Annual Latin American Studies Association (LASA) XXIII International Congress September 6-8, Washington DC, United States of America

Transcription

1 Annual Latin American Studies Association (LASA) XXIII International Congress September 6-8, Washington DC, United States of America Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry By: Artie Dubrie: M.Sc. Natural Resource Management; B.Sc. Natural Sciences 1

2 Contents Page Abstract Introduction Defining Ecotourism Tourism in the Dominican Republic Objective of Investigation Methodology of Investigation Development and Presentation of the Instruments Literature investigation Field investigation Presentation of the Instruments of investigation Conclusions and Discussions 9 Appendix l: Instruments of Investigation 11 l.a. Instrument 1: Investigation of Governmental Policies on Ecotourism 11 l.b. Instrument 2: Investigation of the Practices of Sustainable Management of the Natural Resources by Economic Enterprises 19 l.c. Instrument 3: Investigation of Community Involvement and Participation within the Ecotouristic Locations 30 Appendix ll. Bibliography 43 2

3 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry 1 Artie Dubrie 2 : M.Sc. Natural Resource Management; B.Sc. Natural Sciences. Abstract: This study seeks to develop investigation tools for the sustainable management of natural resources in the ecotourism industry. The methodology for the development of the instruments involved the selection of key components of sustainable management of natural resources and investigating the format of realisation and interpretation of these selected components by the stakeholders of the industry. Three instruments of investigation are presented for investigation on the governmental, economic and community stakeholders involvement in ecotourism. The field investigations were conducted in the Dominican Republic in two sites traditionally considered as ecotouristic and on the wider national governmental sectors involved in the administration of this industry. Key words: natural resource management, ecotourism, sustainable management, community involvement and participation, governmental policies, environmental management, Dominican Republic. 1 Presentation at the Annual Latin American Studies Association (LASA) XXIII International Congress September 5-9 th, 2001.Washington DC, United States of America. 2 Proceedings taken from MSc.Thesis in Natural Resources Management, La Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña, La República Dominicana,

4 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry Introduction: Caribbean countries are essentially a natural resource dependent area, the main productive activities being agriculture, forestry, fishing, tourism, mining and light manufacturing. For the region, twenty-five (25%) of its foregin exchange income is generated through tourism (CTO, 1997) 3. This industry represents the largest generator of income for the Caribbean. The Caribbean tourism industry is traditionally characterised by its marine resources its the principal tourism attractions. On this concept, the tourism industry of the Caribbean can be considered that of nature based tourism. Nature based tourism or tourism base on nature has the highest growth index amongst other sectors of the global tourism industry. This sector has maintained an increase of 15.0% annually as against 4.5% for traditional tourism (WTO, 1996) 4. This market growth for nature based tourism can be related to the following developments: Increase global awareness for the preservation and conservation of environmental and natural resources The active interest of consumers to support those countries that practices sustainable development 2.0 Defining Ecotourism: It is important to recognise that not all naturebase tourism products incorporate sustainable management practices of the natural resources or is ecologically sustainable. 3 CTO: Caribbean Tourism Organisation 4

5 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry. Ecotourism as an industry has to be considered as a form of sustainable nature based tourism in which the product resource attractions of the industry are that of the natural elements of the environment. The benchmark of the industry is sustainability set within equilibrium of social, economic and ecological sustainability 5. The functioning of the industry has to be in harmony with the care, preservation, conservation and protection and inclusive of the restoration of the environment. Therefore, any development and functioning of the industry have to comply with the all requirements related to sustainable management of the natural resources (Barkins, , Ecotourism Society, ). Within this definition, the arms that comprise the industry can be classified as follows: The physical natural resources The stakeholders involvement and including governmental, social, cultural and economic The co-ordinated systems of policies, management and interpretation of the industry by the stakeholders of the industry. Currently most nature based tourism products in the Caribbean region are marketed as ecotouristic. The industry is developing and functioning with varying interpretations and representations of concepts of ecotourism (Helvatas, 1998). 4 WTO: World Tourism Organisation, Internet site: 5 This is the concept definition is adopted for ecotourism in this paper. 6 Internet Site. El Planeta Platica, monarch.html 7 Internet Site. The Ecootuirsm Society, 5

6 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry. This development is due to the absence norms and standards both for the establishment and the administration of ecotouristic activities and the growing international demand for non-traditional tourism products. The present valuation and assessment processes of this sector are generally limited to the number of visiting tourist and the corresponding economic benefits achieved over short-terms -normally annually (Boo, 1990). Given the importance of the industry particularly as a preferred economic option for alternative use of the natural resources, it is of urgent importance that systems are established to ensure that the characteristics of this industry are maintained (Cifuentes, 1997). This study is considered one of the first stages in the development of a systematic investigation mechanism for the sustainable management of natural resources in the ecotourism industry for the region of the Caribbean Tourism in the Dominican Republic: Over the last ten- (10) years, the tourism sector has become the principal source of foreign exchange for the Dominican Republic (ECDPM, 1994) 8. Economically this industry surpasses the industries of the Free Zones and agricultural. In 1999, the Dominican Republic registered 1,250,000 tourists including (nationals and non-nationals) as nature based tourist from 930,000 in The projection for the year 2001 was to target 20% of the tourist market into ecotourism (Tronsoco, 1999). 8 ECDPM: European Centre for Development and Policy Management 6

