Pratima Pandey a & Gopalan Venkataraman a a Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of
|
|
- Amanda Morrison
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 This article was downloaded by: [IIT Indian Institute of Technology - Mumbai] On: 08 May 2013, At: 21:31 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: Registered office: Mortimer House, Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Remote Sensing Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: Changes in the glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin, Himachal Himalaya, India, between 1980 and 2010 measured using remote sensing Pratima Pandey a & Gopalan Venkataraman a a Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India Published online: 08 May To cite this article: Pratima Pandey & Gopalan Venkataraman (2013): Changes in the glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin, Himachal Himalaya, India, between 1980 and 2010 measured using remote sensing, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 34:15, To link to this article: PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
2 International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2013 Vol. 34, No. 15, , Changes in the glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin, Himachal Himalaya, India, between 1980 and 2010 measured using remote sensing Pratima Pandey* and Gopalan Venkataraman Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India (Received 11 August 2012; accepted 2 February 2013) This study reports the glacier changes of Chandra Bhaga basin, northwest Himalaya, India, from 1980 to Satellite remote-sensing data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM), the Linear Imaging Self Scanning Sensor (LISS) and Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) of the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) series, and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) were used to study the changes in glacier parameters such as glacier area, length, snout elevation, and the impact of glacier topographical parameters (glacier slope, aspect, and altitude range) on the glacier changes. It was found that the total glaciated area had shrunk to km 2 in 2010 from km 2 in 1980, a loss of 2.5%. The average position of glacier terminuses retreated by ± m from 1980 to 2010 with an average rate of 15.5 ± 5.6myear 1. The decadal scale analysis showed that the average rate of retreat had increased the most in the recent decade. A moraine-dammed lake located in the study region was found to have expanded in area from (0.65 ± 0.01) km 2 in 1980 to (1.26 ± 0.03) km 2 in Glaciers with steep slope and less altitude range have lost more area than the glaciers having gentle slope and greater altitude range. 1. Introduction The Himalaya is the youngest and the highest mountain chain of the world. There are 9575 glaciers in the Indian Himalaya covering an area of 37,466 km 2 (Kaul 1999; Raina and Srivastava 2008; Sangewar and Shukla 2009). The region is aptly called the Water Tower of Asia as it provides around m 3 of water annually (Dyurgerov and Meier 1997). It is home to many large and small glaciers which feed a number of important rivers such as the Ganges, Amu Darya, Indus, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze, Yellow, and Tarim and others in Asia. Apart from being a water provider, the Himalaya also has an important role in Indian climatology. The Himalaya acts as a boundary between the two different climatological regions to its north and to its south. The study of Himalaya is therefore important both climatologically and hydrologically. Recent meteorological studies on the Himalaya report changes in the climate in terms of temperature and precipitation. During the last century, a significant rise in temperature (1.6 C) with a rate higher than the global average has been reported in the northwestern Himalaya (Bhutiyani, Kale, and Pawar 2007). A decreasing trend of snowfall and rising temperature have also been observed over the western Himalaya (Shekhar et al. 2010). *Corresponding author. pratimapandey@iitb.ac.in 2013 Taylor & Francis
3 International Journal of Remote Sensing 5585 Glaciers are indicators of climate change. Changes in climate are reflected in glacier behaviour. Glaciers respond to climate change in terms of length, area, and volume. It has been reported that the Himalayan glaciers have been in a state of recession since the 1850s (Mayewski and Jeschke 1979). The Himalayan glaciers are retreating with varying rates, ranging from a few metres to 50 m year 1 (Kulkarni 2010). The glaciers of Chenab, Parbati, and Baspa basin (Kulkarni et al. 2007), as well as glaciers of Garhwal Himalaya (Bhambri et al. 2011; Mehta, Dobhal, and Bisht 2011), are reported to be shrinking. Studies of the mass balances of Himalayan glaciers have shown that most of them have a negative mass balance (Dobhal, Gergan, and Thayyen 2004; Kulkarni, Rathore, and Suja 2004; Kulkarni et al. 2007; Kumar et al. 2007; Wagnon et al. 2007; Geological Survey of India, personal communication with Dr S. P. Shukla, April 2011). Some large glaciers of Karakoram regions have been reported to be either stable or advancing (Scherler, Bookhagen, and Strecker 2011). However, it