ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY Patterns of Interaction

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1 ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY Patterns of Interaction

2 ANCIENT WORLD HISTORY Patterns of Interaction Roger B. Beck Linda Black Larry S. Krieger Phillip C. Naylor Dahia Ibo Shabaka

Unit 2 New Directions in Government and Society 104 Chapter 5 Classical Greece 108 Cultures

120 Chapter 7 India and China Establish Empires 170 First Empires of India 173 Trade

128 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 132 Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 138

Christianity 153 Chapter 8 African Civilizations 190 Diverse Societies in Africa 193 The

158 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 164 Chapter 9 The Americas: A Separate World

3 Unit 2 New Directions in Government and Society 104 Chapter 5 Classical Greece 108 Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea 111 Warring City-States 115 Democracy and Greece s Golden Age 120 Chapter 7 India and China Establish Empires 170 First Empires of India 173 Trade Spreads Indian Religions and Culture 177 Han Emperors in China 181 Alexander Empire-Builder 128 The Spread of Hellenistic Culture 132 Chapter 6 Ancient Rome and Early Christianity 138 The Romans Create a Republic 141 The Roman Empire Brings Change 146 The Rise of Christianity 153 Chapter 8 African Civilizations 190 Diverse Societies in Africa 193 The Kingdom of Aksum and East African Trade 196 Migration 199 The Decline of the Roman Empire 158 Rome and the Roots of Western Civilization 164 Chapter 9 The Americas: A Separate World 208 Hunters and Farmers in the Americas 211 Early Mesoamerican Civilizations 216 Early Civilizations of the Andes 221

CHAPTER 5 SECTIONS Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Culture defined by geography Mycenaean origins Trojan War Rise and fall of the

Greece s Golden Age Pericles goals Art and drama Sparta and Athens go to war Alexander-Empire Builder Philip II builds Macedonia

Philosophy and art CONNECTING HISTORY with GEOGRAPHY While empires were forming in Africa and Asia, the ancient Greeks were building

Over several centuries, these city-states (particularly Athens) produced a civilization that would have a profound impact on the rest of

4 CHAPTER 5 SECTIONS Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Culture defined by geography Mycenaean origins Trojan War Rise and fall of the Dorians CLASSICAL GREECE 2000bc-300bc Warring City-States Greek political structure Sparta and Athens The Persian Wars Democracy and Greece s Golden Age Pericles goals Art and drama Sparta and Athens go to war Alexander-Empire Builder Philip II builds Macedonia Alexander against Persians Alexander s other conquests Spread of Hellenistic Culture Culture in Alexandria Science and technology Philosophy and art CONNECTING HISTORY with GEOGRAPHY While empires were forming in Africa and Asia, the ancient Greeks were building city-states on the lands surrounding the Aegean Sea. Over several centuries, these city-states (particularly Athens) produced a civilization that would have a profound impact on the rest of the world. 1. Where were the Greek city-states located? 2. Why would the sea have been important to these early City-states? 3. What factors might have kept the Greek city-states from uniting as a single kingdom? 108 Chapter 5 Classical Greece 109

Chapter 5 Section 1 CULTURES OF THE MOUNTAINS AND THE SEA Terms & Names Mycenaeans Trojan War Dorians Homer 1Epics Myths Vocabulary peninsula: a piece of land that extends into a body of water and is