7 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry. The Dominican Republic has the highest number of designated protected natural areas in the Caribbean. There are 17 designated parks including 12 National Parks and 5 Scientific Reservations representing, 11.2 % of the national territory. The national challenge in the management of these protected areas is to encourage and support economic options that will provide for sustainability. Within these designated areas, ecotourism is recognised as the preferred alternative economic option for use of the natural resources for the following reasons: a) Contribution to the conservation of the natural resources b) Provides equity in the distribution of income and c) Empowered of the rural communities in decision making and management of their own environment 4.0. Objective of Investigation: The objective of this study was the development of instruments that will provide for the investigation of the incorporation, organisation and interpretation of selected components of sustainable management of natural resources by the stakeholders in the industry of ecotourism Methodology of Investigation: Representatives were selected from the private and public sectors and community members involved in the industry. The investigations on the private and community stakeholders 7

8 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry. were conducted in two sites in the Dominican Republic where, ecotourism is classified as one of their primary economic activity. These sites were Jaracaboa in the South Central Region and, Samaná in the Northeast region of the country. The investigations for governmental stakeholders were conducted at national public sector level. The involvement of stakeholders in the following selected components of sustainable management of natural resources within the concept definition of ecotourism were considered: a) Management practices of the physical environment b) Governmental policies c) Involvement, skills development and participation of the community d) Commitment for education, research and development 6.0. Development and Presentation of the Instruments: 6.1 Literature investigation: In the region of the Caribbean, the status of development of the disciplines of sustainable management of the natural resources and investigation mechanisms of the ecotourism industry is still in infancy. Correspondingly, it was necessary to research a wide list of documents related to the objectives of the investigation. A total of 64 references were sited. 8

9 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Industry Field investigation: This phase investigated the stakeholders involvement in the management of the selected components of the industry of ecotourism. The components were developed with the assumption that there is an existing ecotourism industry in the sites selected and operating under the concept definition for ecotourism adopted for this study 9. Data were collected through interviews with stakeholders and on site investigations Presentation of the Instruments of investigation a. Instrument 1: Investigation of Governmental Policies on Ecotourism with the objective to investigate governmental activities on the selected components of sustainable management of natural resources in the industry of ecotourism. b. Instrument 2: Investigation of the Practices of Sustainable Management of the Natural Resources by the Economic Enterprises. with the objective of investigating the practices of selected components of sustainable management of natural resources by the economic stakeholders of the industry. 9 See note 4 9

10 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism Instrument 3: Investigation of Community Participation within the Ecotouristic Locations, with the objective of investigating the c. activities by the communities located within the sites classified as ecotouristic in relation to the selected components of sustainable management of the natural resources 7.0. Conclusions and Discussions: The instruments were developed to serve as investigation tools for the investigation of sustainable management of the natural resources by the stakeholders of the ecotourism industry. History, culture and priorities of development are factors that will collectively influence the interpretations and functioning of what signifies the sustainable management of natural resources. These factors are reflected in the styles of utilisation and management of the natural resources. With these variables, any investigation tools accepted for us in the evaluation of the sustainable management in use of natural resources has to be tailored into these country specific styles. The instruments of investigations were not designed to be use as grading or assessment mechanisms for the sustainable management of natural resources within the industry. 10

11 Development of Investigation Instruments for Sustainable Management of Natural Resources in the Ecotourism The investigation concludes with the following recommendations: To develop an economic instrument to investigate ecotourism as an alternative use of natural resources To establish procedures for application of the instruments To establish a weighting or indicator process for each component selected in order that a comparative or relative measure can be realised on the quality of sustainability of the management practices To test these instruments for evaluation of their applicability as investigation tools for the sustainable management of the natural resources in the ecotourism industry 11

12 Annex l: Instruments of Investigation Annex 1.a. Instrument 1. Investigation of Governmental Policies for Ecotourism Objective: To investigate national governmental policies on Ecotourism Stakeholders: Governmental offices with responsibilities for the following: Tourism, Sustainable Tourism, Ecotourism, Management Of Natural Resources and the Environment 1.0. General Information: a. Name of Office: b. Address: c. What are the responsibilities of this office? (Please use the lines following) 2.0. Governmental Policies for Sustainable Tourism a. Does a national policy of sustainable tourism exist? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know b. In case of affirmative: What is the date of this policy? Please give details on the objectives and status of implementation of the policies on sustainable tourism in table 1.0 as follows: 12

13 Instrument 1. Cont d Table 1.0.: Objectives and Status on the Implementation of Governmental Policies on Sustainable Tourism Subject Objectives Status of Implementation Management of the Physical Resources National Development Economic Development Community Development Other Please use additional pages if necessary 3.0. Governmental Policy for Ecotourism a. Does a policy for ecotourism exist? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know b. In case of affirmative, is this policy within the policy framework of sustainable tourism? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know c. Please detail governmental policies for ecotourism? Please give details in table 2.0 as follows Table 2.0: Governmental Policy for Ecotourism Subject Objectives Status of Implementation Management of the Physical Resources National Development * Economic Development Community Development Others Please use additional pages if necessary 13

