meter Screening level : 0.2uSv/h

1250 1500 2000 3000 Fukushima: The maximum equivalent thyroid dose of 35

28 Pediatric I-131 Thyroid Doses Chernobyl: The mean equivalent thyroid dose of 490 msv number Fukushima: The maximum equivalent thyroid dose of 35 msv Equivalent dose (msv) Cardis E, et al. JNCI 97:724, 2005 Fukushima prefecture

29 FACT OF THE EXPOSURE IN RESIDENTS Internal exposure quite low dose External exposure also low dose account of main element among all the exposure dose (external and internal exposure)

30 Social Problems 30

31 Social problems (1) Radioactivity is coming to you 31

32 Social problems (2) Internal contamination induces brain damages - from Chernobyl Experience 32

33 Social problems (3) 20 years later cancer, malformation, curious disease, mental retardation 33

34 Social problems (4) - Contaminated vegetables - The Asahi Shimbun 4

35 Social problems (5) Hey, Pa, what are you doing with my milk? The Asahi Shimbun

36 ACTUAL LOCAL FOOD CONTAMINATION FCCJ MARCH 2015

37 Maximum Cs-137 concentration in local food, (Bq/kg food) Sampling point:naraha, Ohkuma, Tomioka, Futaba, Soma, Fukushima and Koriyama city in Fukushima prefecture Nuclear test in the atmosphere rice spinach Chernobyl accident 1 milk Data from Fukushima prefecture H.P.

38 THE RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS ARE NOT DETECTED NOW.

39 Evacuation status of residents in Fukushima Number of evacuees from designated evacuation areas: Restricted Area: about 77,000 Deliberate Evacuation Area: about 30,000 Evacuation-Prepared Area: about 96,000 Cabinet Office

40 FCCJ MARCH 2015

8/Aug/2013 1/Oct/2014 34.6% (Jan/2015) 39.

41 CHANGES OF THE POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLDS IN THE EVACUATION DIRECTION ZONE, RETURN RATIO 8/Aug/2013 1/Oct/ % (Jan/2015) 39.8% (Jan/2015) 37.1% (Feb/2015) Cabinet office, 2013, 2014

42 Nankai Trough earthquake ( 9.0 Richter scale) Tokyo Inland Earthquake

Outline of TEPCO Fukushima NPP accident

ANSN Regional Workshop on Medical Response to Radiological Emergency Handling Complex Situations Outline of TEPCO Fukushima NPP accident Makoto Akashi, MD, PhD National Institute of Radiological Sciences