Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times

Transcription

1 Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times LETICIA ARROYO ABAD AND JAN LUITEN VAN ZANDEN This article presents new estimations of per capita GDP in colonial times for the notion that colonial institutions impoverished Latin America. I - - The Journal of Economic History 1182

2 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - encomienda, mita, repartimiento and trajin down to a subsistence level and thus extract all income in excess of this sapped much of its economic potential

3 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden mations for Mexico and Peru. 1 - motherland: Spain. despite the limitations to economic development in this period. 1

4 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - - for foodstuffs because inter-oceanic trade in these commodities was - -

5 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden - of real income. 2 trends over time. - estimation - - 2

6 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times GDP discussed earlier and proxied the structure of the labor force over

7 1188 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden - available for the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and Robert McCaa - -

8 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times TABLE 1 Mexico Total 2.8 population (in millions) population (in thousands) 1.8 rate Peru a Total population (in millions) population (in thousands) 12.1 rate Spain Total population (in millions) population* (in thousands) rate inhabitants. a Sources

9 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden trial and services sectors are based on the development of the urban - - estimates are the most conservative ones.

10 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - - levels than in previous centuries.

11 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden Decade Mexico Peru(1) Peru(2) FIGURE 1 Sources -

12 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times 8 power over the allocation and distribution of expenditures. Inter-colonial cajas - into account these transfers in addition to the remittances to the Spanish - - overall comparative performance. 8

13 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden decade Mexico Peru FIGURE 2 Sources -

14 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times He established the infamous mita decade.

15 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden decade Mexico Peru FIGURE 3 Source - -

16 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times and urban crafts also became one of the main avenues for upward social encomenderos and Lima as the domestic metropolises based on their economic pre mita the economic activities in Spanish Latin America and the institutional

17 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden FIGURE 4 Sources: See the text. 11 indicators also indicate that these colonial economies experienced pros- 11

18 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times Decade Mexico Peru Spain England FIGURE 5 Sources -

19 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden TABLE 2 Period Mexico Peru Spain n.a. a Notes: n.a.: not available. a Sources - -

20 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times TABLE 3 Madrid 1.81 Mexico a 1.18 a Sources development.

21 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden Annual GDP growth (%) India Mexico Peru Spain UK China Books per million inhabitants FIGURE 6 Sources human capital. - -

22 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times imposed rates. At the eve of the independence per capita GDP shows that both the - - in Spanish Latin America. 12 from our own estimates.

23 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden Appendix A: Sensitivity Analysis and Other Robustness Checks Decade APPENDIX FIGURE 1 Sources: See Appendix. Own estimation High elasticity Low elasticity

24 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times decade full demand without silver production simple demand without silver production full demand with silver simple demand with silver APPENDIX FIGURE 2 Sources: See Appendix Decade Agricultural output Tithes APPENDIX FIGURE 3 Notes Sources

25 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden decade constant variable APPENDIX FIGURE 4 Sources: See Appendix decade without silver with silver APPENDIX FIGURE 5 Sources: See Appendix.

26 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times APPENDIX TABLE Low population 2.2 Sources levels. Appendix B: Notes on Latin American Urbanization Data tion rates for colonial Latin America. While the Spanish crown conducted population Spanish popula- vecinos, the Spanish male head able. Comprehensive studies on urban centers in the world such as Tertius Chandler

27 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden vecinos in Latin rate. Bolivia - - people.

28 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times Mexico Estadísticas Históricas de México - lation processes in Mexico. Peru - - information. Why Nations Fail American Economic Review Emerging Infectious Diseases

29 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden La población negra de México Biblioteca de Autores Españoles European Review of Economic History Explorations in Economic History Economic History Review European Review of Economic History Economic History Review Explorations in Economic History Modos de producción en América Latina Journal of Latin American Studies Cities and Economic Development Silver Mining and Society in Colonial Mexico: Zacatecas, Journal of Economic Growth Economic History Review Early Colonial Trade and Navigation between Mexico and Peru. Urbanization in the Americas: The Background in Comparative Perspective,

30 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times 1211 The Indian Population of Central Mexico The Aboriginal Population of Central Mexico on the Eve of the Spanish Conquest El esclavo africano en el Perú Hispanic American Historical Review Miners and Merchants in Bourbon Mexico, Ensayos histórico-sociales sobre la urbanización de América Latina, Hispanic American Historical Review. A History of Mining in Latin America Geografía del Perú Virreinal (siglo XVIII) The Economic History of Latin America since Independence. Journal of Economic History Obras Completas de José Martí. Havana: Centro de La ciudad iberoamericana. Revista de Historia Económica/Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History (New Series) Comparative Studies in Society and History Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth 3000 Years of Urban Growth Dinámica de la Población: Caso de Venezuela. Colonial Latin American Historical Review

31 1212 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History, Handbook of Latin American History Social Fabric and Spatial Structure in Colonial Latin America Compendio de Historia Económica del Perú, Economía del Período Colonial Tardío Anuario del Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru The Population of Central Mexico in the Sixteenth Century Essays in Population History: Mexico and the Caribbean Essays in Population History British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution Econometrica The Native Population of the Americas in Madison: Economic History Review Bulletin of the History of Medicine La population des villes des tiers mondes de 1500 à 1950 How Latin America Fell Behind Estudios sobre la ciudad iberoamericana Silver Mines and Silver Miners in Colonial Peru, Liverpool: Revista de Historia Económica El sistema colonial en la América española,

32 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times The North Frontier of New Spain Memorias de los vireyes que han governado el Peré durante el tiempo del coloniaje español America. Journal of Global History America. Economic History Review Colonial Latin American Review Las ciudades en América Latina Boletín del Centro de Investigaciones Históricas y Estéticas Estadísticas Históricas de México The Economies of Mexico and Peru During the Late Colonial Period, Essays on the Price History of Eighteenth- Century Latin America Explorations in Economic History Historia Mexicana The American Finances of the Spanish Empire, Royal Income and Expenditures in Colonial Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia, Handbook of South American Indians, La población de Argentina American Sociological Review The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective Rivista di Storia Economica, no. Economic History Review

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34 Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times Indios y tributos en el Alto Perú The Cambridge History of Latin America El poblamiento de México América Latina en la Historia Económica Journal of Urban History Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe El Virrey Francisco de Toledo y su tiempo, Proyecto de gobernabilidad, el imperio hispano, la plata peruana en la economía-mundo y el mercado colonial. Provinces of Early Mexico, Cajas of Mexico and Lima. In The Economies of Mexico and Peru During the Late Colonial Period, A New World of Gold and Silver. El origen de la Noble Villa de Oropesa. Cochabamba: Hacienda and Market in Eighteenth-Century Mexico European Review of Economic History An Economic History of Indonesia La ciudad iberoamericana,. Los vencidos: Los indios del Perú frente a la conquista española ( ) Disease and Death in Early Colonial Mexico: Simulating Amerindian Depopulation Journal of Latin American Studies 16 Journal of Interdisciplinary History