5 Main Idea Physical geography caused separate groups of Greek-speaking peoples to develop isolated societies. Why It Matters Now The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time. Chapter 5 Section 1 CULTURES OF THE MOUNTAINS AND THE SEA Terms & Names Mycenaeans Trojan War Dorians Homer 1Epics Myths Vocabulary peninsula: a piece of land that extends into a body of water and is connected to the mainland In ancient times,greece was not united. It was a collection of separate lands where greek-speaking people lived. By 2000bc, the Minoans lived on the large Greek island of Crete. The Minoans created an elegant civilization that had great power in the Mediterranean world. At the same time. Indo-European peoples migrated from the plains along the Black Sea and Anatolia. The Indo-Europeans settled in mainland Greece. Seaborne commercial networks spread ideas as well as resources throughout the eastern Mediterranean. Geography Shapes Greek Life Ancient Greece consisted mainly of a mountainous peninsula jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea. It also included approximately 1,400 islands in the Aegean (ih JEE uhn) and Ionian (eye OH nee uhn) seas. Lands on the western coast of Anatolia were also part of ancient Greece. (See the map on page 111.) The region s physical geography directly shaped Greek traditions and customs. The Sea The sea shaped Greek civilization just as rivers shaped the ancient civilizations of Egypt, the Fertile Crescent, India, and China. In one sense, the Greek did not live on a land but around a sea. Greeks rarely traveled more than 85 mile to reach the coastline. The Aegean Sea, the Ionian Sea, and the neighboring Black Sea were important transportation routes for the Greek people. These liquid highways linked most parts of Greece. As the Greeks became skilled sailors, sea travel also connected Greece with other societies. Sea travel and trade were also important because Greece itself was poor in natural resources. Greece lacked timber, precious metals, and usable farmland. was difficult to unite the ancient Greeks under a single government. Greece developed small, independent communities within each little valley and its surrounding mountains. Most Greeks gave their loyalty to these local communities. In ancient times, the uneven terrain also made land transportation difficult. Early Greek roads were little more than dirt paths. For example, the city-state of Sparta was only about 60 miles from Olympia, the site of the Olympic Games. Yet it took Spartans almost seven days to travel that distance. Much of the land itself was stony and only a small part of it approximately 20 percent was arable, or suitable for farming. Tiny but fertile valleys covered about one-fourth of Greece. The small streams that watered these valleys were not suitable for large scale irrigation projects. With so little fertile farmland or fresh water for irrigation, Greece was never able to support a large population. It is estimated that no more than a few million people lived in ancient Greece at any given time. Even this small population wouldn t expect the land to support a life of luxury. As a result, the Greeks based their diet on basic staple crops such as grains, grapes, and olives. A desire for more living space, grassland for raising livestock, and adequate farmland may have been factors that motivated the Greeks to seek new sites for colonies. Greece s shoreline is the dominant geographical feature of the country Think Through History Analyzing Causes In what ways did Greece s location by the sea and its mountainous land affect the development of its society? The rocky coastline of Greece made shipping a dangerous proposition The Land Rugged mountains covered about threefourths of ancient Greece. Mountains divided the land into a number of different regions. The mountains chains ran mainly from northwest to southeast along the Balkan peninsula. They significantly influenced Greek political life. Unlike the Egyptians or the Chinese, it The Climate Climate was the third important environmental influence on Greek civilization. Greece has a varied climate with temperatures averaging 48 degrees Fahrenheit in the winter and 80 degrees Fahrenheit in the summer. In ancient times, these moderate temperatures supported an outdoor life for many Greek citizens. Men spent much of their leisure time at outdoor public events. They met often to discuss public issues, exchange news, and take an active part in civic life. 110 Chapter 5 Classical Greece 111

BEAUTY COVER-UP Mycenaean Civilization Develops Original Greek statues were brightly painted, but after thousands of years, those paints have worn away.

Although it seems impossible to think that anything could be left to discover after thousands of years of wind, sun, sand, and art students, finding the long lost patterns on a piece of ancient Greek

A lamp is positioned carefully enough that the path of the light is almost parallel to the surface of the object. When used on paintings, this makes brushstrokes, grit, and dust obvious.