14 Instrument 1. Cont d 4.0. Laws and Regulations a. Are there national laws and regulations with implications in the administration of the industry of ecotourism? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know b. In case of affirmative please list in the table 3.0 as follows: Table 3. 0: Laws and Regulations that have implications in Ecotourism *Laws *Regulations * Please utilise additional pages if necessary 5.0. International and regional agreements that have implications in ecotourism, natural resources and the environment a. Do regional and international agreements exist that have incidences in ecotourism, natural resources and the environment? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know b. In case of affirmative please detail in table 4.0 as follows: Table 4.0: International and Regional Agreements Organisation / institution / country etc. World organization of Tourism (WTO) World Tourism's Travel Council Name of the agreement/conven tion Government agreement? Yes No Not Applicable The European Union 14

15 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) International Union for Conservation of the Nature (IUCN) Organisation of American States (OAS) Association of Eastern Caribbean States of the (AEC) Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO) Consortium of Caribbean Universities for the Management of Natural Resources Others Please detail d. What are the national commitments to meet the agreements that are nationalised and their respective status of realisation? Please use table 4.1 Table 4.1: National Status of Agreements and Status of Realisation Agreement/ Convention National Commitments Status of Realisation * Please utilise additional pages if necessary 6.0. Statistical Data a. Does a system exist for the collections of data on the ecotourism industry? Yes No Not Applicable 15

16 Instrument 1. Cont d b. In case of affirmative, which are the statistical parameters? Please use table 6.0. Table 6.0: National Statistical Parameters for Ecotourism Sector Geographical Economic Socioeconomic Socio-cultural Environment Natural resources Other sectors Included Yes No Not Applied What are the statistical parameters within this sector? Date of Last data Collection Reasons for statistical investigation * Please utilise additional pages if necessary 7.0. Governmental human resources employed in the administration of sustainable tourism and ecotourism. a. What are the governmental human resources that have responsibilities in sustainable tourism and/or ecotourism? Please use table 7.0 Table 7.0: Governmental Human Resources Position Director Statistician Marketing Officers Inspector Environmentalist Researcher Eco tourism Specialist Exist? Yes No Not Applicable Numbers of Employees Geographic Location of Posting 16

17 Position Exist? Yes No Not Applicable Specialist in Community Development Community extension Officer Educator * Others * Please give details Numbers of Employees Geographic Location of Posting 8.0. Other Governmental Institutional Involvement for the administration of sustainable tourism and ecotourism. a. What are the other Governmental institutions involved in the administration of sustainable tourism and ecotourism? Please use table 8.0 Table 8.0.: Other Governmental Institutions Involved in the Administration of sustainable tourism and ecotourism. Governmental Institutions Geographic Location Responsibilities * Please uses additional pages if necessary 9.0. Governmental Administration for Ecotourism In box 1 following please outline in the form of a flowchart the Administration of Governmental Activities for Ecotourism starting with your organisation/division. Box 1.0: Flowchart Demonstrating Governmental Activities on Ecotourism Instrument 1. Cont d 17

18 Instrument 1. Cont d National Standards for the Ecotourism Industry a. Does a national standard exist for ecotourism? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know b. In case of affirmative, what are the mechanisms for administration of this national standard? Please use the lines following. c. If national standards do exist, what are the components or parameters of these national standards? Please use table 9.0 Table 9.0.: Components or Parameters of the National Standard on Ecotourism Parameters Yes No Not Applicable Mechanism (s) of Administration Registered as an ecotouristic organisation with the government Environmental Impact Assessment Operational Standards for the management of the natural resources Operational Standards for community involvement and participation Others *Please utilise additional pages if necessary b. What are the governmental monitoring systems and mechanisms to ensure that the standards are operational? 18

19 Instrument 1. Cont d Please use the lines following Governmental Incentives for the promotion of ecotourism a. Are there governmental incentives for the promotion of ecotourism? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know b. In positive case, please give details in the following lines Is there a national register for ecotourism activities? Yes No Not Applicable Do not Know a. In case of positive, what is/are the procedure/s to facilitated registration and maintenance of this registrar? Please use the following lines: Do you have any other comments and/or observations? Please use the lines following: Thank you for your kind assistance 19

20 Annex l.b. Instrument 2 Investigation of the Practices of Sustainable Management of the Natural Resources by the Economic Stakeholders Main objective: To investigate Selected Sustainable Natural Resource Management Practices realised by the economic organisms within the ecotouristic site under investigation. Key Stakeholders: Organisms Realising Economic Benefits in the Industry of Ecotourism Part A 1.0. General information a. Name of economic entity: b. Address: c. Nationality: d. Description of operation. Please give a brief description of your operation 20

