PRESENTATION OF THE PILE DWELLING CULTURE IN IG. Proceedings of the International Conference Ig, November 12-13, 2014

Transcription

1 PRESENTATION OF THE PILE DWELLING CULTURE IN IG Ig, November 12-13, 2014

2 PREZENTATION OF THE PILE DWELLING CULTURE IN IG International Conference organized by Ljubljana Marsh Nature park in cooperation with the: Ministry of Culture Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Slovenian national commition for UNESCO Municipality Ig Editor: Dejan Veranič Editorial Board: Barbara Zupanc, Dušan Kramberger, Dejan Veranič Project Coordinators: Barbara Zupanc, Dejan Veranič, Helena Štih, Dušen Kramberger, Marica Zupan Lay-out: Dejan Veranič Cover photo: Anton Žvanut, Lara Kastelic 2

3 CONTENTS Foreword 4 Conference Agenda 5 Presenting The Invisible Heritage To The Public 6 Wanted: complementary approaches! The valorization of the pile dwelling sites in Switzerland. 7 Aixa Andreetta, Pierre Corboud, Marc-Antoine Kaeser, Swiss Coordination Group UNESCO Palafittes Pile-dwelling Museum Ledro: the exception that doesn t prove the rule. 9 Romana Scandolari Augmented Reality For Cultural Heritage: Digital Meets Culture. 11 Dario Cianciarulo It s A Serial Matter - Cross-Border Cooperation In The World Heritage. 12 Cyrily Dworsky Presentations: Good Practice Cases In Slovenia 14 Piran Salt-Pans Heritage: The Cooperation Between The Sečovlje Salina Nature Park And The Maritime Museum In Piran 15 Franco Juri, mag. Andrej Sovinc Museum Presentation Of Pile Dwellings 17 Irena Šinkovec, Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana Arheofakt - Center For Eksperiential Archeology 20 Matej Draksler Project In The Land Of Pile Dwellers 21 Maja Zupančič, Alenka Jeraj Presentations: Pile-Dwelling Presentation Options In Ljubljana Marsh 24 The Context Of Future Interpretation And Presentation Project 25 Barbara Zupanc The Cultural Heritage Of The Ljubljansko Barje 27 Mija Topličanec Natural Features Of The Unesco Site In Ig 29 Karin Gabrovšek, M.Sc., Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for nature conservation, Reconstruction Of The Pile-Dwelling Settlement At Ig 31 Natalija Skok, Marica Zupan, Občina Ig Future Pile-Dwelling Presentation In Ljubljana Marsh:The Concept 33 Dejan Veranič Keynote Speeches 36 Nominacija In Vpis Prazgodovinksih Kolišč Na Unesco Seznam Svetovne Dediščine 37 mag. Dušan Kramberger Unesco-World Heritage Pile Dwellings Around The Alps - Research And Management Of Fascinating Archaeological Sites. 40 Helmut Schlichtherle Dr. Helmut schlichtherle podvodni arheolog: koliščarske kulture ni bilo 41 Uroš Škerl Kramberger Workshop Results 50 Contacts of the participants 59 3

4 FOREWORD Ig pile dwellings near Ljubljana lie in the heart of the Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park. They have been a part of the UNESCO World Heritage serial nomination since The presentation and interpretation of the heritage that is not visible on the surface and its correlation with nature is a strong need and a challenge on a local, national and international level. The conference aims to tackle this problem and exchange experiences on existing forms of pile dwellings presentation and their relationship with the natural environment. The conference will present some examples of presentations of pile dwelling culture from Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Italy. What is the role of new technologies in presentation? How to include heritage in the museum layout? What are the opportunities and challenges for the local community and its residents? How to combine the need for presentation and interpretation with protection of cultural and natural heritage? On workshops supported by experts, we will try to find possible solutions and methods of presentation and interpretation of the culture of pile dwellings in the Ljubljana Marsh. The two-day conference is intended for experts in the fields of archeology, interpretation, nature protection, development of tourist services, space planning, architecture... and those who want to contribute with their knowledge and experience to the design of the interpretative center for cultural and natural heritage of the Ljubljana Marsh. The conference is provided by Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park in cooperation with the Ministry of Culture, Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO, Municipality Ig and Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia. apple United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA MINISTRY OF CULTURE Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO OBČINA IG 4

5 CONFERENCE AGENDA Thursday, November :30-9:00 Educational Center for Civil Protection and Rescue - ICZR 9:00 Auditorium, ICZR Registration Opening ceremonies - moderator Barbara Zupanc Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park Ministry of Culture Municipality Ig Ministry for Environment and Special planning Slovenian National Commission for UNESCO Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Opening lecture Špela Spanžel: World Heritage as part of Slovenian heritage policy. 10:00 Auditorium, Presenting the invisible heritage to the public moderator Dušan Kramberger ICZR Aixa Andreetta, Pierre Corboud, Marc-Antoine Kaeser - "Wanted: complementary approaches! The valorization of the pile dwelling sites in Switzerland". Romana Scandolari: Pile-dwelling Museum Ledro: the exception that does not proves the rule. Dario Cianciarulo: Augmented Reality for Cultural Heritage: Digital meets Culture Cyril Dworsky: It s a serial matter - cross-border cooperation in the world heritage. 13:00 Lunch break 14:00 17:00 Auditorium, ICZR Auditorium, ICZR Presentations: Good practice cases in Slovenia moderator Špela Karo Franco Juri, Andrej Sovinc: Sečovlje salins Irena Šinkovec: Pile dwelling culture in Slovenian museums.matej Draksler: Arheofakt archaeological experience center Maja Zupančič, Alenka Jeraj: Project In the land of pile dwellers Presentations: Pile-dwelling presentation options in Ljubljana Marsh moderator Breda Ogorelec Barbara Zupanc, Mija Topličanec, Karin Gabrovšek, Natalija Skok: Future pile-dwelling presentation in Ljubljana Marsh - the context Dejan Veranič, Aleš Golja, Rok Žnidaršič: Future pile-dwelling presentation in Ljubljana Marsh- the concept 19:00 Municipal Hall Ig Keynote speech, open to general public (translation): Dušan Kramberger»Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps«- Nomination and Enlistement as UNESCO World Heritage. Helmut Schlichtherle: UNESCO-World Heritage "Pile Dwellings around the Alps" Research and Management of fascinating archaeological sites Friday, November :00 Center for Civil Protection Field trip UNESCO heritage site Ig 12:30 ICZR Future Pile-dwelling presentation in the Ljubljana Marsh Workshop 1: Content and methods of interpretation of pile-dwellers Moderators: Dejan Veranič, Marica Zupan Workshop 2: Opportunities and challenges for local community Moderators: Aleš Smrekar, Janez Cimperman Workshop 3: Infrastructure and visual components of pile-dwelling presentation in Ig Moderators: Rok Žnidaršič, Natalija Skok 15:30 Auditorium, ICZR Workshops results and closing of the conference 16:00 Lunch 5

6 PRESENTING THE INVISIBLE HERITAGE TO THE PUBLIC 6

7 WANTED: COMPLEMENTARY APPROACHES! THE VALORIZATION OF THE PILE DWELLING SITES IN SWITZERLAND. Aixa Andreetta, Pierre Corboud, Marc-Antoine Kaeser Swiss Coordination Group UNESCO Palafittes Our communication intends to provide an overview of the various aspects regarding the valorization of pile dwellings sites on Swiss territory. We will show some examples of major interest and underline the positive as the negative points, regarding reconstructions and opening space to a no-specialist public. As a premise we can repete that one of the best guarantees for the protection of pile dwellings site is the information to the large public.however the context of prehistoric pile-dwelling sites is problematic for their presentation: these are visible only during the short period of excavations (when they are excavated) and the presentation in situ of a dwelling site after the excavation is almost impossible. Therefore, the results of research on pile-dwelling settlements in the Alps will always require a process of reconstruction. But we must assess what type of reconstruction, which model to adopt and by what means? Models of prehistoric pile dwellings settlement is strongly influenced by the old interpretations, spread between 1854 and Currently, the trend is to consider multiple solutions, representing different adaptations of prehistoric farmers in the various environments in which they built their villages. In Switzerland the presentation of pile dwellings concerns as well the musems as the cantonal archaeological services. A good example of this type of relationship is given by the archaeological museum Laténium in Hauterive- Champréveyres. Here in the same place coexist and cooperate the cantonal archaeological service, responsible for the protection of archaeological sites, the Institute of Archaeology of the University, that educates future archaeologists and the Park and Archaeological Museum, where they are reconstructed houses from the late Neolithic and Bronze Age. The exemple of the Laténium but also the museum of prehistory in Zug for instance, provide a proper solution, combining the work of the museum, the archaeologists and also the university, that ensure the exploration of data, providing an attractive image, but also imporving trasmission of knowlede. Each kind of presentation and communication still make sense if the archaeologist can provide scietifical basic elements, serving as fondament to create virtual or 3D models, situated in museums. Many efforts have already been made to use the knowledge acquired over the years and the improve and save these efforts, the operation of a house construction s can be mediated, for example, with the filming of a documentary, where the audience may be invited to attend as a spectator the various stages of the work. The archaeologists responsible for the project must carefully define the parts that relate to the archaeological experiment and those intended for an educational purpose. For example, Lake Chalain in the French Jura, the two Neolithic houses built by Pierre Pétrequin have been 7

8 especially useful for scientific experimentation on the method of construction and long-term evolution of this architecture. The houses are therefore not been maintained and restored, with great disappointment that the local tourist office wanted to make it a permanent attraction for tourists. A counter-example is the village lacustre of Gletterens on the south bank of Lake Neuchâtel. The houses are very loosely inspired by the neolithic settlement. In effect these reconstructions were not made on the basis of specific data, but they are used primarily to accommodate archaeological activities for school groups and didactical programs. Other options can be adopted to show the relationship with the surrounding area and to emphasize the dynamics of the centuries-old settlement such as the naturalarchaeological trail in Chevroux (canton Vaud), where a great serie of pile dwellings site are excavated; or the boat tours on the Leman Lake. This latter concerns a short journey through the geological and sedimentological history of the lake. The goal is to introduce the Leman and humans societies, including the pile dwellings sites, showing the interaction through time and how two tsunamis swept over the lake. which has trained guides to conduct classes or small groups in the archaeological dive center in Sutz-Lattringen, to discover underwater archaeology, sbmerged heritage and the dendrochronology laboratory. We defend the statement that the conservation and long-term management of prehistoric pile-dwelling sites and their development are intimately linked with the public. Indeed, we can protect an object only when we know his existence! This statement should be valid for the archaeologists responsible for the management of the sites as also for regional museum and local municipalities responsible for the maintenance and the communication. This active collaboration between archaeologists, the competent authorities for the conservation of heritage and all the actors involved in the dissemination of archaeological knowledge, can create a network that dynamically link different people and institutions involved in the project. Only the viability of such a set of relationships is able to ensure the authenticity of educational information and interpretation. An interesting educational project has recently been adopted by the archaeological service of canton Bern, 8

9 PILE-DWELLING MUSEUM LEDRO: THE EXCEPTION THAT DOESN T PROVE THE RULE. Romana Scandolari The site Lake Ledro is situated near Lake Garda, in a side valley (southern Trentino) which develops about 650 m above the sea level. The windings roads of access make it impassable as a transit valley but they make it interesting as a tourist destination much more than other places within easy reach. The eastern shore of the lake is well for the important archaeological findings; from the 30s to the 80s of the last century various excavation campaigns brought to light the remains of a pile-dwelling village inhabited (inhabit) in the centuries from the end of the Copper age to the middle Bronze age ( BC). The site, which extends for about sqm, is located near the outfall Ponale and is guarded by a small museum that, despite its size (200 sqm), preserves and exhibits a selection of valuable archaeological finds. The Museum The museum building is a typical example of architecture of the years '70. In its construction were used 3 materials: larch wood, aluminum and glass, assembled in order to obtain a space full of light, enclosed with transparent walls. You could say that it is designed and built as "showcase of showcases", so that the finds could be observed on the background of the archeological site from which they come. After years of interest sparked by the archaeological excavations and those followed by the opening of the museum, the parable of the site entered a path of physiological decline In the years '90, however, under the direction of Michele Lanzinger, started a phase in which the warden staff was implemented by new professional figures with skills in the field of education, cultural mediation and territorial marketing. Inaugurated as a simple container of archaeological finds, the Antiquarium of Ledro, from a silent and steady place changed into open space, full of words, sounds, smells, flavors, and that puts everything in a circle, refers all outward, to an always new public, toward the valley and toward Europe LedroLab Because of the climate rather unstable and cold, it was necessary a new spaces to guarantee the educational activities even in case of bad weather. In 2001 "LedroLab" was opened: a building that the Municipal Administration has restructured and granted in use to the museum for its educational activities. Occasionally LedroLab is used as guest house, and welcomes training courses or temporary exhibitions. The village In 2006 the reconstruction of a portion of village, on the shore of lake's emissary, has been added to the "hut of the shaman". This because of both: the growing request of educational activities and the losing of archaeological evidence in the site on the lake. The village closes an ideal circle of learning that, by the objects exhibited in the museum, passing through the area of their discovery, leads to the copies that can be manipulated in the huts. A not museum S) - Mom, where have you brought me? 9

