Growth of Tourism. Physical Attractions. Climate, wildlife, scenery, protected areas, beaches

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1 Where has tourism grown? Growth of Tourism Key Point Key Words: Tourism - the short term movement of people to places away from where they live and work, normally for pleasure but also for business Package Holiday a tour where transport, accommodation and food are all included in one price Tourism is also one of the world's fastest-growing industries. In 2010, the Middle East and Asia had the greatest growth of tourists. Europe still has the greatest number of tourists - nearly 500 million in What are the attractions of holiday destinations? Physical Attractions Climate, wildlife, scenery, protected areas, beaches Human Attractions Cultural heritage, history, accommodation, food, recreational facilities Growth of the mass tourism industry Long haul a flight over a long distance, usually taking more than three hours to get to a location Short haul a short distance flight of three hours or less. Mass tourism large numbers of people visiting the same area. Why has the mass tourism industry grown? Social Economic More leisure time Travel is cheaper Holidays to relieve stress Paid holidays Specialist holiday holidays based on a particular area, interest or activity. Pensioners are healthier Increase in weekend and short-breaks More educated people want to experience different cultures Changing lifestyles Bank Holiday Act 1871 UK workers earn 4 times more now than in 1980 s Pensioners are richer Regional airports more accessible to people More disposable income

2 How has technology allowed for the growth of tourism? Internet, TV and Radio have allowed a variety destinations to be advertised more effectively. Improvements in transport infrastructure has meant that places have become more accessible. Instant booking and payment online. People are able to compare holiday prices more easily online Information is easy to access along with reviews. The internet provides a 24hr capability Growth of global tourist company Expedia 1996 Expedia founded as a part of Microsoft 2001 Bought by TicketMaster who later became InterActiveCorp a large media company in the USA 2005 IAC split with Expedia Expedia are an American based company to several travel brands including Expedia.com, Hotels.com, Trivago and Hotwire.com 2012 Bought German based company Trivago (a travel search engine) for $630m 2014 Expedia buys Wotif.com, an online travel company in Asia-Pacific Environmental problems of tourism Acid Rain sulphur dioxide from cars and planes mix with rain water which turns it slightly acidic. This can damage trees and affect ecosystems Acidity of oceans carbon dioxide in air reacts with ocean water forming carbonic acid. This destroys coral reefs and kills marine organisms.] Global warming carbon dioxide form planes increases the greenhouse effect which increases global temperature. This causes ice caps to melt resulting in coastal flooding. Destruction of habitats building hotels and airports can destroy habitats and affect ecosystems. Ozone Layer Depletion air conditioning units and refrigerators used in tourism industry contain CFCs which react with the ozone layer. This increases the amount of UV radiation from the sun which affects animals and plants.

3 Tourism in the developed world Grasmere, Lake District A honey pot is a place of attractive scenery or historic interest that attracts large numbers of visitors (e.g. Grasmere, Lake District) Why do people visit Grasmere, Lake District? Physical Gentle & more physical walks. Beautiful Scenery. Central to many famous peaks Scafell, Helvellyn, Skiddaw & Langdale Pikes. Historical Once the home of William Wordsworth. You can visit his former homes Dove Cottage (80,000+ Visitors per year!) & Rydal Mount. St Oswald s Church Where Wordsworth s family members are buried. Close to Beatrix Potter (author) & John Ruskin (poet) attractions. Accommodation 11+ Hotels. 9+ B&B s 5 Self Catering Farms & Cottages. 4 Camping & Caravanning Sites 3 Youth Hostels Other Shopping (gifts & walking/camping gear). Events Grasmere Sports (August Bank Holiday since 1852) // Rushbearing Ceremony. Eating 4+ restaurants. World Famous Grasmere Gingerbread! What are the benefits of tourism in Grasmere, Lake District? Money from tourism increases tax revenue and can be used to improve transport, services, education & health Services provided for the use of tourists e.g. leisure facilities - also benefit local people. More interest in cultural aspects of the area e.g. Grasmere Sports Income from tourism helps to maintain the environment Tourism provides employment and income for local people. Different people from different cultures can integrate. This increases cultural understanding What are the challenges of tourism in Grasmere, Lake District? Local shops on the margins of profitability often close to make way for more profitable gift shops. This leaves local people without essential shops. School leavers often look for work in larger settlements due to low wages and high house prices. This causes rural depopulation. Grasmere has lost its original character. The village has become tourist orientated. Traffic causes pollution and narrow roads can become congested in high season. Employment can be seasonal and wages low. House prices in the area can rise due to a demand for second homes. People have moved away Large numbers of hikers cause footpath erosion, which is expensive to repair.