21 Instrument 2. Cont d 2.0. Property rights of the Natural Resources that are utilised in the realisation of ecotouristics products. a. What are the property rights of the Natural Resources utilised in the realisation of the ecotouristics products? Please use table 1.0 Table 1.0.: Property Right of the Natural Resources Property Rights Yes No Don t Know *Additional Comments Private Public Combination of Private and Public Community Others * Please utilise additional pages if necessary 3.0. Ecotourism Management Plan a. Does an ecotourism management plan exist? Yes No Do not Know Not Applicable b. If one exist please, identify the following: Date of Establishment: c. In case of affirmative please give details on the management plan in table 2.0 as follows: Table 2.0.: Details of the Ecotourism Management Plan Objectives Status of Realisations * Commentaries Please utilise additional pages if necessary. 21

22 Instrument 2. Cont d d. Do you have a procedure manual for your operation? Yes No Don t Know 4.0. Sustainable Management Practices on the Environment and Natural Resources a. What are the programs of management for the environment and the natural resources? Please use the following lines b. What are the programs for economic development for the community? Please use the following lines c. What are your programmes for community involvement and participation? Please use the following lines d. What are the programs for research and development in ecotourism? Please use the following lines e. Are your programmes of management administrated in association with other organisations? Yes No Non Applicable Do Not Know f. In case of affirmative please give details in table 3.0 as follows: 22

23 Instrument 2. Cont d Table 3.0 : Affiliated Organisations Affiliation * Details of Affiliation Community Groups/ Organizations Local Non-governmental organisations (NGO) The Government National NGOs International Organisations Other * Please use additional pages if necessary. * Additional Comments 5.0. Inventory of the Natural Resources Attractions a. Is there an inventory of the natural resources attractions? Yes No Don t Know b. In case of affirmative please detail in table 4.0 as follows. Table 4.0.: Inventory of the natural resource attractions and forms of use Natural Resources Part of inventory? *Forms of usage in the ecotourism attractions industry Yes No Don t Know Biodiversity Rivers Water Falls Lakes Beaches The Ocean Forests Mountains National Parks Geologic formations Other Attractive Resources * Please utilise additional pages if necessary 23

24 Instrument 2. Cont d 6.0. Programmes of Integration and Participation a. Do programs of integration and participation of the community affiliated within the ecotourism location (s) exist? Yes No Don t Know Not Applicable b. In case of affirmative, what are the mechanisms used? Please use table 5.0 Table 5.0: Programs of Integration and Participation Mechanisms Used Yes No Don t Know *Details of Mechanism Meetings Letters, Bulletins Workshops Commerce/Trade Employment Other *Please utilise additional pages if necessary c. Do you have any programmes of capacity building and training for members of the community that will support the activities of ecotourism? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know d. If case of affirmative, what mechanisms are used? Employment: Yes No Don t Know Formal education: Yes No Don t Know Informal education: Yes No Don t Know Others (Please specify) 24

25 Instrument 2. Cont d 7.0. Programme of Monitoring a. Does a program of monitoring exist on the impacts of the ecotouristic activities on the environment? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know b. In case of affirmative what please give details in table 6.0. Table 6.0. Impact Monitoring Parameters Elements Physical Environment Natural resources Community Others Yes No Don t Know * Please utilise additional pages if necessary * Parameters 8.0. Skills and capacities of Employees a. Within your organisation, do you have employees with specialised skills in the following areas? Please use table 7.0 Table:7.0. Specialised skills Areas of the works Yes No Don t Know Environmental Management Conservation and Preservation of the Natural Rescources Community Development Community Participation and Involvement Others * Please utilise additional pages if necessary * In case of Affirmative, Please detail of skills 25

26 Instrument 2. Cont d 9.0. Affiliations to accrediting organisations. a. Is your organisation accredited to any accrediting organisation/s? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know b. In case of affirmative, please indicate in table 8.0 details of accreditation. Table 8.0: Details of Accrediting Organisation and Nationality Name of Organisation * Interest Establishment Local National International * Please utilise additional pages if necessary Local Investment a. Does your organisation have a policy to invest in the local community? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know b. In case of affirmative please detail in table 9.0 as follows Table 9.0.: Details of Investments within the Community Area of local investment Trade Employment Education Conservation of the Environment and Natural Resources Research and Development Other Please use additional pages if necessary Yes No Don t Know * Details 26

27 Instrument 2. Cont d Part B: Management of the Ecotouristic Activities Specific to the Physical Environment and the Natural Resources Environmental Management Policies a. Does your company have a policy for the management of the environment and of the natural resources? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know b. In case of affirmative please give details in table 10.0: Table 10.0.: Details of Environmental and Natural Resources Management Policies * Objective * Status * Other Comments * Please utilise additional pages if necessary c. Is this policy documented? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know d. Is there a system for the periodic evaluation of this policy? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know e. In case of affirmative, what is the frequency of revaluation? Every year: Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know Every 2 years: Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know Every 5 years: Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know Another frequency: 27

28 Instrument 2. Cont d Environmental Impact Assessment a. Do you have a procedure to identify the environmental parameters that are affected by your operations? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know b. In case of affirmative, is this procedure documented? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know c. Please list details of operation in table 11.0 as follows Table 11.0.: Details of Environmental Impact Assessment *Operation * Impact on the environment * Please utilise additional pages if necessary d. Please detail the human resources dedicated for the management of the environment and of the natural resources in table 11.1 Table: Human Resources Profile Position * Function Number of personnel(s) * Please utilise additional pages if necessary Carrying Capacities of the Environment and of the Natural Resources a. Does a standard exist on the carrying capacities of the environment and of the natural resources that are supporting the ecooturistic activities? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know 28