10 M) - At the museum! S) - But no! I mean here, the place we are What is it? M) It s a museum! S) - But This is not a museum! This very brief dialog has performed between a mother and her son. They had come to the museum to take part to the clay-workshop. We wondered: if this is not a museum, what is it then? Ledro is an airy and moved space: in this sense maybe it is perceived by visitors as a not-museum. For us who work to make it never dark and steady, the museum of Ledro is mainly one of the knotes of the museums-network belonging to the MUSE, the science museum of Trento. Like territorial branch of a Science Museum, Ledro has taken advantages from the entire managerial and economic strength that the towns roots granted and has poured out the advantages of this situation onto a valley of boundary, one of the most distant from the capital city of the region: so, a small museum on the shoulders of a giant. The 50 km distance from the mother house MUSE has also promoted an independent path in which certain seemingly unfavorable conditions have encouraged the creation of new cultural paths of exploitation and dissemination. The cooperation with the surrounding territory has developed according to a specific Ledro way, maybe sometimes unconventional but functional to the creation of strong long-lasting bonds. It has strengthened the interest in a piece of valley that the local population wasn t able anymore to see and feel like its own. ReLed In 2012 according to the lesson learnt from the Science Museum, we managed to create ReLed a network between museums, visitors centres and paths of knowledge of various kind. Born from a project shared by the Municipal Administration and the Tourism Board, ReLed expresses the ambition to improve the tourist and school offer of the Ledro valley. The fruits of this cooperative management didn t take long in coming: in 2014 on the network we have checked 60,000 visitors. Curiously, acting as a "not museum" in its own territory and strongly trying to share with the resident population the interest and the care of its own heritage, Ledro has attracted great attention and improved the scientific interest of institutions for research and higher learning. Ledro s Numbers 200 square meters of exposure; 4500 sqm of archeological area; 2000 sqm of park; 350 sqm of didactic village; 240 sqm of covered-spaces for educational activities (LedroLab); 35,000 visitors every year in 9 months of opening to the public; 13,000 tickets detached during the months of July and August people are permanently working at the museum: 1 curator, 1 officer, 3 researchers and 7 educators; in addition there are 4 employees to ward services. In the end the Pile-dwelling Museum of Ledro is an exception that doesn t prove the rule because as a small museum it is agile but as a part of a network it is sound: it has wings to fly and heavy shoes to walk. The rediscovered memory The commitment to bringing the Museum to the inhabitants of Ledro has realized in a Memory project called: Pile-dwelling in the drawer. 80 years of archaeological research in Ledro. The collection of old pictures and stories by people bearing witness allowed us to recover the memory of the work done by Ledro inhabitants during the excavation of the pile-dwellings since The publication of a book, given as a present to the protagonists of these epic excavations, has enlivened considerably the interest of residents for their own museum and for their own cultural heritage. 10

11 AUGMENTED REALITY FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE: DIGITAL MEETS CULTURE. Dario Cianciarulo - darteq ( Augmented Reality: the third eye The Augmented Reality (often called AR) is used to enhance reality with virtual content: augmented reality is in fact the overlapping of layers with information (of different types such as video and graphics 2D, 3D, audio) to the real environment. The elements that add to the reality can be made through the use of various devices such as a workstation equipped with a webcam (workstation, PC, Mac), camera-equipped mobile devices (smartphones, tablets) or special viewers (smart glasses). The camera (the third eye) shooting the surroundings and show the augmented reality through the recognition of some target mobile or through the recognition of certain items. The different AR currently available software rework the live video stream in real time, adding that integrate multimedia content to the context and enrich it through tracking and geolocation. trough the camera and the screen of your device. It s simple and it s fun! AR and Cultural Heritage Different are the solutions to use the AR with the Cultural Heritage. It s possible to create interaction between the users in a museums and the objects or it s possible to explore an open space like an historical centre. Darteq made some apps for museums in Sweden and in Italy, for painters and to valorize any kind of arts. 1 The application of AR is now widespread in various fields: marketing, retail, events., education, culture and tourism, architecture and design, medicine, automation. AR vs VR A lot of people know about Virtual Reality (VR). Augmented Reality (AR) is a new way to enjoy the reality in a different way. We simply add new information on the reality that we can see with our smartphone trough our screen. Virtual Reality is a digital copy of the world or part of it made with a computer and a software. How it works? It s a easy tool to use it. You simply need a device (tablet or smartphone) and install an app. You run the app, you frame some objects and you can explore the contents 1 For more information visit the website or see the video in Darteq s channel in Youtube 11

12 IT S A SERIAL MATTER - CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN THE WORLD HERITAGE. Cyrily Dworsky CHALLENGES AND ADVANTAGES FROM AN AR- CHAEOLOGICAL / CULTURE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: Serial World Heritage Nominations come along with a broad variety of challenges and a huge potential for development on various levels. Basically it could be seen as a case study for a complex network and cooperation across boarders (not only geographically but also transinstitutionally or interdiciplinary). THE IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKS AND INFLU- ENCERS: Meanwhile the prerequisites (the operational guidelines) for a WH nominations are designed in a way that a serial property is a well developed network of key persons and key institutions from the very beginning. However it is still flexible (as it works with various levels of engagement) and there is plenty of room for development in different directions - if you are recognizing the potential of the WH. Some Examples of Networks (on national and international level): Heritage Protection (e.g. Monitoring framework) Archaeology (Research) (e.g. DACH Project) Museology (e.g. cross-border presentations; EXPO on federal state level) Local Initiatives (e.g. new associations ) Education (e.g. UNESCO-schools) Heritage. A disadvantage but at the same time also an advantage is the tabula rasa in Austria. A first physical representation of such a node - targeting mainly at the interpretation and presentation - is the concept of the information pavilions. This is more or less a nucleus for all kinds of activities. Sometimes it works quite well (well embedded in local network) sometimes it doesn t work so well (detached from the local network). The pavilions are linked to various places in the region, linked to the internet, linked to tourist trails. THE PILE DWELLING PAVILIONS - SAWING THE SEEDS: Our (Kuratorium Pfahlbauten) approach is to create nodes to enlarge this network in various directions. One could say that we are a lobbying -Agency for the World 12

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14 PRESENTATIONS: GOOD PRACTICE CASES IN SLOVENIA 14

15 PIRAN SALT-PANS HERITAGE: THE COOPERATION BETWEEN THE SEČOVLJE SALINA NATURE PARK AND THE MARITIME MUSEUM IN PIRAN Franco Juri, mag. Andrej Sovinc Salt production and trade is one of the oldest industries known to man. In the past, several tens of traditional saltpans have been located along the river estuaries in the Mediterranean. The Sečovlje Salina which extends over 7 km2 is located in the north-eastern part of the Adriatic sea (Istria peninsula) near the slovenian-croatian border. Together with adjacent smaller Strunjan Salina, these are the last remaining salt-pans in Slovenia and in the whole Istrian peninsula, as well is one of very few saltpans in the Mediterranean where salt is still produced in accordance with several-centuries-old method which includes the petola, a special mineral and biological layer that protects the salt from the mud. Location To understand better where the Sečovlje Salina Nature Park is located, we have to look at the Piran gulf and estuary of river Dragonja on the extreme western northistrian coast of Slovenia. The salt pans are located exactly on the border area which is still matter of negotiation and arbitration between Slovenia and Croatia. This situation needs an additional shared effort by both countries in order to reach an agreement aimed to preserve this unique natural en cultural landscape from the risk of an uncontrolled urbanization or of the extensive mass tourism. Very close already exist the touristic aeroport Portorož. The Nature park is composed by two areas, known as Fontanigge (southern side) and Lera ( northern side ). Whole the area of Sečovlje Salina has exeptional values in terms of biodiversity, landscape and cultural heritage protection. The area is designated as Nature park (IUCN protected area category V) Natura 2000 site and Ramsar wetland of international importance. The Museum of salt-making Morover, the Sečovlje Salina has been assigned the status of extraordinary ethnological, technological, historical and architectural heritage and landscape. The area of the Museum of Salt-making at Fontanigge, maneged by the Maritime museum, is protected since 2001as a cultural monument of national importance. In the southern part of the Sečovlje Salina (Fontanigge) salt-making process was abandoned in 1960s due to high production coast. But in the beginning of 90s the Piran Maritime museum Segej Mašera decided to restore part of them, including the traditional (medieval) method of salt making, creating there the first Museum of saltmaking which was awarded in 2003 (Europa nostra). The Museum of Salt-Making is located at the formerly used Sečovlje salt-pans to the right of the Giassi channel, 3 km from the main road Koper-Pula in the very suggestive enviroment. The complex encloses four restored salter s houses, their salt pools and the Giassi channel as the main supply of seawater. In the museum s salter s restored houses in front of the old recovered salt basin is possible to find some thipical ethnological elements and enviroments of the salt-pans workers or salters and their families which, traditionally from the venetian period till the 60s, were staying in the salt-pans during the salt season, from april to october. 15

16 The salters (salinari) came from Piran region and other parts of Istria. This particular habit has created a specific stile of life and an original local culture, which is the main object of the museum s research and presentation. A systematic scheme of how salt-pans function can be seen on the ground floor of the Museum. Untill 2011, when the state allowed the management of the Fontanigge salt basin exclusively to the company Soline.d.o.o, any of the salt-workers in the museum s salt-pans did explain traditional method of work to individuals or groups involved in research and pedagogical work. Every year, in july, the Museum of salt-making becames place of the international voluntary camp in which participate mainly students from different european countries. Currently they take care of maintenance works. As well they have the opportunity to get a good knowledge about the specific topic of the salt-pans. The Museum is making efforts, in cooperation with the Nature park,in order to revitalize Fontanigge area as destination of a sustainable tourism trough different cultural, pedagogical and artistic events and performance. Around persons every year reach the Museum during the season. The Sečovlje Salina Nature Park (KPSS) and the company Soline d.o.o. All the land and infratsructure in in KPSS is stateowned property, however the Slovenian Government delegated management of the nature park to the private company Saline d.o.o. The company Soline d.o.o. held the concession for traditional salt-making process in the area (from 2011 including the museum area). Maintaining the traditional salt-making procedure which helps shaping conditions favourable to biodiversity and cultural heritage protection is essential to safeguard the character of the salina. After WWII, traditionally produced salt became an uncompetitive commodity in the European and local markets owing to the invasion of salt produced with low costs along the African coast and in European salt mines, which caused the decline of several dozen of traditional salt-pans in the northern Mediterranean. of the salina. The company Soline d.o.o. ( ownership of which belongs to company Telekom- still owned by state) is investing in different commercial activities connected with the salt-pans and the trade and sale of Sečovlje salt, but including as well some new offers aimed to enhace the sustainable tourism in the Nature park. Among them there are the terme Lepa Vida, located in Lera, based on the therapeutic quality of salt and salt-pans mud, and the beauty of the natural enviroment. Improving sustainable mobility in the park The Nature park (KPSS) and the Maritime museum (Museum of Salt-making) are working together, among other, to improve sustainable mobility of visitors in the park. Main attractions for visitors include network of paths and trails, cycling routes, the Museum itself in Fontanigge and visitor s centre in Lera. To visitors are offered bicycles for renting gratis, provided by Museum in the framework of the EU project Openmuseums (cross-border cooperation Italy-Slovenia). Public-private partnership The combination of performing the public service of the park management by a commercial company resulted in a special form of public-private partnership.the Museum of Salt-making is an indipenden public institution, maneged by the Maritime Museum. The next phase of cooperation between the Park and the Museum is focusing on the conservation of the ruins of the salter s houses. EU money has already invested through different projects in restoration of sea-defence walls and embankments. There are remnants of more than 100 houses os salters.those ruins need special form of protection in order to prevent their further degradation. Both institutions, Park and Museum, support such approach and will jointly seek fundingsources at the national and European levels. Also in the light of commitment to submit nomination proposal to be considered for inclusion in UNESCO s World Heritage List. Only limited quantities of traditionally produced salt can be sold at the market due to its higher prices. Incomes from selling of salt have to be complemented with other incomes in order to maintain natural and cultural values 16