is still difficult to interpret the reason for their advancing, whether it is climatological or due to their surging (Gardelle, Berthier, and Arnaud 2012). Glaciers respond to climate changes depending on their dynamics, slope, orientations, and altitude. Remote sensing has proved to be extremely useful for glaciological studies. Although field methods are the recommended ways to monitor glaciers, long-term field observations are difficult to carry out due to a lack of logistics, financial challenges, and harsh weather at high altitudes. The availability of multitemporal remote-sensing data compensates for the field method with promising results. Remote-sensing data have been well exploited for Himalayan glacier monitoring studies (Kulkarni, Rathore, and Suja 2004; Kulkarni et al. 2007; Bahuguna et al. 2007; Berthier et al. 2007; Bhambri et al. 2011, 2012). Glacier retreat, mass balance, and snow cover have been monitored for glaciers in 11 basins in the Indian Himalaya, including Chandra Bhaga basin in a previous study, using remote-sensing data and topographical maps (Kulkarni 2010; MOEF and SAC Report, 2011; Kulkarni et al. 2011). The study reported a retreat of 1868 glaciers in 11 basins. The present study is focused on selected glaciers of the Chandra Bhaga basin and evaluates the glacier changes and impact of topographic parameters on glacier changes using only satellite remote-sensing data covering a period of 30 years ( ). The aim is to study details about each glacier in terms of its size, slope, aspect terminus position, and altitude range and their interrelations. Uncertainties associated with the use of remote-sensing data with different spatial and temporal resolution and errors in glacier mapping have been quantified. 2. Study area The study was carried out for 15 selected glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin located in Lahaul Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh (Figure 1). The criteria for choosing glaciers for this study were (1) that they were identifiable on satellite imagery and (2) an absence of cloud. Some glaciers were not included because of difficulty in mapping, identification of the terminus position, and differentiating the ice divide. Keeping in mind the accuracy of mapping and area calculation, only glaciers well identifiable on all of the images were selected. These 15 glaciers were assumed to be representative of the characteristic changes in the basin. The glaciers chosen for the present study are indicated by yellow numbers 1 15 in Figure 1. Chandra Bhaga is the sub-basin of Chenab basin, lying on the northern ridge of Pir Panjal range of the Himalaya with an elevation range between 2400 m above sea level
4 5586 P. Pandey and G. Venkataraman E E E E N N N N N N km N N N Figure 1. Study area in Chandra Bhaga basin. The yellow numbers indicate the glaciers studied (see also Table 3). The background image was acquired on 11 September 2000 and is a LISS III false colour composite (FCC) with red assigned to LISS band 4, green assigned to band 3, and blue assignedtoband2. (m a.s.l.) and 6400 m a.s.l. The region is composed of metamorphic rocks with their sedimentary cover. This region is important as it falls in the monsoon arid transition zone and marks the boundary of wet climate to its south and a dry climate to its north. The glaciers of this region are influenced by South Asian monsoons in the summer and westerlies in the winter. Therefore, the location of glaciers of this region makes them important for climate change study and also to study the intensity of the monsoon in the northwest. 3. Data Remote-sensing data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS), Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), Line Imaging Self Scanner Sensor (LISS III), and Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) sensors of the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite were used (Table 1). Glaciers are most visible and identifiable during the ablation season (July to September) as the temporary snow cover is at its minimum and the glacier area can be easily demarcated on images. Images were acquired from August to early October, avoiding recent snowfall and cloud cover. Using the LISS III image of 2000 as a base, all other images
5 International Journal of Remote Sensing 5587 Table 1. Data used in the study. Sensor Acquisition date Resolution (m) Scene ID Co-registration error (m) Landsat MSS 3 16 September M /38_ Landsat TM 5 9 October p147r37_5t LISS III 27 September LISS III 11 September L LISS III 13 September L LISS III 16 September LISS III 18 September LISS III 30 September AWiFS 14 September AWFBST00B2345F 24 AWiFS 30 August AWFBST00B2345F 24 were co-registered and projected to a polyconic projection. Glacier topographical parameters (slope, aspect, and elevation) and snowline were obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM). The SRTM is a freely available global digital elevation data set covering over 80% of the globe. The data are available as 3 arc second (approximately 90 m) resolution with vertical accuracy reported to be better than 16 m (Marschalk et al. 2004). The SRTM DEM provides elevation with an uncertainty of less than 16 m in the Himalayan region, and it has even been used for glacier mass balance study by the remote-sensing geodetic method for the northwest Himalaya (Berthier et al. 2007). 