29 Instrument 2. Cont d b. In case of affirmative, what are the components of the carrying capacities and mechanism used to ensure that these standards are maintained? Please use table 12.0 Table 12.0.: The components of the carrying capacity *Component of the carrying capacity *Standard * Please utilise additional pages if necessary Monitoring and Enforcement Procedures a. Is there a procedure for monitoring the components of the carrying capacities as identified in table 12.0? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know b. In case of affirmative, please give details in table 13.0 as follows: Table 13.0.: Monitoring Mechanisms for the Carry Capacity Components Component *Monitoring *Other comments Mechanisms Air Water Soil Fauna Flora Vegetative Cover Other * Please utilise additional pages if necessary c. What systems/procedures are available to ensure that standards are maintained? Please use the following lines 29

30 Instrument 2. Cont d c. Is this system/procedure documented? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know d. Is there a policy for environmental of mitigation? Yes No Not Applicable Don t Know e. In case of affirmative please give details in the lines following: Additional observations and Comments: Thank you for your kind assistance 30

31 Annex l.c. Instrument 3 Investigation of Community Participation within the Ecotouristic Locations Main objective: To investigate the involvement, integration and participation of communities located in locations classified as ecotouristic Stakeholders Part A: Municipal offices Organised community groups and Non-governmental organisations Part B: Individual Members of the Community Part A 1.0. General Information: a. Name of the municipal, organisation or group b. Interest 2.0. Name and address of ecotouristic site/location: 31

32 Instrument. 3 cont d 3.0. Social Impact Assessment a. Were there studies on the social impact to the community prior to the establishment of the ecoturistic activities? Yes No Not Applied Do not know b. In case of affirmative, who was/were responsible for the administration of this study? Please use table 1.0 Table 1.0. Organism or Body Responsible for the Study of the Social Impact Assessment Interest of Organisation/Body Government Name of Organisation/Body National Private organisation International Organisation in association with the Government International Private organisation Nongovernmental Local/National Organisation Research Organisation The Local community Other groups/organisati ons/individual Please utilise additional pages if necessary Year of Study * Objective/s of Study c. Are these studies available to the public? Yes No Not Applied Do not know 32

33 Instrument. 3 cont d 4.0. Characteristics of the Ecotouristic Enterprises Operating in the Community a. What are the characteristics of the enterprises operating within the community? Please use table following: Table 2.0.: Enterprises operating within the Community Name Enterprise of Propriety of Enterprise for example Community Members/Groups; Government, Private Nationals, International, Other *Main Product of Enterprise * Please utilise additional pages if necessary Table 2.1.: Origin of Goods/Services supplied by the Enterprises operating within the Community Name Enterprise of * Type of Goods and/or services Origin of Good and or Services Within the National International Community * Please use additional pages if necessary Table 2.2.: Scope of Utilisation of the Local Human Resources Name of Enterprise Number of Staff Percentage of Staff that are member sof the Community 33

34 Instrument. 3 cont d Table 2.3.: Allocation of Staff + Name of Enterprise Designation Management Technical/ Professional Assistant Technical/ Professional Labourers Non-skill Part-time employees Full employees Other time Percentage Resident Community + Additional tables will be required per enterprise of Percentage National but Non-resident of Community Percentage Non Nationals 5.0. Characteristics of Ecotourisms Attractions a. What are the characteristics of the natural resources that are of ecotouristic attractions within your community? Please use table.2.0 Table 3.0: Inventory of Ecotouristic Attractions Characteristics of Natural Resources Biodiversity (Fauna and Flora) Water Shed Rivers Lakes Wetlands Ocean Beaches Coral Reefs Ecotouristic Attraction Yes No Not Applied Utilise in Traditional Tourism Yes No Not Applied Utilise in Ecotourism Yes No Not Applied 34

35 Characteristics of Natural Resources National Parks Geologic Formations (caves, minerals, etc.) * Others Ecotouristic Attraction Yes No Not Applied Utilise in Traditional Tourism Yes No Not Applied Utilise in Ecotourism Yes No Not Applied * Please give details Use of other Natural Resources for Ecotourism within the Community a. How are the other natural resources within the community utilised? Please use table 4.0 Table 4.0: Use of other local resources in ecotourism Resources *Uses *Other Comments Agricultural products medicinal species Materials of constructions Materials of crafts Others * Please utilise additional pages if necessary 7.0 Physical infrastructures for the Facilitation of the Ecotouristic Activities a. What are the physical infrastructures available for the facilitation of the ecotouristic activities and who is/are responsible for the management and maintenance of these? Please use table 5.0 Table 5.0 Activities Infrastructures for the Facilitation of the Ecotouristic Physical infrastructures Hotels, GuestHouses etc. Availability Yes No Not Applied Body Responsible for Management Body Responsible for Maintenance 35