17 MUSEUM PRESENTATION OF PILE DWELLINGS Irena Šinkovec Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana Ljubljana Marshes have become a synonym for prehistoric villages on piles since the discovery of the first pile dwellings in Only two decades after the first pile dwellings were discovered in Switzerland, this archaeological phenomenon put an indelible impression on the Slovenian landscape, filling both experts and laymen with enthusiasm and inspiring numerous artists. From the romantic idealism and fascination with pile dwellings typical of the 19th and early 20th centuries, over the problematic issue of pile dwellings which in the 20th century gave rise to numerous questions about the environment, platforms, piles and houses located either on or above the ground, researchers have recently been intensively involved in the risks the respective sites are exposed to as a result of the intense landscape utilisation and climate changes as well as in the possibilities for their preservation and presentation. The group nomination and inscription of pile dwellings around the Alps on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2011 has not only improved the international visibility of the Ljubljana Marshes but has also brought about new opportunities for collaboration with foreign partners, one of the results of which is this very gathering. The institution involved in the most recent scientific research into pile dwellings in Slovenia is the Institute of Archaeology at the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Arts and Sciences, with a special emphasis on integrating this research with natural sciences (dendrochronology, archaeobotany, archaeozoology and palynology). The archaeologists at the Department of Archaeology at the University of Ljubljana are doing spatial and environmental research using new methods such as analysis of aerial photographs, satellite images and lidar surface recordings. Similarly significant are both underwater research projects in the Ljubljanica River and its tributaries and preventive interventions aimed at preserving pile dwellings (measurements of groundwater level fluctuation, microbiological and chemical influences of the environment) carried out by the Preventive Archaeology Centre at the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage and the Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana in collaboration with the Restoration Centre and the Department of Biology of the University of Ljubljana. The materials are kept and presented by the National Museum of Slovenia and the Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana. An important role in the popularisation of the pile dwelling heritage has been played by the Nature Park of Ljubljana Marhses and especially by certain local communities a special mention at this point must go to the Municipality of Ig and the Fran Govekar Society, whose programmes have helped raise awareness among the general public, thereby contributing significantly to the protection and preservation of heritage. We must also not overlook the civil public and other institutions that have presented a variety of ideas and concepts for the presentation of pile dwellings at different locations and have shown a great interest in this topic, which has also provided the motivation and commitment necessary to realize a more complex project, of which you will hear more later on in the symposium. Museum activities Two museums are authorised by the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia to perform the task of preserving the Slovenian pile dwelling heritage: the National Museum of Slovenia, as the national parent 17

18 institution, and the Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana, which was established by the Municipality of Ljubljana and also covers the wider area of Central Slovenia, including the Ljubljana Marshes. National Museum of Slovenia keeps an extensive archive of archaeological finds excavated in the Ljubljana Marshes before 1970, the most important of which are the finds excavated at the so-called Dežman s pile dwellings, among which are some of the most recognizable icons of pile dwelling heritage, such as idols, beautifully decorated pots, daggers, rattles, and so on. Also worthy of a mention are the only exhibited prehistoric dugout boat in Slovenia, and numerous diverse and well-preserved finds from the stream of the Ljubljanica, which have contributed significantly to our understanding of the history of the Ljubljana Marshes. An exhibition entitled the Prehistoric Treasures of the National Museum of Slovenia is currently on display at the museum, which is complemented by programmes for the general public. The National Museum of Slovenia is also carrying out a comprehensive study of Dežman s pile dwellings and is actively involved in projects led by other institutions. I would like to thank my colleagues Dr Peter Turk and Polona Bitenc for all the materials presented. Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana The Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana keeps archives of finds from extensive excavations conducted in the 1970s and 80s by Dr Tatjana Bregant, and her colleagues, among which were materials from the most thoroughly explored settlement, Maharski prekop. The museum also keeps archives of findings from modern excavations, most notably a complex pile dwelling excavation project that is being conducted by Dr Anton Velušček, of the Institute of Archaeology, and his colleagues, as well as materials from rescue excavations conducted by various archaeologists, a large share of which were discovered at the Špica site in Ljubljana and are currently being processed. Undoubtedly the most prominent finding was the wooden wheel with an axle found near Verd in Vrhnika. The pile dwelling heritage is presented through permanent exhibitions and accompanying programmes with a special focus on raising public awareness, as well as through occasional projects aimed at informing the general public of new findings and research results. Most of our attention is devoted to carrying out programmes for individual target groups, mainly children and young people, networking and connecting our numerous partners and locations and actively engaging the civil public, with a special emphasis on young people and vulnerable groups. The most noteworthy among the projects aimed at popularizing our cultural heritage that include pile dwellings is the long-term project entitled Urban Ljubljana, which is currently underway. The public information points established as part of the project provide guidance to visitors and encourage them to visit and explore cultural heritage sites. The iljubljana exhibition in the Viewing Tower of the Ljubljana Castle offers visitors vistas of the wider Ljubljana area and features a virtual presentation of the key settlement and development sites, including the pile dwelling settlements and the Ljubljana Marshes. The main purpose of the information points established across the city is to present the individual stages of settlement by directing those interested to in situ archaeological sites as well as other institutions and programmes. The iemona information point presenting the ancient Roman city has been running since 2012, and an exhibition entitled ipreurban Settlement is being set up in the renovated park where the Špica pile dwelling settlement was partially explored in In addition to presenting the pre-urban stages of settlement in Ljubljana (pile dwelling settlements, Iron Age protourban settlement, pre-roman settlement), the site will also serve as a key hub for visiting the Ljubljana Marshes and other sites planned for the wider region (e.g. Vrhnika Ljubljanica, Ig pile dwelling settlements). The main purpose of the ipoints (additional points are planned to be established for other stages of settlement) is to make our heritage as accessible as possible to both Slovenian and foreign visitors and to connect the wider area and activities in relation to cultural and natural heritage. The pile dwelling heritage is currently presented in two permanent museum exhibitions: the Slovenian History exhibition at the Ljubljana Castle and the Faces of Ljubljana exhibition at the City Museum of Ljubljana. The former provides a comprehensive overview of the key points in the settlement of the Slovenian territory and is particularly important because it attracts large numbers of visitors, especially tourists. The latter is aimed at presenting the development of the wider Ljubljana area and is regularly accompanied by programmes themed around pile dwellings and other topics for school groups and families. The new permanent exhibition focusing on the Ljubljanica River is planned in Vrhnika. As regards recent temporary projects, the most prominent was the exhibition entitled The Wheel 5,200 years, prepared in cooperation with numerous Slovenian 18

19 and foreign partners, which was in the City Museum of Ljubljana between 2013 and 2014 and included a number of accompanying exhibitions, programmes and events. In addition to the famous wheel, which was put on public display for the first time after the conservation work was completed and was presented in several contexts (pile dwelling settlements and technological development with an emphasis on the industrial revolution and space), we have also focused on the latest research and materials from the Špica pile dwelling settlement and the stream of the Ljubljanica river that had not been previously exhibited. The exhibition was adapted to various target groups (levels, choice of multimedia content depending on the interest of the visitors, experience room). Our main goal was to encourage visitors to think about a distant time in the past of which only material evidence remains today and consider its reflections in the present and future. By dividing the exhibition into levels and placing actual remains of pile dwellings in the forefront instead of interpretations and replacing all the texts with visual materials, we emphasised the importance of this rare and precious heritage from a time before written language. A wealth of information, interpretations and research results were presented through multimedia content, and at the conclusion of the exhibition, visitors got the opportunity to experience the life of a pile dweller first-hand. The exhibition was accompanied by monthly themed exhibitions prepared in cooperation with external partners with the aim of providing a more detailed presentation of individual topics and reaching a wider audience. In connection with the programmes and events, we would like to highlight the active participation of young people and visitors with special needs. workshops, especially those carried out in natural environments. One such workshop will be presented in the next lecture. We are very pleased with the response to today s gathering, as it indicates that there is great interest in the presentation of the pile dwelling heritage in the Ljubljana Marshes. We are certain that we can make the pile dwelling heritage even more accessible through networking and the active participation of all of our partners and the civil public, which, in turn, will make it easier to preserve these precious historical sources for future generations. We are aware that presenting cultural heritage that is not very visible in the environment, is very distant in terms of both time and technology and will never be fully explained by the remains discovered is a very demanding task that requires a great deal of responsibility. Museum presentations and exhibitions are usually not very successful if they are not accompanied by live programmes adapted to individual target groups. During the rescue excavations at Špica, we were able to organise tours of the excavation site, which received an outstanding response from the public. Although this is not possible at all excavation sites due to safety considerations, we should make use of every opportunity of this kind, as it is the only way visitors can see original remains and also get a better appreciation of our work and concern for preserving our heritage. An exceptional response and effect can also be achieved through experiential 19

20 ARHEOFAKT - CENTER FOR EKSPERIENTIAL ARCHEOLOGY Matej Draksler Archaeology and its promotion in Slovenia mirrored the state of politics situation in which the country after World War II appeared socialistic, but still lingering between east and west. Well organized state administration reflected this position, therefore new innovations and ideas came to light. Although it was shown more in new research tools and methods then promotion of historical legacy. Most of archaeological parks and reconstructions were built in 1960s and 1980s. Mostly we talk about in - situ presentations or presentations incorporated into new buildings with installed signs or guided tours. As for the period, antique was preferred. Even later with a boom of rescue archaeology with its new methods and approaches, presentation and promotion without good financing and well designed contents with superstructures (open days, workshops, etc.) became in many cases uninteresting relic. Skupina STIK, a private institute and it s department ARHEOFAKT are building on this development. Since 2013 we are realizing educational programs, workshops, animator tranings, museum installations and other activities in cooperation with several Slovenian institutions and organizations where static objects, such as object reconstructions are generated in the process (it is rather resource instead of being main goal), not the other way round. Within two years of our existence we have had a great deal of success. Our workshops and events are becoming increasingly popular and the public is responding to our belief in signification of heritage promotion. Few years back The Monuments Board of Slovenia and some of museums inspired public with revitalization of some of the parks and reconstructions and thinking, approaches and also public awareness started to change. Museums, private enterprises and other organizations followed with archaeological programs, though still with a focus mainly on a roman period and with varying level of scientific approach. 20