4. Methods (glacier area delineation, length, and slope calculation and elevation extraction) Glaciers can be mapped by supervised classification (Aniya et al. 1996; Gratton, Howarth, and Marceau 1990; Sidjak and Wheate 1999), thresholding of ratio images (Paul et al. 2009; Rott 1994), and the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) (Hall, Riggs, and Salomonson 1995; Racoviteanu et al. 2008). Supervised classification, unsupervised classification, and NDSI methods were tested for glacier delineation. These methods are more useful for delineation of clean-ice glaciers. However, most of the glaciers of the study region are covered with debris, and it is difficult to differentiate debris from the surrounding bedrock (Bolch et al. 2008). Bhambri and Bolch (2009) have also reported that NDSI and band ratio methods are not suitable for delineation of the Himalayan glaciers, as most of the glaciers are covered with debris. Manual digitization was, therefore, deemed to be best suited for glacier boundary mapping in this study. Challenges were, nevertheless, encountered for mapping the ice divide and boundary near the terminus regions for debriscovered glaciers. However, the existence of ponds and moraine-damned lakes were used to determine the terminus (Bhambri et al. 2011; Kulkarni et al. 2011). Exposed rocks were excluded from glacier area calculations. The upper boundaries of the glaciers were kept fixed, and it was assumed that they did not change over the studied period (Bhambri et al. 2011). Glacier length was calculated along the centre line of the glacier, i.e. glacier tongue. The average of length lines drawn on the glacier centre from upper boundary to terminus was taken as the glacier length. For the compound glaciers such as Samudra Tapu and Bara Shigri, the average of the lengths measured along the major trunks and branches were considered.
6 5588 P. Pandey and G. Venkataraman The changes in glacier characteristics, in terms of area, length, snout elevation, and mean slope, were compared between 1980 and 2010 for about 377 km 2 of glacier area. Comparisons for the same characteristics between the decades , , and were also made. 5. Uncertainty estimation Since the study uses data from different sources with different spatial and temporal resolutions, uncertainties are likely to be introduced in area and length calculations. It is, therefore, essential to quantify the error introduced in our calculations. The sources of error in area and length estimation are errors due to co-registration and glacier area delineation. The uncertainty in terminus position, e, was estimated using Equation (1): e = a 2 + b 2 + E, (1) where a and b represent the spatial resolution of the two images used, and E is the error of image registration (Hall et al. 2003; Silverio and Jaquet 2005; Wang, Hou, and Liu 2009; Bhambri, Bolch, and Chaujar 2012). The co-registration error for Landsat MSS was approximately 13 m, for Landsat was TM 8 m, for LISS III was 12 m, and for AWiFS was 24 m. Hence, the uncertainties are approximately 99, 45, 45, and 85 m, respectively, for Landsat MSS, Landsat TM, LISS III, and AWiFS. The error in manual digitization of glacier boundaries was estimated to be one pixel (Congalton 1991; Zhang and Goodchild 2002; Hall et al. 2003). The uncertainties of glacier area estimation were determined by the buffer method suggested by Granshaw and Fountain (2006) for each glacier. The area of buffer size around each glacier was set to twice the digitization error (Granshaw and Fountain 2006; Racoviteanu et al. 2008; Wang, Hou, and Liu 2009; Bolch, Menounos, and Wheate 2010). The overall uncertainty in area estimation was, therefore, estimated to be % for the various dates (Table 2). Similar uncertainties were found by Bhambri et al. (2011) for glacier changes study carried out in Garwhal Himalaya using remote sensing, and these uncertainties are well within the previously estimated values (Paul et al. 2003; Racoviteanu et al. 2008; Bolch, Menounos, and Wheate 2010; Bolch et al. 2010; Bhambri et al. 2011). Table 2. Glacier area, , in the study area in Chandra Bhaga basin. Year Area (km 2 ) Uncertainty (%)
7 International Journal of Remote Sensing Results and discussion 6.1. Glacier changes From the analysis, it was found that the glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin are retreating with varying rates. The glacier area has shrunk from km 2 in 1980 to km 2 in 1989, km 2 in 2000 and km 2 in 2010 (Table 2, Figure 2). Glaciers lost 0.7% of total area between 1980 and 1989, 0.4% of total area between 1989 and 1999, and 1.3% of total area between 2000 and A total of about 9.3 km 2 glaciated area was lost in 30 years, a 2.5% loss. The overall rate of recession was estimated as (0.14 ± 0.11)% year 1.However, previous studies (Kulkarni 2010; MOEF and SAC Report 2011; Kulkarni et al. 2011) have N km Glacier extent, 1980 Glacier extent, 2010 Figure 2. Glacier boundaries in 1980 and 2010 overlaying a LISS III false colour composite of 11 September 2000 (red assigned to band 4, green assigned to band 3, and blue assigned to band 2).