36 Physical infrastructures Walkways Availability Yes No Not Applied Telecommunication Yes No Not Applied Electricity Potable Water Supply Public Bathrooms Water Treatment Plant Others Yes No Not Applied Yes No Not Applied Yes No Not Applied Yes No Not Applied Yes No Not Applied Body Responsible for Management Body Responsible for Maintenance 8.0. Community groups a. Are there community groups operating within the ecotouristic location? Yes No Do not Know Not Applied b. In case of affirmative please give details of their interest in table 6.0 and 6.1 as follows: Table 6.0.: Details of Community Groups Interest Business Ecotourism Development Community Development Preservation, Conservation of the environment and natural resources Education / Training Politics Religion Sports Others Name of Community Group (s) 36

37 Instrument. 3 cont d. Table 6.1: Association/Structure of Community Groups Association/Structure of Group (please tick) Name Group of Govern mental Co-operative Nongovernment al- national Nongovernmentalinternational Informal Other 9.0. Program of Participation and Training in the Community a. What are the programs of Participation and Training available within the community that provides for community development? Please use table7.0 Table 7.0: Programs of Participation and Training within the Community Programme Community participation Community development Conservation and preservation of the Natural Resources Environmental Protection and conservation Sustainable use of natural resources Tourism Ecotourism Formal Education Special Courses Education informal Others Others Please give details 37

38 Instrument. 3 cont d Other Programs of Participation and Capacity Building in the Community a. Outside of formal programmes, are there other mechanisms available to the community in participation and capacity building and what are the frequencies of these? Please use table 6.0 Table 8.0 Programs of Participation and Capacity Building Mechanisms Meetings Bulletins Workshops Electronic communication (Radio, television) Others (please give details) Frequency Weekly Monthly Annually Other b. Who is/are responsible for the organizations of these programs Please use table 8.1 Table: 8.1 Organisation/Institution/Persons Responsible for the programs of Participation and Capacity Building Body Yes No Do not Know Not applicable Government National Private organisation International Private organisation National- Non governmental organisation International- Non governmental Organisation Other Please give details 38

39 Instrument. 3 cont d. c. What are the sectors of the community involved in the programme of participation and capacity building? For Example: Groups with specific interest (for example the tourist guides, ecotouristic companies, Environmental groups etc.): Yes No Do not Know NotApplied The youths (less than 18 years) Yes No Do not Know Not Applied The adults (more than 18 years) Yes No Do not Know Not Applied Other Sectors: Additional information and Comments 39

40 Instrument. 3 cont d. Group B: Investigation of Individual Members of the Ecotouristic Community Objective: The objective of this section of instrument 3 is to obtain information on the ecotourism activities as they are related and interpreted by individual members of the community General information a. Name: b. Age: c. Sex: d. Civil Status: e. Place of Birth: f. Length of time living in this community: Knowledge of Ecoturistic Activities within in the Community a. Do you know of any ecoturistic activities in your community? Yes No Do not Know Not Applied b. In case of affirmative please give examples and the respective natural resources that are employed in the ecotouristic activities. Please use table 9.0 Table 9.0: Awareness of the ecotouristic activities within the community Ecotouristic Activities Resources used 40

41 Instrument. 3 cont d Mechanisms and resources utilised to raise awareness and consciences on the Environment and Natural Resources within the Community a. Are there mechanisms and resources available to the community to raise awareness and consciences on the conservation and preservation of the environment and the natural resources? Yes No Do not Know Not Applied b. In case of affirmative, please give details in table 10.0 Table 10.0: Public Awareness Activities on Ecotourism Frequencies Mechanisms Weekly Monthly Annually Other frequencies Wokshops News Letters Bulletins Electronic communication (radio, television) Others Capacity Building programmes a. Have you taken part in any of following programmes, as detailed in table 11.0? Table 11.0: Programmes of Participation Programmes and or titles Formal Education Informal education Workshop Meetings Others 41

42 Instrument. 3 cont d Participation in Community Activities a. Are there community groups within the community? Yes No Do not Know Not Applied b. In case of affirmative (in your opinion), how many exists? c. Are you a member of any of these community groups? Yes No d. In the group/s that you are a member of, what is the status of your membership? Interpretation of environmental problems a. In your opinion what are the challenges affecting preservation and conservation on the environment in your community? Please use table 11.0 as follows: Table 11.0: Interpretation of Environmental Challenges within the Community Environmental Factors Problem Yes No Do not Know Not Applied * Causes * Solutions Contamination of Air Contamination of Water Soil Erosion Solid Waste Liquid Waste Deforestation Lost of Biodiversity Other Please utilise additional pages if necessary 42

43 Instrument. 3 cont d Interpretation of the Activities of Ecotourism in the Community a. How do you view ecotourism in your community? Please use the following lines b. Do you think that the activities of ecotourism will improved your standard if living? Yes No Do not Know Not Applied c. In your opinion, do you think that ecotourism is an option for community development? Yes No Do not Know Not Applied c. What the three main problems that affect this community and do you have suggestions and solutions to resolve these problems? Please use table 12.0 Table 12.0.:Tabulation of the Problems and Proposed Solutions that affect the Community. * Problems * Proposed Solutions Please utilise additional pages if necessary Additional information and Comments Thank you for your time and attention. 43