21 PROJECT IN THE LAND OF PILE DWELLERS Maja Zupančič, Alenka Jeraj In the Land of the Pile-dwellers Project by Maja Zupančič, member of the project group In the land of pile-dwellers The In the land of the Pile-dwellers project is run by Fran Govekar Society (Društvo Fran Govekar Ig), a culture and tourism orientating society from Ig. The main goal of the project is to present pile-dwellers heritage from Ljubljana Marsh to the general public. The first step that led to the birth of the project was lectures entitled Ljubljana Marsh, do I know you? (Barje, ali te poznam?). It s a series of four lectures pro season, focused mainly on the region of Ljubljana Marsh. Scientists from different fields ranging from archaeology, history to natural sciences such as biology, give lectures. All lectures are admission-free, making them accessible to all. The In the Land of the Pile-dwellers project officially began in 2008, when a number of different events took place among them the first Pile-dwellers day. The Pile-dwellers day The idea of the Pile-dwellers day (Koliščarski dan) grew in 2008, when the first small event was held in the vicinity of Ig. The slogan of the event was: Became a pile-dweller! and in a way it remained the same until today. At the same time the idea was launched to organize an outdoor summer camp for the children (Koliščarski tabor). It s a way for children to learn about the way of life in the time of the pile-dwellers. The idea was successful and each year we have about children who come to our week-end summer camp. It s held in august, a week before the Pile-dwellers day. The Pile-dwellers day is a one-day event, advertised as fun for the whole family, our main focus group among visitors being families with children. Over 30 events and workshops suitable for visitors of all ages are prepared. All of the societies groups join forces and guests with different knowledge and skills are also invited. A short play based on a historical novel The Beavers (Bobri) written by Janez Jalen is being performed, the production of the societies theatre groups. The art group has an ex-tempore, there s a lecture by archaeologist and the most interesting part for most visitors various workshops, where visitors can experience first-hand the life of the pile-dwellers. They can try weaving, to make a wooden miniature of the oldest cart found in Ljubljana Marsh, a bow, to make and decorate a clay pot or bake their own bread, etc. Children can become archaeologists for a day and go excavating as part of the archaeological workshop. Visitors can also learn about Ljubljana Marsh region or join a fun adventure game The White Beaver Hunt (Lov na Belega bobra). The event is held outdoors, in authentic environment, in Draga Valley near Ig next to a fairy-tale lake. The team taking part in the project is mostly locals, members of the society, volunteers and experts, all of them working towards the common goal - presenting pile-dwellers to the public. In just a few years the Pile-dwellers day grew from a small local event with a couple of ten visitors to a popular event with hundreds of visitors from the whole country. The Exibition on pile-dwellers In 2011, the first permanent exhibition dedicated to pile-dwellers was introduced by the Fran Govekar Society. Along the National Museum of Slovenia and the Ljubljana City museum, where the original finds are kept, the exhibition in Ig is the only one in the vicinity (only 3 km away) of the pile-dwellers Unesco heritage site itself. Tourists who want to visit the heritage 21

22 site are often disappointed because all to see there is grassland, since all the existing remains are safety hidden below ground. That s why it is important to offer them something close by. The exhibition is entitled the Pile-dwellers from the Big Lake (Koliščarji z Velikega jezera), for individual visitors the admission is free, for groups a guided tour is available in Slovenian or English. In the same establishment there is also a local Tourist information office and a small exhibition dedicated to an Ig born writer Fran Govekar, after whom the society has its name. The pile-dwellers exhibition was prepared in cooperation with an archaeologist Anton Velušček, one of the leading researchers of pile-dwellers in Ljubljana Marsh. Beside the panels with explanations, the replicas and even some authentic parts of wooden piles are exhibited, the main attraction being a model of the pile-dwellers village. The exhibition and part of the project was financed by European funds from the Leader project. We started to develop pile-dwellers based souvenirs, such as puzzles, T-shirts, badges, ceramic statues and jewellery, tea, honey etc. A strong publishing activity is in progress from the start of the In the land of pile-dwellers Project. First a series of ten postcards with quotes from Jalen s history novel accompanied by illustrations made by the society s art group was published. In the same year, 2008, the society published its first of now three colouring books for children A tale about the Krim and the Water sprite (Pripovedka o Krimskem in Povodnem možu). In 2012 another booklet The Lake Windows are opening (Jezerska okenca se odpirajo) was published. A year before that the bestseller booklet The pile-dwellers from the Big Lake (Koliščarji z Velikega jezera) written by archaeologist Anton Velušček, was published in the same series also accompanied by illustrations of a painter from the societies art group. The three-language booklet (Slovenian, English, Spanish) is a combination of simplified texts and illustrations. In the future the goal is to also translate the book in German and Italian. As part of the In the land of the pile-dwellers project we set up a series of metal sculptures in the centre of Ig, representing pile-dwellers in life-size by their everyday activities. The same artist also made a series of small sculptures that are on display at the exhibition. The society Fran Govekar Ig works closely with different institutions, such as the National Museum of Slovenia, the Ljubljana City Museum, the Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park and the Institute of Archaeology. In 2011 the In the land of the pile-dwellers project was awarded the most innovative project by the local community by Inco, a movement for an innovative breakthrough. Find more information on the official website of the project: 22

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24 PRESENTATIONS: PILE-DWELLING PRESENTATION OPTIONS IN LJUBLJANA MARSH 24

25 THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION PROJECT Barbara Zupanc Ljubljansko barje Nature Park is essentially a nature conservation institution, responsible to take care of ecosystem, biodiversity and other important nature values. According to Prehistoric Pile Dwelling Nomination Dossier and later the act on cultural monument designation, nature park is also a managing authority of UNESCO World Heritage Site, pile dwellings in Ig. As managers of this cultural heritage, we pursue two basic objectives. Most important, of course, is the conservation of UNESCO WH site, in our case the predominantly organic material and its attributes for future generation in waterlogged conditions. It was established that strict nature conservation regimes, determined for the area in nature park designation act, assure not only the conservation of natural habitats, but also the conservation of archeological remains, hidden approx. 1 meter beneath the surface. The keyword for both is high level of ground water and extensive use of meadows above. On the other hand, the next objective we try to achieve is the presentation and interpretation of heritage. Not only because most of the heritage in question is not visible, but because we consider presentation and interpretation as a tool to gain support and acceptance for the implementation of conservation measures. Appropriate interpretation and presentation of natural and cultural heritage in Ljubljansko barje is in interest of many : 1) Visitors to the park and WH site: since the archeological remains as well as ecosystem services of the are not clearly or not at all visible it is their interest to have the possibility to visit a interpretation centre in order to see, know and understand the history and the environment 2) Local residents and community: possibility to encourage and support local economy development, job creation, identification with heritage 3) Nature and cultural conservation: presentation and interpretation facilities are needed to promote nature conservation; besides, such facilities can contribute to reduction and mitigation of human impact to the vulnerability of nature features. 4) Scientific community: challenge to step out of own professional and academic field in the effort to promote and make science more popular and accessible Thus, an integrated project for interpretation and presentation of pile-dwelling culture (interdisciplinary, different management levels, local-national-international cooperation) needs to be designed in order to fulfill the following priority objectives: Assure active conservation and management of cultural and natural heritage Enable and display close relation and interdependence of natural and human Promote local and sustainable development Support further scientific research However, no project should be created without serious consideration and analysis of the comprehensive situation 25

26 in the field. In our case we have to keep in mind at least- the following: - In Ljubljansko barje area there are over 40 pile dwelling locations, 9 of them inscribed on the UNESCO World heritage List - Ljubljansko barje is a protected area (based on nature conservation and cultural heritage legislation) - First archeological excavations in Ig took place 140 years ago - Rich pile dwelling findings are kept in Museums - There is strong local identification with the pile dwelling culture in Ig, dating back for decades So, adherence to nature and cultural conservation platform and legislation partnership with local stakeholders and close connection of natural and historical contents, together with gradual implementation, authenticity and accessibility are, on my opinion, the basic principles of our future project. 26

27 THE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE LJUBLJANSKO BARJE Mija Topličanec The Cultural heritage of the Ljubljansko barje There are 6 cultural monuments of national importance, 2 cultural monuments of local importance and 277 units of immovable cultural heritage in the area of the Ljubljansko barje which are entered in the Register of immovable cultural heritage of Slovenia. The area under consideration is located in three areas of cultural heritage with Heritage Reference Number (HRN): 9368 Ljubljana - Arheološko območje Ljubljansko barje Ljubljana - Kulturna krajina Ljubljansko barje 190 Ig - Kolišča na Igu The Ljubljansko barje is a very specific cultural geographical phenomenon, which covers narrowcontrolled bog and wider hilly western and southern part of the area. The cultural landscape of the Ljubljansko barje was created as a result of drainage - land reclamation work that represents the very beginning of the formation of the cultural landscape. It is the result of co-existence between humans and nature over millennia. There are 53 known individual archaeological sites in the Ljubljansko barje that have so far been entered in the Cultural Heritage Register. From individual log boats or dugout canoes to vast areas of pile dwellings that are the most important and characteristic feature of Ljubljansko barje, as well as other areas such as Roman period sites (for example there is a Roman road running through the southeast end of the Ljubljansko barje). History of research History of archaeological research in the Ljubljansko barje begins in the middle of 19th Century, when the first archaeological finds were registered. The pile-dwelling settlements near Ig were discovered and excavated by Carl Deschmann in 1870 s. Their discovery led to the first official archaeological excavation in the Province of Carniola. The area of the so-called Dežman pile dwellings is now protected by the Decree proclaiming the Pile dwellings on the Ljubljansko Barje as a monument of national importance (OJ RS no. 2/2014), which is the highest level of government decree and is also recognized as world heritage by UNESCO. Protection regimes The most important instrument for the protection of cultural heritage is the protection regime, which sets out the rules under which, according to the evaluation and social importance of heritage, concrete measures for the implementation of protection shall be given. The conservation of immovable monuments, registered archaeological sites and other heritage within protection areas are also being protected according to conservation directions in all planning development documents. The Pile dwellings at Ig are also protected by the Decree on the Ljubljansko barje Landscape Park (OJ RS no. 112/08). Given regime is set not only to protect natural resources, preserve biodiversity and conserve and enrich landscape variety, but it also protects archaeological layers. Protection regimes in Decree proclaiming Pile dwellings on Ljubljansko Barje for a monument of national importance (OJ RS no. 2/2014) are: Article 4 27

28 The protected constituent parts of the monument of the Ig Pile dwellings are: - The remains of the prehistoric pile dwelling, which were discovered and were excavated by Dragotin Dežman (Carl Deschmann) between : Kepje (the first Dežman pile-dwelling), Partovski kanal (the second Dežman pile dwelling), Parte (the third Dežman pile-dwelling complex), Spodnje mostišče (the fourth Dežman pile-dwelling, Strojanova voda (the fifth Dežman pile-dwelling), Parte Iščica, - The remains of the other evaluated prehistoric pile-dwellings: Resnikov prekop, Maharski prekop, Gornje Mostišče, - All archaeological remains that are over a hundred years old, - The cultural landscape, dominated by marshy, lowland extensive cultivated meadows. Article 5 The monument area is subject to the protective regime, which protects the scheduled area from interventions or use, which might damage the archaeological remains or alter their integral and spatial context: - Protection of archaeological remains, - The preservation of the characteristic land use, land division, characteristic vegetation, especially of the dominant proportion of marshy meadows, hedges and drainage channels and the spatial dominance, - The protection of the monument area from interventions and use, which might damage archaeological layers, alter archaeological context or components of the cultural landscape; it is forbidden above all to dig up or deposit soil on the land surface, deposit waste material, deep plough, subsoil, improve land, including the digging of ditches, and alter the form and channel bottom of watercourses, - It is forbidden to erect or build permanent or temporary structures, including surface and underground infrastructure and advertising hoardings and other signs, other than those that are urgently required for the efficient preservation and presentation of the monument area. - The permission of public access to such an extent that does not threaten the monument area or its components, - Diving with autonomous diving equipment is forbidden in the river Ižica, unless by prior permission from the Minister, competent for Cultural Heritage: the ban on the use of autonomous diving equipment does not apply for rescue interventions, but it is required that the Institute should be informed of them, interventions by the watercourse maintenance authorities, but with the prior permission of the Institute. Presentation planning of pile dwellings at Ig If the presentation of pile dwellings at Ig should be carried out in the area of the national monument, the spatial planning act must obtain conservation directions for the preparation of the presentation plan. We suggest that any presentation is planned in cooperation with the Institute for Protection of Cultural Heritage, because it will be an interpretation of heritage. On the other hand the protection of the national monument is of utmost importance, which requires a sensitive approach and a series of compromises, which we believe can lead to great solutions, not only in Slovenia, but also in the wider international area. Conclusion As stated the Ljubljansko barje represents a treasury of cultural heritage, which is manifested as a characteristic marsh cultural landscape. It contains noticeable secrets and treasures that we have to leave to posterity... 28