6 BEAUTY COVER-UP Mycenaean Civilization Develops Original Greek statues were brightly painted, but after thousands of years, those paints have worn away. Shining a light on the statues can be all that s required to see them as they were thousands of years ago. Although it seems impossible to think that anything could be left to discover after thousands of years of wind, sun, sand, and art students, finding the long lost patterns on a piece of ancient Greek sculpture can be as easy as shining a lamp on it. A technique called raking light has been used to analyze art for a long time. A lamp is positioned carefully enough that the path of the light is almost parallel to the surface of the object. When used on paintings, this makes brushstrokes, grit, and dust obvious. On statues, the effect is more subtle. Brush-strokes are impossible to see, but because different paints wear off at different rates, the stone is raised in some places protected from erosion by its cap of paint and lowered in others. Elaborate patterns become visible. Ultraviolet is also used to discern patterns. UV light makes many organic compounds fluoresce. Art dealers use UV lights to check if art has been touched up, since older paints have a lot of organic compounds and modern paints have relatively little. On ancient Greek statues, tiny fragments of pigment still left on the surface glow bright, illuminating more detailed patterns. Once the pattern is mapped, there is still the problem of figuring out which paint colors to use. A series of dark blues will create a very different effect than gold and pink. Even if enough pigment is left over so that the naked eye can make out a color, a few thousand years can really change a statue s complexion. There s no reason to think that color seen today would be anything like the hues the statues were originally painted. There is a way around this dilemma. The colors may fade over time, but the original materials plant and animal-derived pigments, crushed stones or shells still look the same today as they did thousands of years ago. This can also be discovered using light. Infrared and X-ray spectroscopy can help researchers understand what the paints are made of, and how they looked all that time ago. Spectroscopy relies on the fact that atoms are picky when it comes to what kind of incoming energy they absorb. Certain materials will only accept certain wavelengths of light. Everything else they reflect. Spectroscopes send out a variety of wavelengths, like scouts into a foreign land. Inevitably, a few of these scouts do not come back. By noting which wavelengths are absorbed, scientists can determine what materials the substance is made of. Infrared helps determine organic compounds. X-rays, because of their higher energy level, don t stop for anything less than the heavier elements, like rocks and minerals. Together, researchers can determine approximately what color a millennia-old statue was painted. The color? Always something tacky. As Chapter 3 explained, a large wave of Indo-Europeans migrated from the Eurasian steppes to Europe, India, and Southwest Asia. Some of these people who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 bc were later known as Mycenaeans. The name came from their leading city, Mycenae (my-see-nee). Mycenae was located on a steep, rocky ridge and surrounded by a protective wall up to 20 feet thick. The fortified city of Mycenae could withstand almost any attack. From Mycenae, a warrior-king ruled the surrounding villages and farms. Similar Mycenaean palace-forts dotted the southern part of Greece. Influential and militaristic rulers controlled the Mycenaean Megaron communities in towns such as Tiryns and Athens. These kings dominated Greece from about 1600 to 1200 bc. Culture and Trade The nobles who lived within the fortresses enjoyed a life of surprising splendor. They feasted in great halls 35 feet wide and 50 feet long. During banquets, the firelight from a huge circular hearth glittered on a dazzling variety of gold pitchers and silver cups. When the royal Mycenaeans died, they were buried with their richest treasures. Warrior-kings won their enormous wealth by controlling local production and commercial trade. They also led their armies in search of plunder. However, few other Mycenaeans had the wealth of the warrior-kings. Wealthy kings of the Bronze Age ( bc) wielded bronze weapons and drank from cups of gold. The common people used tools made from less expensive materials such as stone and wood. Most were farmers, but others worked as weavers, goat herders, or stonemasons. The warrior-kings of Mycenae also invaded Crete. The Minoan civilization had flourished on Crete for 600 years. The civilization ended abruptly and mysteriously in 1400 bc. The Mycenaean invaders prevented the Minoans from rebuilding. However, the Mycenaeans preserved elements of Minoan culture by making it part of their own lives. From their contact with the Minoans, the Mycenaeans saw the value of seaborne trade. Mycenaean traders sailed to islands in the Aegean, coastal towns of Anatolia, and to cities in Syria, Egypt, Italy, and Crete. The Minoans influenced Mycenaean culture in other ways as well. The Mycenaeans adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek language and decorated vases with Minoan designs. Their legacy survived in the form of legends. These legends later formed the core of Greek religious practice, art, politics, and literature. Western civilization has roots in these early Greek civilizations. Outer Propylon FEET Approach Ramp Main Gate Mycenaean Citadel at Tiryns Vocabulary Western civilization: the culture that evolved in Europe and spread to the Americas N The Trojan War About 1200 bc the Mycenaean kings fought a ten-year war against Troy, an independent trading city located in Anatolia. According to legend, a Greek army besieged and destroyed Troy because a Trojan youth had kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king. 112 Chapter 5 Classical Greece 113 HISTORY IN PERSPECTIVE

Chapter 5 Assessment Background On the Aegean island of Thera, near Crete, a volcano erupted around 1470 bc This event may have helped to bring about the end of Minoan civilization.