44 Appendix ll. Bibliography 1. Asociación Nacional de Hoteles y Restaurantes (ASONAHORES), Inc. Estadísticas Seleccionadas del Sector turismo. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Boo, E. Ecoturismo Potenciales y Escollos. World Wild Life Fund & the Conservation Foundation, USA Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO). Proceedings of the Third Annual Caribbean Tourism Organization, Sustainable Tourism Development Conference: Keeping the Right Balance : Suriname. April 9-12, Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO). Proceedings of the Second Annual Conference and Trade Show on Sustainable Tourism Development. Trinidad and Tobago. April 15-19, Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO). Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Sustainable Tourism. Developing a Model Ecotourism Destination for the Caribbean: Dominica. May Ceballos-Lascuráin, H. Tourism, ecotourism and protected areas: The state of nature-base tourism around the world and guidelines for its development. Gland. Switzerland. and Cambridge. UK. IUCN Centero, R, R. (Editorial). Metodología de la Investigación Aplicada de Turismo Casos Prácticos. Trillas. Venezuela Centro Para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de La Bahía de Semaná y Su Entorno, Inc. (CEBSE). Diagnostico del Sector turismo de la Provincia de Samaná.. CEBSE, La República Dominicana Centro Para la Conservación y Ecodesarrollo de La Bahía de Semaná y Su Entorno, Inc. (CEBSE). Programa de Conservación Ambiental en la República Dominicana. Caracteristicas Socio-Económicas y Culturales de las Comunidades Humanas Alrededor de la Bahía de Samaná. Asociación Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación. La República Dominicana Cifuentes, M. Determinación de Capacidad de Carga turística en Áreas Protegidas. Arlington, Virginia, USA. SRI Internacional Clements, A,T. Economics of Environmental Conservation: Economics for Environmental and Ecological Management. Volume 1. The Netherlands, Elsevier Comisión Coordinadora Sector Recursos Naturales y Medio Ambiente (COSERENAMA). Proyecto de Ley General Sobre Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales. Santo Domingo. La República Dominicana Pp Deler, R, A, M.. Limitaciones Que Presenten el Desarrollo Turistica Nacional, Diagnostico Estructural de La Secretaria de Estado de Turismo. Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriques Ureña (UNPHU). Facultad de 44

45 Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Escuela de Administración de Empresas. Trabajo de Grado Presentado por la Bachiller Dirección Nacional de Parques, Agencias Española de Cooperación Internacional, Agencia de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucia. Plan de Uso y gestion del Parque Nacional de los Haitises y Areas Preiferias. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Dirección Nacional de Parques, Cuerpo de Paz. Taller Sobre Ecotuirsmo Administración y Genercia de Areas Protegidas en la República Dominicana, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana. Editado por Rodriguez, L, A. Shores, J. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana El nuevo diario. Fundación Ciencia y Arte, Inc. Cuarta Feria Ecoturística y de Producción. Buenas Noche de Hato Nuevo, Manoguayabo. Santo Dominigo. República Dominicana de julio El Siglo. Entrevista. Frank Moya Pons. Vamos a detener la depredación y a recuperar el bosque. Domingo. 27 de augusto f. 18. El Siglo. Lo Ecólogico a la Plaza del turismo de Playa. 9 de julio El Siglo. Jarabacoa, Lugar de paz, color, y armonía natural. 9 de julio Elliot, J, A. An Introduction to Sustainable Development, The Developing World. United Kingdom. British Library Europea Medio Ambiente. Hacia un Desarrollo Sostenible: Programma Comunitario de Política y Actuación en Materias de Medio Ambiente y Desarrallo Sostenible. Luxemburgo. Oficina de Publicaciones de las Comunidades Europea European Centre for Development Policy Management (ECDPM), Manejo de los Eslabonamientos del Turismo en la Repúblic Dominicana. Santo Domingo. La República Dominicana Fernando, J, V. (coordinador). Palomeque, L, F. Marchena J,M. Salvador, A. Análisis territorial del turismo: Una nueva geografia del turismo. Barcelona Fundación Ciencia y Arte. Ecoturismo y Desarrollo Sostenible en República Dominicana, El Caribe, y El Mundo. Santo Domingo, La República Dominicana Fundación Ciencia y Arte. Recursos naturales y medio ambiente en la República Dominicana. Santo Domingo, La República Dominicana Fundación Falconbridge Inc. Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña (UNPHU). Evaluación Rural Rápida de la Población y los Recursos Ambientales en la Subcuenca de Los Dajaos. Jaracaboa. República Dominicana Fúster. L. H. Introducción a la Teoría y Técnica del Turismo. Alianza Editorial. Madrid