29 NATURAL FEATURES OF THE UNESCO SITE IN IG Karin Gabrovšek, M.Sc., Institute of the Republic of Slovenia for nature conservation, Regional unit Ljubljana, Cankarjeva 10, Ljubljana, Slovenia Ljubljana Marshes in general The UNESCO site, comprising nine pile dwellings north of Ig, lies on Ljubljana Marshes south of Ljubljana. The area is a mosaic of meadows, arable land, pastures, hedgerows, streams and drainage ditches. A few small fen and peatland fragments still remain. This complex ecosystem provides habitat for many endangered species, including some which are on the verge of extinction Europe-wide. The area s rich biodiversity, as well as its geomorphological richness, reflect in its nature conservation status (based on Nature Conservaton Act). It is a(n): Ecologically Important Area based on presence of endangered species from Slovenian Red List, Natura 2000 site designed for conservation of Europewide endangered species and habitats: 25 birds, 1 bivalve, 2 snails, 1 crustacean, 2 dragonflies, 1 beetle, 4 butterflies, 9 fish, 2 amphibians, 1 turtle, 3 mammals, and 1 plant; among habitats, semi-natural grasslands, fens and watercourses with submerged and floating vegetaton are especially noteworthy. 57 Valuable Natural Features were indentified in the area, among them karstic springs, streams and other geomorphological features, capital trees, peatland and fen fragments. The area is subject to regular flooding of the Ljubljanica river and its tributaries in spring and autumn, so many meadows and fields remain inundated or waterlogged for short to extended periods each year. The soil is poor in minerals and extremely rich in organic matter. Due to natural conditions the area is dominated by grasslands. They are characterised by their high biodiversity. A rich floristic composition allows for a large number of invertebrate species, which provide resources to mammals and birds. These grasslands are habitat (or an important part of habitat) for most of Natura 2000 protected species. As a result of its high natural value, Ljubljana Marshes have been protected as Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park since UNESCO site UNESCO site comprises 562 hectares, with its two core zones (pile dwelling area) measuring 19 and 26 hectares, respectively. It lies in the core protection zone of the Ljubljansko barje Landscape Park. The most important habitat of the Park is wet meadow, and the UNESCO area lies in the most important wet meadow complex of the Ljubljansko barje. The area is relatively remote and free from construction. Wet meadows are extremely important habitat for birds which build their nests on the ground and whose youngs seek their hideouts in tall grass. All ground-nesting bird species are especially vulnerable to ploughing and mowing. Ljubljansko barje is the only breeding place for Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata) in Slovenia. Only 8 to 10 pairs breed here, with half of them nesting in the very UNESCO site. The species is critically threatened in Slovenia, and its survival depends on late-mown meadows and non-disturbance on its nesting grounds. 29

30 The site also hosts an important number of lapwings (Vanellus vanellus), a vulnerable species facing rapid decline in field-dominated areas. Other most endangered ground-nesting bird species in the area include sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), grasshopper warbler (Locustella naevia), common quail (Coturnix coturnix), corncrake (Crex crex) and whinchat (Saxicola rubetra). Altogether, about 45 bird species were found breeding in the area. Outside breeding season, these fauna-rich meadows are an important feeding and resting spot for migrating birds like red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), common crane (Grus grus), golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus), Montagu s harrier (C. pygargus), or wintering birds like great egret (Casmerodius albus) and hen harrier (Circus cyaneus). Wet meadows in this area are one of the most important butterflies habitats. At least 8 endangered species were recorded, among them false ringlet (Coenonympha oedippus) which is considered one of the most endangered butterfly species in Europe. One of the main conditions for wet meadow conservation is to provide underground water table close to the surface. Due to their high primary production and organic matter content, these meadows contribute a great deal to carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen production and flood retention. Conclusion The location of the pile dwellings in Ig, as well as the whole UNESCO site at Ljubljansko barje, is an area of outstanding biodiversity. It hosts a number of endangered species, among them some which are extinct elsewhere in the country. Their habitats are sensitive to water regime, agricutural practice, construction and disturbance. Therefore, any human intervention in this space must be extremely well thought of and must be carried out in a way that has no negative impact upon habitats and species. 30

31 RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PILE-DWELLING SETTLEMENT AT IG Natalija Skok, Marica Zupan Občina Ig Ne samo izkopavanja, tudi literarna dela so tista, ki življenje koliščarjev ali mostiščarjev postavljajo na naše področje ljubljanskega barja. O življenju pred 5000 leti imamo roman Bobri. Dogajanje je postavljeno v leto 2000 pred našim štetjem. Pri pisanju se je pisatelj Janez Jalen opiral na arheološka odkritja. Sam je govoril, da njegova povest nikjer ne nasprotuje že ugotovljenim stvarem. Njegov slog je jedrnat in slikovit, večkrat se lahko nasmehnemo ob izvirnih besedah in besednih zvezah.( slika knjige Bobri) Mogoče lahko rečemo, da je prav ta knjiga»izzvala«domačine na Igu, da so začeli razmišljati, da bi predstavili življenje koliščarjev tudi» v živo«in tako so se v 60. letih prejšnjega stoletja zbrali domačini igralci iz KUD Ig in pripravili predstavo z odlomkom iz knjige. Postavili so tudi koliščarske kolibe na takratnem bajerju na Igu ( slika). Danes je to že malo pozabljeno, tudi bajerja ni več, vendar ideja o postavitvi nekega muzeja na prostem o koliščarjih je živela naprej. V času delovanja občine od l je ideja o postavitvi Centra koliščarske kulture še vedno živa med drugim je Občina večkrat vključevala ta projekt v načrt investicijskih projektov v regiji in tudi na regionalno razvojno agencijo ljubljanske urbane regije. (slika projektov in nalog) Slika občine v širšem prostoru Velik napredek k realizaciji se je pričel z začetkom pripravljanja prostorskega reda Občine oz. umestitvijo naše ideje v prostor. Za postavitev takega muzeja namreč potrebujemo prostor oz. zemljišče namenjeno temu namenu. Slika plana-shematsko Sama priprava in sprejem novega občinskega prostorskega plana je potekala v obdobju ko se je v Sloveniji zakonodaja na področju prostorskega planiranja večkrat spreminjala. Opredelila so se območja Natura Pri izdelavi plana je bilo pomembno, da se je postopek izdelave EEA (strategic environmental assesment) izdeloval sočasno z nastajanjem prostorskega akta, v stalnem in preglednem sodelovanju s pripravljavci prostorskega akta ter z izdelovalci okoljskega poročila. Veliko usklajevanj je bilo potrebnih, da se je določila lokacija za postavitev muzeja na prostem kot interpretacijo koliščarske naselbine. ŠTUDIJA RANLJIVOSTI PROSTORA- slika modela 1-imam prevod Študija ranljivosti prostora je bila narejena ob upoštevanju vseh vrednot prostora. Kako občutljiv je prostor naše občine so opisale moje predhodnice Poleg prostorskih danosti smo za samo dejavnost potrebovali še strokovnjaka arheologa. V sodelovanju z dr. Antonom Veluščkom smo pridobili strokovna izhodišča o koliščarjih na barju, na podlagi katerih je bil izdelan model ustreznosti. Upoštevala so se naslednja izhodišča : - Zaželena je bližina avtentičnih identificiranih točk najdišč, - zaželeno je območje 1. stopnje varstva arheološke dediščine. Lahko pa bodo raziskovanja, ki bodo sledila ob sami izvedbi to ovrgla, saj natančnega podatka nimamo - območje mora biti na Barju- raven in odprt prostor ( v modelu so upoštevane izključno lokacije do 290 m.n.v. - kolišče naj bo čimbolj ob robu Barja, zaradi dostopa in zmernosti posega - prednost je dana lokacijam, ki so blizu vodotokov in kanalov (Ižčica je poudarjena- ob njej je tudi največ najdišč, ima naraven tok), 31

32 - poplavna območja so primernejša, zaradi prisotnosti vode na splošno in zaradi možnosti ojezeritve, - zamočvirjena zemljišča so najbolj ustrezna za postavitev kolišč, sledijo barjanski travniki Model je kot najbolj ugodno lokacijo (ki jo vidite temno zeleno) ovrednotil območje dolvodno ob Ižčici, nekje med sotočjem z Želimeljščico in Smoligojnikom, na območju 1. stopnje varstva arheološke dediščine, v poplavnem območju, na sotočju, kjer v času visokih voda le to poplavlja. Slika lokacije na levem bregu Ižčice Model je bil posredovan izdelovalcem Presoje na Natura 2000, ki pa se s predlogom niso strinjali, saj se je lokacija prekrivala z naravovarstvenim območjem metulja Okarčka. Sledilo je usklajevanje. Predlagali so lokaciji, kjer se temu območju izognemo in sicer na levem bregu Ižčice ali pa na desnem bregu na območju, kjer smo planirali druge aktivnosti- hipodrom. slika okljuka- Z VRISANIM OBMOČJEM Varianti smo morali uskladiti še z Zavodom za varstvo kulturne dediščine, ki so sporočili, da na samem 1. območju varstva arheološke dediščine ne sme biti posega, kar je celotni levi breg Ižčice. Predlagali so, da se poseg umesti na delu ledine imenovan Rastovka na mikro lokaciji, ki je na zahodu omejena z Ižčico, na vzhodu z Želimeljščico ter na jugu s cesto Ig- Škofljica. Območje za poseg smo tako zarisali za mejico stare struge Ižčice, ki na tem mestu tvori okljuk. Ta predlog je bil, po dodatnih izvedenih študijah- (ponovno štetje metulja okarčka v mesecu juniju) sprejemljiv tudi za naravovarstvenike. Slika umstitve v prostor z najdbami kolišč Poseg smo na koncu umestili tako, da ga bo visoka naravna vegetacija skrivala pred pogledi iz prometne poti z južne strani. Z vseh strani je obdan z vodotokom, prosti severni strani pa se odpira pogled na barje z Alpami v ozadju. slika iz ceste+ slika na območje slika SOTOČJE OB VISOKI VODI + POGLED NA GORE Celoten postopek določanja lokacije je ob koncu prinesel več, kot smo imeli v planu. Uskladili smo se še, da se uredi: - stalna ali sezonska (poplave) vodna površina. Umetna ojezeritev bo služila za prezentacijo nekdanjega izgleda barja kot jezera, bogatitvi in ponovni vzpostavitvi barjanske flore in favne pred melioracijskimi posegi, učno-vzgojnemu namenu in ekološkemu turizmu. - kot prikaz različnih faz sprememb v zgodovini ljubljanskega barja ( plitvo jezero, mokrišče, spremembe zaradi osuševalnih ukrepov, rezanje šote) - Na ojezeritvi ali na močvirnem terenu se uredi skupina (predvidoma 3-5) objektov, ki bi bili rekonstrukcija predantičnih kolišč na tem območju. Oblika velikost in število objektov se določi v projektu skupaj z Arheologi, Zavodom za varstvo kulturne dediščine Ljubljana ali drugih inštitucij s področja arheologije. - Ureditev lahko vključuje tudi arheološke najdbe in situ ali prenesene iz bližjih najdišč in prikaz šotišč. - Uredi se peš poti od centra Iga do Kolišč. Za atraktivni dostop pa se predvidi ogled kolišč s čolni- drevaki po Ižčici. Od same ideje do potrditve plana je minilo skoraj 10 let, in verificirali smo samo območje za poseg. Vpis na Unseko seznam, kjer je vključena Slovenija s koliščarji na Ljubljanskem barju, pa nam je dal nov zagon. Z manjšimi aktivnostmi smo že pričeli, čaka pa nas še veliko dela. 32

33 FUTURE PILE-DWELLING PRESENTATION IN LJUBLJANA MARSH THE CONCEPT Dejan Veranič Commonly recognised assets in Ljubljana marsh are the natural environment with high biodiversity and exceptionally well preserved past human activities namely remains of pile dwellings. Preservation of the two rely on constant water level. Pile dwellings are found in the soil layers below the surface and can be described as mainly»invisible heritage«. They are visible only in short time periods during excavations. Lack of visual remains is compensated with the detailed knowledge about prehistoric pile dwellings and their environment. It has been gathering for 140 years since their discovery in Ljubljana marsh. Similar presentation problems can be referred to other pile dwelling sites around the Alps. To overcome the fundamental need to see archaeological remains and to connect them with the knowledge about them, presentation is needed. That denotes specifically the carefully planned communication of interpretive substance through the arrangement of interpretive information, physical access and interpretive infrastructure at a heritage site. Interpretation on the other hand refers to the full range of potential activities intended to heighten public awareness and enhance understanding of the heritage site (ICOMOS Interpretation Carter, 2007). More so interpretation is needed since we often fail to find, see or comprehend the substance. Multiple descriptions are needed since only one description results in infinite conclusions or labelling. That results in conclusions based on half-truths. With interpretation we want to explore the»bigger picture«(johan A. Veverka, 1998). Guidelines for presentation of the pile dwellings and nature were prepared (Dejan Veranič, Barbara Zupanc 2014) in order to combine both heritage aspects. They consider previous guidelines for the interpretation of Ljubljana Marsh Nature Park. In Act OPN Ig, are guidelines prepared by dr. Anton Velušček that specifically deal with presentation of the pile dwellings in Ig. As a precious information source also served longlasting experiance with interpretation of pile dwellings in Ig (Association Fran Govekar Ig). Guidelines also incorporate principles of archaeological parks in central Europe and national parks in the USA. We can divide current interpretation on: Guided tours, museum exhibitions, info boards, lectures, events, audio guides, publications, educational programmes, community activities, ongoing research and training. Current visitors of mentioned activities are locals, school groups, young families, the elderly, the recreation communities and individuals, tourist groups. Every visitor groups have specific needs but most common are parking space, orientation and information about the site, infrastructure, food and beverages, lavatories, public transportation and security. Manifestation of the guidelines is a three part presentation system. The interpretative and visitor s centre serves as the entry and main point of communication with visitors. It is located in the urban area and a part of the interpretation is suggested here. Open air space for hands-on activities and events is essential for live programs. The function of this centre should also be program development with which long term visits are ensured. Commercial services for the visitor s well-being are also located here. Main presentation is located in Ljubljana marsh near the location where pile dwellings were found. Presentation is arranged in a way that the visitor recaptures heritage 33