8 5590 P. Pandey and G. Venkataraman Table 3. Change in individual glaciers between 1980 and Glacier Area (1980) (km 2 ) Length 1980 (km) Loss in area ( ) (%) Rate of retreat ( ) (m year 1 ) Upward terminus shift ( ) (m a.s.l.) Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Glacier Figure Area loss (%) Glacier area (km 2 ) Scatter plot of initial glacier area in 1980 versus percentage of area loss between 1980 and reported 20% and 30% glacier retreat in Chandra and Bhaga basins, respectively, between 1962 and 2001/2004. The discrepancy may be attributed to the topographical maps provided by the Survey of India (SOI), which were used in the previous studies. Concerns have been raised over the use of SOI topographical maps and their accuracy by Vohra (1980), Agarwal (2001), Raina and Srivastava (2008), Raina (2009), and Bhambri and Bolch (2009). Similar discrepancies in the rate of recession of glacier due to the use SOI topographical maps have also been reported for Garhwal Himalaya, and the rate of retreat has been found to be less than previously reported (Bhambri et al. 2011). The percentage and rate of area loss was greater for smaller glaciers than the larger glaciers, showing their sensitivity to climate change. The rate of retreat was not uniform for all glaciers (Table 3). A nonlinear relationship was found between the initial glacier area and the percentage of glacier area lost (Figure 3). Smaller glaciers that lose a greater percentage of their area have also been reported in other studies (Wang, Hou, and Liu 2009; Bhambri et al. 2011; Kulkarni et al. 2011). Glacier terminuses retreated, on average, by (113.6 ± 44.2) m between 1980 and 1989, (166.4 ± 8) m between 1989 and 1999 and (170.0 ± 60.2) m between 2000 and 2010.
9 International Journal of Remote Sensing 5591 Table 4. Decadal change in glacier characteristics of Chandra Bhaga basin. Parameter Change in glacier area (km 2 ) 2.5 ± ± ± ± 0.5 Loss in area (%) Rate of area loss (km 2 year 1 ) Rate of terminus retreat (m year 1 ) 12.6 ± ± ± ± 5.6 Terminus elevation change (m a.s.l.) 11.5 ± ± ± ± 17.0 N km (a) Glacier extent, 1980 Glacier extent, 2000 Glacier extent, 2010 N km (b) Glacier extent, 1980 Glacier extent, 2000 Glacier extent, 2010 Figure 4. Comparison of glaciers 1 and 13 (see Figure 1), which have lost, respectively, the largest and smallest percentages of area between 1980 and The boundary is shown on a false colour composite of an 11 September 2000 LISS image. The inset images show the frontal loss in the glaciers (false colour composite: red assigned to band 4, green assigned to band 3, and blue assigned to band 2). On average, glacier terminuses retreated by (465.5 ± 169.1) m from 1980 to 2010 with a rate of (15.5 ± 5.6) m year 1. The rate of terminus retreat has increased over the years, being (12.6 ± 4.9) m year 1 between 1980 and 1989, (15.6 ± 8.1) m year 1 between 1989 and 1999, and (17.0 ± 6.0) m year 1 between 2000 and 2010 (Table 4). The terminus retreat rate of Chhota Shigri glacier (glacier 13) located in the basin was found to be (7.7 ± 1.0) m year 1 between 1980 and This is in agreement with the rate reported in a previous study done on the Chhota Shigri glacier between 1988 and 2010 (Azam et al. 2012). Glacier 1 has experienced the greatest loss among the glaciers studied by losing about 14% of its area between 1980 and 2010, while Chhota Shigri has experienced the least loss, about 0.47% of its area (Figure 4). The rate of terminus retreat of Samudra Tapu (glacier 6) was estimated to be (19.9 ± 5.8) m year 1 between 1980 and Another study on the same glacier has reported a rate of 19.5 m year 1 and a loss of 11% of glacier area between 1962 and 2000 (Kulkarni et al. 2006). The agreement of the present study with the previous study
10 5592 P. Pandey and G. Venkataraman Figure 5. The terminus of Samudra Tapu glacier (glacier 6 from Table 3) and moraine-dammed lake. The red ellipse indicates the elongated portion of the snout area. The image is a LISS III false colour composite of 11 September 2000 (red assigned to band 4, green assigned to band 3, and blue assignedtoband2). in terms of rate of retreat of glacier length and the discrepancy in total glacier area loss could possibly be due to the glacier s terminus structure. The terminus area of the Samudra Tapu glacier is elongated and narrower than the main body of the glacier, as shown in the Figure 4. Therefore, even though the glacier length is decreasing at a faster rate, this contributes only to a minimal area loss due to the narrow width of the glacier at this point. The moraine-dammed lake located downstream of