46 28. Gonzales, Gonzales, C. Normas Internacionales de Administración de Calidad, sistemas de Calidad y Sistemas Ambientales:, México. Mc Graw Hill Helvetas-R.D. Legislación Ambiental de la República Dominicana Inventario Análisis, Taller. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Helvetas-R.D. Programa de Conservación Ambiental: Elementos de debate Acerca de Turismo y Ecotourismo, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Helvetas-R.D. Programa de Conservación Ambiental, Documento Básico. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Helvetas-R.D. Carácteristicas de la Infraestructura Servicios y Organización en la Provincia de Semana. Santo Domingo, República Dominicana Listin Diario. Secretaria de Estado de Turismo, Informe de la Gestión , La República Dominicana. 16 de augusto A. 34. Listin Diario. Turismo La República Dominicana. 23 de abril D Listin Diario. Ecoturismo en La República Dominicana. 20 de febrero D Listin Diario. El Ecoturismo: opción ambiental y económico de desarrollo. 18 de abril D Listin Diario. El ecoturismo crece cada año sin incentivo oficial; solo la Dirección de Parque se preocupa por ese sector. miércoles 18 de febrero Mercado. G. A. Manual de Técnicos de Investigación para Estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales. El Colegio de México. México pp Memoria del Primer Encuentro Centro Americano de Ecoturismo. En Búsqueda de un Modelo Ecoturismo Regional. Managua, Nicaragua Miolan, A. Turismo Nuestra Industria sin Chimeneas. Madrid, España, Nelson, H. Garraway, J. James, C. Ecotourism as a strategy for Sustainable Development: The experience of the Asa Wright Nature Centre. Trinidad and Tobago. United Nations Development Programme OMT (Organización Mundial del Turismo) Guia para Administración Locales Desarrollo Turísticas. OMT. Madrid Plan Nacional de Ordenación Territorial Turistica. República Dominicana. Primera Parte. Convenio Banco Interamericno de Desarrollo y Secretaria de Estado de Turismo. La República Dominicana Sabino,A,C. El Proceso de Investigación. Alfa & Omega. Santo Dominigo. La República Dominicana Sampieri, R, H. Collado, F, C. Lucio, B, P. Metodología de Investigación. Mc Graw Hill. México pp

47 46. Sepúlvedo, S. Edwards, R. Desarrollo Rural Sostenible. Metodologías para el Diagnóstico Micro Regional. Instituto Interamericano de cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA). San José. Costa Rica Troncoso, M,B. Definición, Rol y Tipos de Ecoturismo, y El Potencial del País para Desarrollarlo: 11 Feria Ecoturistica y de Producción, Jaragua, Santiago, República Dominicana de Junio Troncoso, M.B. Oficina de Secretaria de Estado de Turismo, Departamento de Ecoturismo y Medio Ambiente, La República Dominicana Documentos de Ecoturismo no son publicados oficialmente: -Ecoturismo Categorización de Empresa y Micro-empresas Eco turístico. -La biodiversidad y su papel en el Desarrollo del Ecoturismo. 49. WTO (World Tourism Organization). International Tourism: A Global Perspective. Tourism Educational and Training Series. Madrid pp.118. Sitios del Internet Consultados: 50. Barkin, D. (1996). Ecotourism: A Tool for Sustainable Development. El Planeta Platica. Fecha localizada: enero Costa Rica. Eco-seal. Fecha localizada: marzo Ecotourism Society. MCIP: Documentos Seleccionados - Appropriate Tourism Impact Assessment: A Case Study of Kaniki Point Resort Palawan, Philippines by William J. Trousdale AICP, Fecha localizada marzo Green Evaluation Program and Compliance of Nature Tours Operators (A project partially funded by CARE) Fecha localizada marzo Concepts of Sustainability. Setting the Stage. By. Stephen F. McCool Fecha localizada. augosto Ecotourism Priniciples and Policies: Fecha localizada. junio Ecotourism in Mexico: National and Regional Policy Contexts. Paper Delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Latin American Study Association, Guadalajara, Mexico. April 16-19, Fecha localizada: junio

48 55. Exploring Ecotourism in the America: An on Line Resource guide Ecotourism: A tool for Sustainable Development. Fecha localizada: augosto Internacional Union de Conservación de la Naturaleza (IUCN). Ecotourism. Fecha localizada: mayo Meske, M. (1996). Defining Ecotourism. Environmental News Network. Fecha localizada: abril Oficina Nacionales de Estatdisticas (ONE) de La República Dominicana (1993) Web site: Fecha localizado: octubre (OAS)Organization of American States Documentos Seleccionados: -Hemispheric Policy on Tourism Development and Strategy for Implementation. Program of Tourism Development(1979), Fecha localizada: mayo The Financing Requirements of Nature an Heritage Tourism in the Caribbean. Department of Regional Development and Environment. (1995). Fecha localizada. mayo Sustaining Tourism by Managing Its Natural and Heritage Resources. (1997). Fecha localizada: mayo Inter-American Program for Sustainable Tourism Development (1999) Fecha localizada: mayo Troncoso. B. Modelo de Plan de Manejo Para el Desarrollo del Ecoturismo Sostenible en Areas de Conservación. Fecha localizada: junio United Nations Environmental Programme. Desarrollo sostenible y ecoturismo. http// Fecha localizada: febero United Nations Development Porgramme. Desarrollo sostenible: http// Fecha localizada: julio WTO (World Tourism)Organization. Global Overview Preliminary Results esta/highlights/prelres.htm Fecha localizada. junio World Wild Life Fund (WWF). Ecotourism. Fecha localizada: mayo

49 Tourists Enjoying the Natural Resources of Río Jimenoa in Jaracaboa, Dominican Republic (2000) 49