34 whether it is cultural or natural sort. Building the whole prehistoric village seems the least favourable option since it is destructive, expensive to build and to maintain and subject to vandalism that occurs at already established presentation. It seems reasonable to place constructed presentation in the urban area where the visitor s center is. Reasons are that there is already necessary infrastructure and in the same way we would avoid larger works in the protected areas. The third part of presentation is a round interpretation path. It not only serves as a connection between the interpretative centre and area of presentation in Ljubljana marsh but also as wayside exhibit. The current guided tour that starts in Ig and goes to Pile dwelling area contains orientation in space and time it presents water as the main characteristic of Ljubljana marsh, geomorphology, the mosaic landscape with high biodiversity and finaly pile dwellings. The methods of presentation should incorporate a wide range of media. From guided tours to virtual reality reconstructions and self-guided tours. Research for preferred interpretation media in Hadrian s Wall (Genevieve Adkins, 2011) reveals that most demanded interpretations are events, camps, guided tours. Another result is that visitors with children under 16 were much more likely to want events, costumed interpreters, hands-on activities and children s trails. The ideal offer is a combination of different media. We must bear in mind the international aspect of the pile dwellings that are presented in various manners. There should be a main theme that is relevant for all prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps and regional sub themes. A good example of that system is UNESCO transnational property Frontiers of the Roman Empire Roman limes in Germany and Great Britain. Pile dwellings and nature presentation should have a few key objectives: raising awareness of the heritage in a way that the visitor relives it, to improve local well-being with new activities and job creation an lastly, to build a successful presentation that has multiple functions. VERANIČ, D., ZUPANC, B., 2014, Izhodišča za pripravo projektne naloge»informacijsko in intrpretacijsko središče koliščarji in barje«. ICOMOS, 2007, The Icomos Charter For The Interpretation and Presentation of Cultural Heritage Sites. VEVERKA, J. A.,1998, Interpretive Master Planning. ADKINS, G., MILLS, N., 2011, Hadrian s Wall Interpretation Framework. 34

35 35

36 KEYNOTE SPEECHES 36

37 NOMINACIJA IN VPIS PRAZGODOVINKSIH KOLIŠČ NA UNESCO SEZNAM SVETOVNE DEDIŠČINE mag. Dušan Kramberger, univ. dipl. inž. arh. Melikova 98, SI-1000 Ljubljana Potek nominacije in vpisa S Kellerjevim prepoznanjem prvih prazgodovinskih kolišč ob Züriškem jezeru se je leta 1854 sprožilo intenzivno proučevanje teh dotlej neznanih naselbinskih skupnosti iz mlajše kamene in kovinskih dob med 5. in 1. tisočletjem pr. n. š. Na Ljubljanskem barju je Dežman prvo koliščarsko naselbino našel leta 1875 pri Igu. Zaradi pomembnosti in odmevnosti tega odkritja je bil 1. avstrijski antropološki in prazgodovinski kongres leta 1879 organiziran prav v Ljubljani. Doslej je v robnih alpskih območjih in Švici znanih več kot 1000 koliščarskih lokalitet med njimi na Ljubljanskem barju okoli 40. Leta 2004 je v strokovnih krogih v teh državah dozorelo spoznanje, da je prazgodovinska koliščarska kultura pomembna za vse človeštvo. Arheološka služba kantona Bern (Service archéologique du canton de Berne) je prevzela koordinacijo evidentiranja (Identification of the property) in kartiranja najdišč (Database and mapping of the sites) na skupnih enotnih obrazcih. Švica, Francija, Nemčija (Baden- Württemberg in Bavarska), Avstrija, Slovenija in Italija so začele z načrtnim in usklajenim evidentiranjem dediščine prazgodovinskih kolišč. Popise so pripravljali vrhunski strokovnjaki-arheologi in nacionalne institucije, v Sloveniji zlasti ZVKDS, ZRC SAZU, NMS, MML. Konec leta 2007 je Švica sodelujoče države povabila, da skupaj pripravijo serijsko transnacionalno nominacijo za vpis kulturne dediščine prazgodovinskih kolišč okoli Alp na Unescov Seznam svetovne dediščine je v Bernu na sedežu Zveznega ministrstva za kulturo potekal prvi formalni sestanek Mednarodne usmerjevalne skupine (International Steering Group) za pripravo dosjeja nominacije. Sestavljali so jo nacionalni koordinatorji in pooblaščeni strokovni predstavniki Švice kot nosilke projekta, Francije, Nemčije, Avstrije, Slovenije in Italije. Skupina je v naslednjih letih vse gradivo usklajevala in urejala natančno po smernicah Konvencije o varstvu svetovne kulturne in naravne dediščine (UNESCO 1972; ) in navodilih Operativnih smernic za izvajanje Konvencije. Do oddaje končnega dosjeja nominacije se je sestala še sedemkrat (Bern , Stuttgart , Bern , Bern , Bern , Neuchâtel , Bern ). Vse države so medtem tudi poskrbele za vpis svoje dediščine na Unescov Poskusni seznam svetovne dediščine (Slovenija uradno z ). Vlada Republike Slovenije je v zvezi s kolišči na Ljubljanskem barju odločala večkrat. Decembra 2007 je sprejela Strategijo za varstvo kulturne dediščine in naravnih vrednot v Republiki Sloveniji v skladu z mednarodnimi pravnimi instrumenti in aktivnostmi. V njej je med drugim določila, da se Ljubljansko barje s kolišči, tedaj že vpisanimi v Register kulturne dediščine pri Ministrstvu za kulturo, prednostno vpiše na nacionalni poskusni seznam, in sicer kot enota, ki ima realne možnosti za vpis na Unescov Seznam svetovne dediščine kot sestavni del serijske skupinske nominacije. Novembra 2008 je Vlada Republike Slovenije objavila Uredbo o Krajinskem parku Ljubljansko barje. Med cilji zavarovanja je tudi ohranjanje kulturne dediščine in kulturnih vrednot ter ohranjanje prepoznavnih značilnosti prostora, kar se v veliki meri nanaša tudi 37

38 na prazgodovinska kolišča in njihovo kulturo. Julija naslednje leto je objavila še Sklep o ustanovitvi Javnega zavoda Krajinski park Ljubljansko Barje. Tako sta naravna in kulturna dediščina Ljubljanskega barja pridobili pooblaščenega upravljavca. Uredba in Sklep sta bila potem formalnopravna in vsebinska osnova, da je v dosjeju, ki je bil januarja 2010 predložen Centru za svetovno dediščino, JZ KP LB ( ) naveden kot upravljavec nominiranega območja v Republiki Sloveniji, t. j. dveh lokalitet v Občini Ig z vplivnim območjem. S tem je v soglasju z Ministrstvom za okolje in prostor in Ministrstvom za kulturo prevzel ne le splošne naloge varstva kulturne dediščine, ampak tudi konkretne in zahtevne zadolžitve upravljavca slovenskega dela skupne enote dediščine (common property) v skladu z Unescovo Konvencijo o varstvu svetovne dediščine. Septembra 2009 je Švica v imenu vseh šestih sodelujočih držav Unescovemu Centru za svetovno dediščino v Parizu lahko predložila osnutek dosjeja nominacije. To je sicer neobvezni prostovoljni del v postopku kandidature, v katerem službe Centra preverijo popolnost dokumentacije in neformalno posredujejo koristne pripombe in priporočila. Na delovnem srečanju v Bernu so projektni partnerji ugotovili, da je gradivo za dosje nominacije pripravljeno do mere, ko se lahko prične oblikovanje končnega dosjeja. Vlada Republike Slovenije je dokončno soglašala s sodelovanjem Republike Slovenije v skupni serijski transnacionalni nominaciji z naslovom»prazgodovinska kolišča okoli Alp«. Uradna predaja dosjeja skupne serijske transnacionalne nominacije Prazgodovinska kolišča okoli Alp je slovesno potekala na Unescovem Centru za svetovno dediščino v Parizu. Oktobra 2010 je sledila terenska evalvacijska misija, s katero je ICOMOS na kraju samem preverjal stanje nominirane dediščine, pravno in fizično zaščito ter uspešnost upravljanja z njo so sodelujoče države Centru za svetovno dediščino in Icomosu predale še nekatere dopolnilne informacije. Dodatno so utemeljile izjemne univerzalne vrednote serijske nominacije kot celote in njenih sestavnih delov, pojasnile metodologijo reducirane izbire nominiranih spomeniških območij, poudarile pomen in učinek pravne zaščite naravnih vrednot za varstvo kolišč kot posebej občutljive in ranljive kulturne dediščine ter odgovarile na vprašanja v zvezi z zaščito in upravljanjem nominiranih območij. Končna pozitivna ocena ICOMOSA je bila podlaga za priporočilo Odboru za svetovno dediščino za vpis na Seznam svetovne dediščine. O predloženi nominaciji je Odbor za svetovno dediščino odločal na svojem 35. zasedanju v Parizu. Prazgodovinska kolišča okoli Alp je soglasno vpisal na Unescov Seznam svetovne dediščine (Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps; list/1363; ). V svoji odločitvi ( unesco.org/en/decisions/4306; ) je opredelil njihove izjemne univerzalne vrednote (Outstanding Universal Value), pomembne za vse človeštvo, ki jih je treba trajno (ob)varovati. Certifikat o vpisu je UNESCO državam uradno predal v arheološkem muzeju Laténium ( ch/, ) na bregu švicarskega jezera Neuchâtel. Kot skupni organ upravljanja celotnega vpisanega območja v šestih državah je bila že v dosjeju nominacije zavezujoče določena Mednarodna usklajevalna skupina (International Coordination Group for the UNESCO WH Pile Dwellings around the Alps). Prvič se je sestala maja 2010 v Ljubljani in odtlej deluje redno. Kolišča na Igu so bila donedavna na ravni države pravno zavarovana posredno z akti o varstvu naravnih vrednot. Strogi varstvenimi režimi znotraj krajinskega parka namreč preprečujejo vsa dejanja, ki bi utegnila ogroziti ostanke kolišč v tleh in škoditi njihovi ohranitvi. Unesco je v postopku nominacije takšno zaščito ižanskih kolišč ocenil kot ustrezno, zadostno in učinkovito. Januarja 2014 pa je bil v Uradnem listu RS objavljen še Odlok o razglasitvi Kolišč na Igu za kulturni spomenik državnega pomena ( ), ker ima enota»izjemen kulturni pomen za Republiko Slovenijo in posebno kulturno vrednost, saj je izrazit dosežek človekove ustvarjalnosti, pomemben del prostora in dediščine Slovenije in vsega sveta«. Odlok navaja naslednje vrednote, ki utemeljujejo razglasitev kolišč na Igu za kulturni spomenik državnega pomena: ostaline prazgodovinskih kolišč na Ljubljanskem barju so izjemna priča posebnega načina stalne poselitve tega obrobja Alp, kolišča na Igu sodijo med prve znanstveno raziskane naselbine te vrste v srednji Evropi, pionirske raziskave kolišč na Igu so omogočile razvoj arheološke stroke v Sloveniji, ostaline izkazujejo razvoj in tehnološki napredek zgodnjih kmetovalcev in so dragocen arheološki vir. 38