4 Conflict in Grasmere, Lake District Conflict between visitors and residents Roads are congested with slow moving cars and caravans delays people from going about their daily business. Difficulties in parking for local residents. Grasmere has lost its original character due to opening of tourism shops. People can easily find hiking gear but struggle to buy break and milk. Visitors buy second homes, increasing house prices so that local people are pushed out the area. Schools and other services close down as a result. Tourists walk over farmers land damming crops and may leave gates open for animals to escape How can we reduce conflict in Grasmere, Lake District? The Lake District National Park Authority (LDNPA) works with tourist board, local councils and residents to come up with ways to reduce conflict in honeypots. Strategy Create the Grasmere Conservation Area Refuses planning permission for buildings that are out of character in Grasmere Car parks created at the entrance to the village and have been screened with trees A591 acts as a bypass to Grasmere How it reduces conflict? To preserve the character and environment of the village Maintains the character of Grasmere. Improves the environmental quality of the area. Pollution levels are reduced within the village. Parking is more accessible to locals. Keeps traffic out of the village and reduces congestion. Encourage use of public transport Employs park rangers to advise the public Encourage volunteers to repair footpaths Insist homes are built for local people Reduces congestion on roads allowing local people to go about their daily business without delays. Helps the public understand how to conserve the environment (e.g. Mountain bikers) and take into account locals. Improves footpaths and the environmental quality of the area. Keeps services open such as schools and shops as more local people are able to acquire property. Evaluation of some of the management strategies in Grasmere, Lake District Strategy Positive Negative Repairing Grasmere lakeside footpath Car parking restrictions in Grasmere village Refusal of planning permission for out of character proposed new school Successful in creating a more hard wearing surface which won t erode Limits the number of cars parked within the village Maintains the traditional character of the village Now easier for even more people to use the footpath making the honeypot site more busy Local shopkeepers complain that drivers can t just stop and buy goods Makes it difficult for the village to develop new facilities

5 How can tourism be used to address the development gap? How can we measure the development of a country? Gross national product total amount of money made by a country each year Infant Mortality the number of children that die before they reach their first birthday Life expectancy how long people live for Literacy Rate percentage of people who can read and write Calorie intake how much food people eat each day Death Rate how many people die per 1000 people per year Birth Rate how many babies are born per 1000 people per year Internet Usage percentage of people who have internet access. Key Terms: Development - quality of life in a country. This could relate to money, jobs, housing etc. Development indicator - something that tell us what the quality of life is like in a country. Development gap difference between rich and poor countries. Which indicator is better at measuring development? HDI is better. This is because it takes into account more than one variable of development and is therefore more effective and reliable than just looking at a single development indicator (e.g. Birth rate, internet usage) HDI= this measure combines three different variables: 1. Life expectancy 2. Literacy Rate 3. GNI Gives a number between 1 and 0. The closer to 1 the better the quality of life. How does tourism help reduce the development gap? Case Study: Kenya Improved education and health care for local people thus an improvement in quality of life

6 Why is tourism beneficial in Kenya, a developing long haul destination? 11% of the total wage employment is accounted for by tourism and earnings from tourism allow the government to reduce their level of debt Local infrastructure is improved as water and sanitation facilities, roads, buses, taxis and airports are provided for tourists. Visitors get an insight into local customs and traditions. Tourists see beautiful landscapes, wildlife and plants. They can also be educated about the dangers to fragile ecosystems in the modern world. Jobs for local people are created and people can learn new skills in tourism services and construction Foreign currency spent by tourists can be invested in improving local education, health and other services May preserve local cultures and traditions such as the Maasai tribe as these attract tourists Encourages the government to protect its wildlife within National parks and conserve its natural landscape What are the challenges of tourism in closing the development gap? (Kenya, a developing long haul destination) Profits go to foreign companies, such as tour operators and hotel chains, rather than to the local community. House prices in Mombassa rise when foreign companies and investors buy property for hotels and holiday homes. This often makes houses too expensive for locals. If the aim of activities is to entertain, rather than educate tourists, this may belittle the Maasai tribes people Pollution and disruption to wildlife habitats could occur if tourism isn't sustainable. Foreign companies may bring foreign workers to do the skilled jobs; so local people only do low skilled, poorly paid work (less than 3.50 a day). Important projects for local communities might be sidelined as infrastructure developments are focused on tourists. Many Maasai are traditionally nomadic, but many have been forced out of the National Parks - losing their land and also losing their traditional lifestyles. Coastal Environments such as those in Mombassa have been damaged - e.g. destruction of coral reefs as tourists step on the coral and also take souvenirs. Why has tourism declined in Kenya? Causes: 1)Terrorist attacks in Nairobi means people are scared to go (e.g. Westgate Shopping Mall) 2) Competition from nearby Tanzania (beaches) and South Africa (wildlife) 3)Violence in 2007 when 1000 people died due to rioting during the presidential elections. 4) Ebola scares in Africa 5) Somali Pirates kidnapping tourists on remote beaches. Impacts: 1) Locals become unemployed as tourism services close down. 2) Buildings fall into disrepair as they are not used. 3) Kenya lost 500m in 2007 due to decline of tourism industry. 4) Increased crime and drug use. 5) Businesses go bankrupt and facilities are lost.

7 How can we make tourism sustainable? Cotton Tree Lodge, Belize Key Words Sustainable tourism - allows development to continue today without damaging the environment and cultural heritage of the future. Ecotourism holidays that do little or no damage to the natural environment and local community How can we ensure tourism is more sustainable? How is tourism sustainable in Belize? Cotton Tree Lodge an example of ecotourism Environmental Economic Social Reforestation program where guests can help plant new trees e.g. mahogany and teak on land that had previously been rainforest. Lodge has been built from local resources in a sustainable way Electricity is generated from solar panels. 90% of people employed are from local communities Uses local guides who have knowledge and experience Buys foods locally to support regional farmers and businesses. Local women are encouraged to sell their baskets and jewellery to tourists Visitors help to fund and construct a school for the local community Tourists visit local communities and learn about their culture (e.g. Mayan Tribe) Money from tourism is given to local farmers to help educated them about effective farming practices. Tourists donate money $50 to provide equipment for schools in villages of Santa Ana and San Felipe.