7 Chapter 5 Assessment Background On the Aegean island of Thera, near Crete, a volcano erupted around 1470 bc This event may have helped to bring about the end of Minoan civilization. Many historians believe that Greek sailors tales of giant Cyclopes originate from elephant skulls found in Northern Africa Section 1 Assessment Terms & Names Mycenaeans Trojan War Dorians Homer epics myths Taking Notes Re-create the graph below on your paper and fill in examples of how geography affected early Greek civilization. Geographic Feature Effects sea land climate For many years, historians thought that the legendary stories told of the Trojan War were totally fictional. Then around 1870, a German archaeologist, Heinrich Schliemann, began excavating a hill in northwestern Turkey. He found the remains of nine layers of city life, one of which may date from this time period. His discoveries suggest that the stories of the Trojan War may have been based on real cities, people, and events. In 1988, another German historian, Manfred Korfmann, excavated an ancient maritime cemetery near the hill believed to be the site of ancient Troy. Although some scholars disagree, Korfmann believes the Trojan War was a struggle for control of a crucial waterway in the Aegean Sea. In any event, the attack on Troy was probably one of the last campaigns of the Mycenacaeans. Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians Not long after the Trojan War, Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Around 1200 bc, sea raiders attacked and burned palace after palace. At Mycenae, a layer of ashes from a terrible fire covered the entire palace site. According to tradition, a new group of people, the Dorians (DAWR ee uhnz), moved into this war-torn countryside. The Dorians spoke a dialect of Greek and were distant relatives of the Bronze Age Greeks. The Dorians were far less advanced than the Mycenaean Greeks. The centralized economy collapsed and trade eventually came to a standstill with their arrival. Most important to historians, Greeks appear to have temporarily forgotten the art of writing during the Dorian Age. No written record exists from the 400-year period between 1150 and 750 bc. Without written records, little is known about this period of decline. Greeks Create Myths The Greeks developed a rich set of myths, or traditional stories, about their gods. Through these myths, the Greeks sought to understand the mysteries of nature and the power of human passions. Myths explained the changing of the seasons, for example. Greeks attributed human qualities, such as love, hate, and jealousy, to their gods. The Gods quarreled and competed with each other constantly. However, unlike humans, the gods lived forever. Drawing Conclusions Why did the lack of writing represent a setback to the development of Greek civilization? Think About Minoan and Mycenaean accomplishments Uses of writing Other forms of communication Analyzing Themes Why do you think that early Greek epics and myths are so well known and studied in today s society? Think About aretē Greek ideals compared to ideals in today s world Early Greeks purpose of storytelling 2000bc Minoan Civilization prospers on Crete 1500bc Mycenaean culture thrives on Greek mainland Review Questions Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea Section 1 (pages ) 11. Why was sea travel so important to early Greece? 12. Why did the Greeks develop myths? Warring City States Section 2 (pages ) 13. What were the two most powerful city-states in early Greece? 14. What were the consequences of the Persian Wars? Democracy and Greece s Golden Age Section 3 (pages ) 15. What were Pericles three goals for Athens? 16. Who were the three renowned philosophers of the golden age? Alexander Empire Builder Section 4 (pages ) 17. Why was Greece so easily conquered by Macedonia? 18. What was the full extent of Alexander s empire before his death? The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Section 5 (pages ) 19. What four influences blended to form Hellenistic culture? 20. What did the Epicurians believe? Critical Thinking 1. Powerful Men There is a saying that the measure of a man is what he does with power. Would you consider Alexander the Great or Pericles to a better man? Why? 2. Classical Greek Influences Copy the web below on your paper. Fill in examples of how classical Greece has influenced the United States. Classical Greece ~1200bc Trojan War takes place 750bc Greek city-states flourish 3. Empire Builders Thinking back to Pericles and Alexander the Great, what qualifications do you think are needed for a leader to build an empire? Why? 4. Analyzing Primary Sources In the Following selection from Politics, Aristotle presents his views on where the power of the state should reside. His conclusions reflect the idea that moderation is the best path to civic virtue. Read the paragraph and then answer the questions that follow. Where ought the sovereign power of the state to reside?...the state aims to consist as far as possible of those who are alike and equal, a condition found chiefly among the middle section...the middle class is also the steadiest element, the least eager for change. They neither covet, like the poor the possessions of others, nor do others covet theirs, as the poor covet those of the rich...tyranny often emerges from an over-enthusiastic democracy or from an oligarchy, but much more rarely from middle class constitutions... What is Aristotle arguing here? How closely does this model of an ideal state correspond to the reality of Athenian democracy? Do you agree with Aristotle? Support your opinion. Interact with History On page 110, you drew certain conclusions about what qualities Greeks valued without knowing details about their history. Now that you have read the chapter, reexamine the artworks and reread the Greeks words. Conduct a class debate about how the values and heritage of Greece have influenced modern society. Terms & Names Briefly explain the importance of each of the following: 1. Trojan War 2. Homer 3. polis 4. phalanx 5. classical art 334bc Alexander starts to build his empire 6. Aristotle 7. Macedonia 8. Alexander the Great 9. Hellensitic 10. Archimedes 479bc Greece triumphs in Persian Wars 114 Chapter 5 Classical Greece 115

8 If cultures and civilizations are the tectonic plates of world history, frontiers are the places where they scrape against each other and cause change. Felipe Fernández-Armesto

Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages.

period around the 30th century BC. This is the beginning of history, as opposed to prehistory, according to the definition used by most historians.

9 Ancient history is the study of the written past from the beginning of recorded human history to the Early Middle Ages. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, with Cuneiform script, the oldest discovered form of coherent writing, from the protoliterate period around the 30th century BC. This is the beginning of history, as opposed to prehistory, according to the definition used by most historians. The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to history in the Old World from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC (First Olympiad). This roughly coincides with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Archaic period in Ancient Greece. Although the ending date of ancient history is disputed, some Western scholars use the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD, the closure of the Platonic Academy in 529 AD,the death of the emperor Justinian I, the coming of Islam or the rise of Charlemagne as the end of ancient and Classical European history. In India, the period includes the early period of the Middle Kingdoms, and, in China, the time up to the Qin Dynasty is included.

Ancient Greece. Chapter 6 Section 1 Page 166 to 173

Ancient Greece. Chapter 6 Section 1 Page 166 to 173 Ancient Greece Chapter 6 Section 1 Page 166 to 173 Famous Things About Greece The Parthenon Mt. Olympia Famous Things About Greece Plato Aristotle Alexander The Great Athens Sparta Trojan War Greek Gods