39 Prazgodovinska kolišča so z vpisom na Seznam svetovne dediščine vstopila v družbo formalno priznane najeminentnejše svetovne kulturne dediščine. Da gre za prestižni položaj, govori podatek, da je z letom 2014 na Seznamu svetovne dediščine samo 1007 enot v 161 državah po vsem svetu, od tega vsega le 779 kulturnih in med njimi redke, ki se nahajajo hkrati v več državah kot kolišča. Pomen vpisa kolišč na Unescov Seznam svetovne dediščine Kolišča niso postala znanstveno in kulturno pomembna šele z vpisom na Seznam ali zaradi njega. Prazgodovinskim koliščem je bil z odločitvijo Odbora za svetovno dediščino le javno in globalno priznan izjemen pomen, ki so ga v poldrugem stoletju odkrivali in dokazovali številni raziskovalci. Na strokovnem področju vpis pomeni, da je dediščina pregledana, evidentirana, opisana in ovrednotena po najvišjih svetovnih strokovnih načelih in standardih, da je natančno in realno opisano sedanje stanje in so predvideni ustrezni posegi in druge aktivnosti, da je (tudi) skozi instrumente Konvencije zagotovljen pretok strokovnih informacij ter da nad dogajanjem bdijo najvišja mednarodna strokovna telesa (npr. Center za svetovno dediščino, ICOMOS) Pravno varstvo deluje na ravni države, obvezno pa je tudi spoštovanje mednarodnih ureditev. Ob lokalnem oz. nacionalnem upravljavcu vpisanega območja določa skupne nadnacionalne pristope in ukrepe še mednarodna usklajevalna skupina. Za učinkovito upravljanje sta odgovorni tako država kot lokalna uprava. Nujna in pričakovana je sistemska ureditev financiranja varstva in upravljanja. Ob tem pa gre še za celo vrsto možnosti in praktičnih priložnosti: boljše poznavanje in zavedanje vrednot, katerih nosilec je vpisana dediščina, uporabo UNESCO oznak in z njimi povezanih prednosti pri promociji, kontroli kvalitete in trženju, prezentacijo naravne in kulturne dediščine in vzpostavitev središča za obiskovalce (visitors /interpretation center), organizacijo najrazličnejših raziskovalnih, pedagoških, promocijskih in tržnih dejavnosti, vključevanje kraja in lokalne skupnosti v vse dejavnosti itd. 39

40 UNESCO-WORLD HERITAGE PILE DWELLINGS AROUND THE ALPS - RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT OF FASCINATING ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES. Helmut Schlichtherle Keynote speech, summary Since their discovery in the 19. Century -first at the lake of Zurich, soon after in many lakes and moors around the Alps- the prehistoric lake dwellings belong to the most fascinating archaeological remains in Europe. The rich finds of wooden building structures and organic material from the Neolithic and Bronze Age (ca BC) led to a contradictory discussion about the nature of lake dwellings -villages on a platform in the open water or on the more or less dry shore, inondated after settlement? - and much more important, sparked off the beginning of a multi-discipline research approach. Since the 1970ies, the lake dwelling research has come to a new step with modern rescue- and research excavations and subsequent bioarchaeological investigations. Different methods of underwater archaeology and moor archaeology have been successfully applied The speech gives examples of important lake dwelling sites around the Alps, and concentrates on new discoveries and results in southern Germany, mainly at the Lake of Constance and in Upper Swabia. The finds provide us with deep insight into the dynamic building processes of diverse settlements and the everyday life of their communities. Textile finds allow the reconstruction of Neolithic clothing. Solid wooden wheels, the earliest of them from the Ljubljansko barje, witness innovation. Imported metals, flints, pottery and adornments show wide ranging cultural contacts. Research divers have recovered Neolithic shrines from Lake Constance, their walls decorated with painted clay reliefs. Along with archaeological and environmental results, the investigations provided deeper insights into the precarious state of preservation of the underwater sites and the acute endangerment of the sites in drained moors. Activities against lake bed erosion and the mineralization of moorland have been started in the 1980ties. With the registration of a representative series of Lake dwellings as UNESCO-World Heritage, new impetus was given for the preservation of the sites in situ, but also for new research as a base for the monitoring of the sites and their intermediation for the public. The speech gives some actual examples of initiatives to disseminate the knowledge about the lake dwellings -despite the sites are merely invisible in the landscape to a broader public. 40

41 INTERVJU S PODVODNIM ARHEOLOGOM DR. HELMUTOM SCHLICHTHERLEJEM Vir / Avtor: Uroš Škerl Kramberger 15. november 2014 Iz tiskane edicije Dnevnik. Helmut Schlichtherle ni bral romana Janeza Jalna Bobri, vendar ve, kaj je v njem zapisano. Življenje koliščarjev je v popularnih predstavah, ki izvirajo iz 19. stoletja, ko so bila odkrita prva kolišča, ena sama romantika: neokrnjeno bivanje v sožitju z naravo, prevažanje z drevaki po poplavljenih plitvinah, lovljenje rib, nabiranje plodov, eksperimentiranje s prvimi žiti. Dr. Schlichtherle, direktor nemške raziskovalne enote za podvodno arheologijo, ki deluje ob Bodenskem jezeru, pravi, da je takšnih zapisov o koliščarjih veliko. Koliščarsko življenje v resnici ni bilo romantično. Bilo pa je veličastno. Kolišča na podalpskih jezerih in močvirjih so ljudje gradili med petim in prvim tisočletjem pred našim štetjem. Poznali so tehnologijo gradnje, znali so obdelovati les ljubljanski koliščarji so denimo izdelali eno prvih koles in trgovati s kovinami, ki so prihajale tudi iz tisoč in več kilometrov oddaljenih rudnikov. Arheološki ostanki koliščarskih kultur so dobro ohranjeni, saj organske snovi v vodi in močvirnih tleh niso razpadli. Z današnjimi (podvodnimi) raziskovalnimi metodami je mogoče o življenju na koliščih izvedeti veliko. Ker gre vendarle za prazgodovino, pa je veliko tudi skrivnosti, ki burijo domišljijo. Odprto je denimo vprašanje, zakaj so kolišča štiri tisoč let množično gradili ravno pod Alpami, ne pa z redkimi izjemami tudi na drugih jezerih in močvirjih po Evropi. Ta fenomen je dovolj fascinanten, da je podalpska kolišča Švice, Francije, Nemčije (Baden- Württemberga in Bavarske), Avstrije, Italije in Slovenije Unesco vpisal na seznam svetovne dediščine. Vseh koliščarskih naselbin je bilo na Ljubljanskem barju okoli štirideset, pod Alpami pa tisoč. Med njimi so se vzpenjale visoke gore, ki so jih nekateri znali prečkati in med različnimi koliščarskimi kulturami vzpostavljati trgovske vezi. Eden takšnih»trgovskih potnikov«bi lahko bil tudi sodobnik koliščarjev,»južnotirolec«ötzi. Helmut Schlichtherle je v četrtek obiskal Ig, kjer je nekoč stalo veliko kolišč. Nastopil je na mednarodni konferenci, ki jo je gostil krajinski park Ljubljansko barje. Na Ig prihajate po poplavah. So vam povedali, kaj se je tu dogajalo minuli teden? Slišal sem za poplave. Prizor je bil najbrž podoben kot pred pet tisoč leti, ko je na Ljubljanskem barju stalo jezero. A pred pet tisoč leti ljudje pred vodo niso bežali. Na njej so gradili bivališča. Zakaj so to počeli? Preprostega odgovora na to vprašanje ni. Z njim se že več desetletij ukvarjamo tako tu, na južni strani Alp, kot na severni strani Alp, v južni Nemčiji in ob švicarskih jezerih. Koliščarji so hiše gradili na bregovih jezer, v plitvinah ob bregovih, pa tudi dlje od brežin, denimo ob otokih. Po eni strani je bivališča na mehki močvirni zemlji lahko graditi. Če gradite na trdnih tleh, morate temelje za hišo izkopati. Torej porabljate dragoceno energijo. Tu pa samo s težo svojega telesa zarinete kole v vodo. V obdobjih, ko je bilo treba s hrano in energijo varčevati, ta argument ni zanemarljiv. Hišo na kolih je preprosto zgraditi, gradnja je hitra in koliščarji so ves čas gradili nove. Eno hišo so uporabljali največ pet do deset let. Dvajset let stara hiša je bila že izjema. Naslednji argument za kolišče je sama bližina vode če se preživljate z ribolovom ali z lovom vodnih ptic, je to za 41

42 vas idealno okolje. Poleg tega so bila večja jezera, kakršno je bilo tudi jezero na Ljubljanskem barju, plovne poti. To je bilo dobro za trgovanje? Tako je. Če živite ob jezeru, živite ob avtocesti, kjer se dogaja ekonomija in kjer pridete v stik z drugimi ljudmi. Nenazadnje pa je pomembna tudi varnost: predstavljati si morate, da so jezera obkrožali temni, nepregledni gozdovi. Dlje od prvih dreves ne vidite. Če vas postavite na jezeru, pa imate dober razgled in lahko vidite prihajati potencialne sovražnike. Veliko kolišč je bilo na strani, ki je gledala proti obali, obdanih z lesenimi ograjami, kasneje, v bronasti dobi, pa so gradili prave trdnjavske sisteme. Za vse, ki so potrebovali varnost, je bila naselbina na jezeru ali v močvirju dober kraj. Kolišča pod Alpami so torej nastajala iz podobnih razlogov kot denimo kasneje Benetke. Zanimivo pa je, da v štiri tisoč letih, kolikor je trajala gradnja kolišč, najdemo tudi dolga obdobja, ko kolišč sploh ni bilo. Nikjer pod Alpami? Nikjer. Takšna obdobja so lahko trajala tudi več sto let. Očitno so bila določena obdobja ugodnejša in ljudje kolišč niso potrebovali. Gradnja je bila odvisna tudi od podnebnih sprememb gladina vode je ves čas nihala in obala se je spreminjala. Kako pa se je ohranilo znanje o gradnji kolišč, če več generacij kolišč niso gradili? Pisati namreč koliščarji niso znali. Ustno izročilo se lahko prenaša pet ali šest generacij, to ni problem. Če so bila obdobja daljša, pa so morali na novo odkriti, kako se gradi kolišča. Ali torej lahko govorimo o enotni koliščarski kulturi, ki je trajala štiri tisoč let, ali pa so bile to posamezne skupine ljudi, ki so neodvisno druga od druge gradile kolišča na podalpskih jezerih? Koliščarske kulture ni bilo. V zadnjem času odkrivamo, da je kolišča gradilo več kot trideset različnih kulturnih skupin. Nekatere so bile v medsebojnih stikih, druge spet ne. Skupno jim je le življenje ob bregovih jezer, kar pomeni podobne prakse v vsakdanjem življenju. Posebnost kolišč pod Alpami pa je, da dobesedno obkrožajo Alpe. V Evropi je več velikih jezerskih območij, denimo v Mecklenburgu na severu Nemčije ali v osrednji Franciji. A tam kolišč ne boste našli. Torej je na območju Alp morala obstajati nekakšna koliščarska tradicija. Predvsem se je moralo prenašati znanje, kako se kolišče postavi, če ga pač morate iz tega ali onega razloga postaviti. Vendar je bila to tradicija mnogih različnih kultur. Med njimi so sicer obstajale trgovske vezi. Nekateri predmeti, ki jih najdemo na Ljubljanskem barju, denimo izvirajo iz Zahodnih Alp. Čez Alpe so potekale trgovske poti in znameniti Ötzi, ki je z nahrbtnikom prečkal Alpe, je bil sodobnik koliščarjev. Takšnih Ötzijev z nahrbtniki je bilo veliko to so bili ljudje, ki so vedeli, kako prečkati visoke gore in prenašati predmete. Ohranjene ostanke nahrbtnikov smo našli tudi na dnu Bodenskega jezera in ugotovili smo, da so se nekatere koliščarske družine ukvarjale prav s transportom čez Alpe. Bili so nekakšni trgovski potniki. Prepričan pa sem, da so ljudje pod Alpami govorili zelo različne jezike in med seboj na splošno niso znali komunicirati. O tem, kakšni jeziki so to bili, ne moremo govoriti. Koliščarji so živeli daleč v prazgodovini. Koliščarji niso poznali pisave, res pa je, da so v tistem času že obstajale civilizacije, denimo v Mezopotamiji in Egiptu, ki so znale pisati. So se o koliščarjih ohranili kakšni zapisi drugih ljudstev, ki so prihajala z njimi v stik? Žal ne. Edini znani zapis je grški, Herodotov, iz petega stoletja pred našim štetjem. Vendar opisuje kolišča v Makedoniji. Ohranilo se je nekaj vrstic. Napisal je denimo, da so morali koliščarji privezovati otroke, da ne bi padli v vodo. Lahko, da se je šalil. V Herodotovem času so bila kolišča sicer že v zatonu. Iz glavnega obdobja, neolitika, pa o njih nimamo pisnih poročil. Vse, kar je ostalo za njimi, so arheološki ostanki. Arheologija lahko o koliščih veliko izve, ker voda in močvirna tla ohranijo strukturo potopljenih predmetov? Točno tako. Če izkopavate na kopnem, boste morda našli sledove temeljev hiš, morda kakšne kosti, našli boste trdne predmete, kot je keramika, ostalo pa je večinoma propadlo. O življenju na koliščih pa lahko veliko izvemo zaradi res masovne zbirke ohranjenega organskega materiala. Ohranili so se leseni izdelki in z današnjimi znanstvenimi metodami je mogoče skoraj do leta natančno določiti, kdaj so nastali. In če zajamete zemljo z jezerskega dna na mestu, kje je nekoč stalo kolišče, boste našli tisoče objektov, ki jih je mogoče identificirati. Ohranjena so semena rastlin, ki so jih koliščarji nabirali ali gojili. Torej so tudi kmetovali? Da, že pred pojavom kolišč so ljudje kmetovali več tisoč let. Gojili so tudi domače živali. Ohranili pa so 42

43 tudi nabiralništvo in lov. Torej so bile njihove strategije preživetja raznovrstne. Če je pridelek na polju zaradi klimatskih sprememb ali zaradi slabe letine propadel, so se naslonili na druge možnosti. Šele v bronasti dobi (približno 3000 do 600 let p.n.št.) so se lahko bolj posvetili poljedelstvu. Zaradi orodja? Orodje je bilo lažje izdelovati in je bilo bolj vzdržljivo. V kameni dobi so morali denimo toporišče sekire in rezilo povezovati z vrvjo. Z uporabo kovin pa lahko toporišče nasadite neposredno na rezilo in dobite bolj trdno orodje. Z novim orodjem so lahko izkrčili večje površine gozda, imeli pa so tudi več drobnice in govedi, ki je pojedla mladike in tako preprečevala zagozdovanje. Izumili so še plug za lažje obdelovanje zemlje. Koliščarske kulture so najboljši poligon za preučevanje prehoda iz lova in nabiralništva v kmetovanje. Zelo pomemben tehnološki korak pri tem je bil izum kolesa. V Sloveniji imamo najstarejše ohranjeno leseno kolo na svetu. Staro je 5200 let. Morda je res najstarejše, vsekakor pa je med najstarejšimi. Kolo podobne starosti smo namreč našli tudi ob Bodenskem jezeru. Najdba z Ljubljanskega barja pa je zelo pomembna, saj gre za prototip koles, ki so se v naslednjih tristo letih razširila povsod okoli Alp. To so bila kolesa vozov, ki seveda niso služili za daljše transporte, saj cest ni bilo. Uporabljali so jih za lokalne prevoze. Lahko pa si mislite, da je transport lesa ali pridelkov z vozom ljudem zelo olajšal življenje. Kaj pa prevoz po vodi? Kot veste, so uporabljali drevake, čolne, izdolbene iz debel. Manjši čolni, dolgi nekaj metrov, so bili namenjeni za osebno uporabo. Obstajali pa so tudi daljši čolni, kanuji, dolgi več kot dvanajst metrov. Ti so bili najbrž namenjeni za skupno rabo. Sam s takšnim ogromnim čolnom nisi šel lovit rib. Koliščarji so poznali tudi dolga potovanja. Kovine za njihovo orodje so namreč izvirale iz oddaljenih krajev s severa in juga Evrope. Osnovna kovina je bila baker in tega so res transportirali z oddaljenih najdišč. Železova ruda je bila sicer v naravi bolj pogosta, najdemo jo povsod, a jo je tehnološko bolj zahtevno pridobiti iz zemlje. Zato se je železo pojavilo mnogo kasneje. Egiptovski faraon Tutankamon (umrl 1323 p.n.št., op.p.) je bil eden prvih, ki je imel ob sebi železno orodje. Z bakrom pa je bilo lahko delati manj energije je bilo potrebne za obdelavo, več pa za transport. Pomembni rudniki so bili na območju današnje Slovaške in Nemčije. Za izdelavo brona pa so poleg bakra potrebovali še kositer. Ta je najverjetneje prihajal z britanskih otokov. Za to pa je bilo treba že organizirati večje transportne sisteme. So bila to nekakšna prazgodovinska transportna podjetja? Podjetja ravno ne, jasno pa je, da posamezni trgovci transporta surovin z britanskih otokov do naših krajev ne bi zmogli. Ena možnost je, da je surovina potovala od skladišča do skladišča. Nekateri raziskovalci pa verjamejo, da so transport na velikih razdaljah organizirali tedanji veljaki, najbolj pomembne osebe v družbeni hierarhiji. Kontakte z drugimi osebami na visokih položajih v oddaljenih krajih so izkoristili za trgovanje. Kakšno je bilo plačilno sredstvo? Je že obstajal denar? Ne. Plačilno sredstvo je bilo orodje ali kovinski polizdelki. Plačevali so s kosi kovine v normirani velikosti. Tako so vedeli, koliko tehta in koliko je»vredna«. Denarja ni bilo, ker še ni bilo državnih avtoritet, ki bi denarni sistem nadzirale? To, ali je v času koliščarjev obstajala državna ureditev, je veliko vprašanje. Možno je, da so prve države v Evropi nastale v bronasti dobi, nekateri raziskovalci pa verjamejo, da so prve države tu obstajale že v pozni kameni dobi (ob koncu 4 tisočletja p.n.št., op.p.). To lahko sklepamo po velikih kamenodobnih grobiščih, ki jih najdemo denimo v Franciji, v Bretaniji. Zato lahko verjamemo, da so obstajale osebe z močjo, ki so vladale na večjih ozemljih. Težko pa je reči, da so to bili kralji v današnjem pomenu besede. Kakšna je bila sicer osnovna ureditev družbe? Čemu so se podrejali? Kdo je določal pravila sobivanja? Tesne kulturne vezi so med koliščarji na določenem območju zagotovo obstajale. Takšne vezi pa s seboj prinašajo tudi pravila izrečena ali neizrečena. To so bile prave človeške družbe s svojim jezikom, tradicijo, tabuji, mitologijo in razlagami sveta. Vsekakor je bilo bivanje dovolj natančno uokvirjeno, da je ohranjalo ljudi v skupnem življenju več generacij. Za stabilno družbo ne potrebujete kralja ali oblastnika, da vam vse organizira. Zadoščal je koncept družine v kakršnikoli obliki že. So se med seboj poročali? Ne vemo, kako je bila družina organizirana, in ne vemo niti tega, ali je prevladoval matriarhat ali patriarhat. Vse to moramo še odkriti. Vemo pa denimo, da so bile 43

44 posamezne hiše, če jih primerjamo z bivališči drugih kultur iz kamene dobe, precej majhne. Vsaka hiša ima svoje ognjišče in vsaka hiša je samostojna ekonomska enota. Torej so bile posamezne družinske celice najbrž majhne. V vasi pa je bilo lahko tudi do več deset hiš. Imeli so osrednjo»ulico«in glavno brv do kopnega, kar je bila pravzaprav komunalna infrastruktura. Torej so poznali nekakšno politično ureditev. Koliščarji so tudi del popularne kulture. V Sloveniji je znan roman Bobri. Že prva odkritja kolišč v 19. stoletju so vplivala na literaturo in na slikarje, ki so se trudili prikazati življenje na koliščih. Pa so tudi sami koliščarji gojili duhovne vrednote? So denimo verovali? Na podlagi najdenih predmetov skušamo ugotoviti, kakšna so bila njihova verovanja. Našli smo denimo religiozne kipce enega takšnih hrani tudi vaš Narodni muzej. Na Bodenskem jezeru smo odkrili tudi ostanke hiš, ki so bile znotraj poslikane in okrašene z reliefi. Naslikane so bile človeške postave z dvignjenimi rokami. Verjamemo, da so bile te hiše namenjene ritualom. Ob Ženevskem jezeru in jezeru Neuchâtel obstajajo tudi megalitska najdišča z velikimi stelami, ki so imela verjetno ritualno funkcijo. Našli pa smo tudi njihove grobnice, kar pomeni, da so koliščarji gojili odnos do smrti. Kako dolgo so živeli? Pričakovana starost je bila petindvajset let. A to velja v povprečju. Veliko jih je umrlo že v otroštvu, če so preživeli do petnajstega leta, pa so imeli dobre možnosti, da so dočakali trideset ali štirideset let starosti. Posamezniki so živeli tudi šestdeset ali sedemdeset let, a so bili res redki. Na splošno umrljivost v času koliščarjev ni bila dosti slabša kot kasneje v srednjem veku ali celo v 18. stoletju. Številke so podobne. Zakaj so v prvem tisočletju pred našim štetjem kolišča nehali graditi? Tega ne ve nihče. Zadnja kolišča pod Alpami so obstajala v letih 850 do 800 pred našim štetjem. Najbrž so se zgodili politični in družbeni pretresi, ki so močno spremenili razmere. Takrat so se začeli pojavljati prvi veliki politični sistemi in prve velike vojne. Vsi si želimo, da bi raziskovali življenje miroljubnih ljudstev, a žal tudi v tem primeru ni bilo tako. Povedal sem vam že za obrambne ograje, naši kolegi so odkrili tudi množična grobišča, kar pomeni, da so se dogajali pokoli. Našli smo človeške kosti, v katerih so še vedno zapičene puščice. Posamezni spopadi med koliščarji so se dogajali ves čas, že v kameni dobi, lahko pa si predstavljam, da je v prvem tisočletju prišlo do temeljnega preloma v organiziranju družbe na večji ravni. Verjetno je prišlo tudi do razpada sistema avtonomnih klanov in vasi. V resnici vzrokov za izginotje koliščarskih kultur ne poznamo. Naše raziskovanje kolišč bo trajalo še dolgo. Ko je raziskovalna skupina, ki jo vodim, pred tridesetimi leti začela raziskovati, nismo znali povedati niti, v katero obdobje kolišča spadajo. Zmotili smo se za več kot osemsto let. Naša prva naloga in naloga drugih laboratorijev v Švici, Italiji pa tudi tukaj, v Ljubljani, je bila kronološko opredeliti kolišča. Ko nam je to uspelo, smo se lotili razlage organizacije koliščarskih vasi. Ugotovili smo, da je bila organizacija na različnih območjih različna in da so bile razlike kulturno pogojene. Da torej, kot sem že dejal, ne obstaja enotna koliščarska kultura. Zdaj nas najbolj zanimajo organiziranje družinskega življenja, razvoj kmetovanja in razvoj trgovanja med različnimi koliščarskimi območji. Sprašujemo se, zakaj v določenih obdobjih kolišča na severni in južni strani Alp med seboj trgujejo, v drugih pa ne. Medkulturna izmenjava je zanimiv fenomen, ki je posebej aktualen prav danes, v sodobnem svetu. Vprašanja o sobivanju različnih kultur so se odpirala že v kameni in bronasti dobi. Po eni strani je bivališča na mehki močvirni zemlji lahko graditi. Če gradite na trdnih tleh, morate temelje za hišo izkopati. Torej porabljate dragoceno energijo. Vsaka hiša ima svoje ognjišče in vsaka hiša je samostojna ekonomska enota. Torej so bile posamezne družinske celice najbrž majhne. Medkulturna izmenjava je zanimiv fenomen, ki je posebej aktualen prav danes, v sodobnem svetu. Vprašanja o sobivanju različnih kultur so se odpirala že v kameni in bronasti dobi. 44

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50 WORKSHOP RESULTS 50