the Samudra Tapu glacier (Figure 5) was also monitored for its spatial change during the 30 years studied. The analysis of lake area from remote sensing shows an increase in the area from 1980 to The total area of the lake was (0.65 ± 0.01) km 2 in 1980, and it has increased to (1.26 ± 0.03) km 2 in 2010 with an average rate of (0.019 ± 0.003) km 2 year 1. The rate of the areal expansion of the lake was also found to be increasing over the years. The average terminus elevation of the glacial area was 4504 m a.s.l. in 1980, which has shifted upward to 4546 m a.s.l. in The changes in the study area between 1980 and 2010 are summarized in Table 4. The mean snow line altitude at the end of ablation season (August to early October) of the glacial area (excluding glacier 14) has also risen from 4987 m a.s.l. in 1980 to 5204 m a.s.l. in The snowline altitude at the end of ablation season is considered as the equilibrium line altitude and reflects the current climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation) on the glacier Glacier characteristics If climate is the driving force behind the glacier change, the glacier topographical parameters are the controlling factors for the change. The topography of individual glaciers is,
11 International Journal of Remote Sensing 5593 potentially, the reason for their varying behaviour and response to the same climatic conditions. Glacial topography is an important factor which explains the variability in the recession rates of glaciers of the same basin. A detailed analysis was carried out to study the impact of topographical parameters such as glacier slope, minimum and maximum elevation, altitude range, and aspect on glacier area change. All of the statistical analyses discussed in the study are statistically significant with p < There is a negative relationship between the initial glacier area and the percentage loss in glacier area (Figure 3). A significant statistical correlation with a coefficient of determination, R 2, greater than (i.e. R 2 > 0.69, p = 0.001) exists between the initial glacier area and altitude range (Figure 6(a)), which confirms the important role of initial glacial size and its altitude range in the subsequent shrinkage process (Kaser and Osmaston 2002; Ye et al. 2003; Mark and Seltzer 2005; Wang, Hou, and Liu 2009). A nonlinear inverse relation was found between the percentage of glacier area lost and its altitude range (Figure 6(b)). The relation shows that glaciers with smaller altitude range have lost more area. The altitude range of a glacier was calculated as the maximum minus minimum SRTM DEM elevation (Wang, Hou, and Liu 2009). It can be inferred that smaller glaciers are narrower and tend to lose more area than comparatively wider and larger glaciers. The slope of glacier also plays a major role in the relative balance between retreat and advance (Venkatesh, Kulkarni, and Srinivasan 2011). The statistical analysis shows that larger glaciers tend to have gentle slope, while smaller glaciers have steep slope, though the correlation is very moderate (R 2 = 0.095, p < ) (Figure 6(c)). Further, glaciers with steeper slopes were found to be retreating faster than those with smaller slopes (R 2 = 0.115, p < , Figure 6(d)). (a) Glacier area, 1980 (km 2 ) (b) Area loss (%) R 2 = Altitude range (km) R 2 = Altitude range (km) (c) Glacier area, 1980 (km 2 ) (d) Rate of retreat (m year 1 ) Slope ( ) R 2 = R 2 = Slope ( ) Figure 6. Scatter plots between (a) glacier altitude ranges versus glacier area in 1980, (b) glacier altitude range versus percentage loss of glacier area between 1980 and 2010, (c) glacier slope versus glacier area in 1980 and (d) glacier slope versus rate of retreat of glacier between 1980 and 2010.
12 5594 P. Pandey and G. Venkataraman The advance and retreat of glaciers also depend on the direction in which the glaciers are exposed to the sun. To quantify the effect of exposure, glaciers were grouped into north south (including exposure from northeast, northwest, and southwest) and east west. The percentage of area loss was found to be greater for glaciers exposed in a north south direction (2.5%) than glaciers exposed in an east west direction (2.3%). A study done by Pandey, Kulkarni, and Venkataraman (forthcoming) on the equilibrium line altitude variation of the same region shows that the equilibrium line altitude of glaciers facing north south have shifted to higher elevations than the snowline altitude of the glaciers facing east west. Generally, north-facing glaciers have been found to be shrinking less than south-facing glaciers (Wang, Hou, and Liu 2009; Bhambri et al. 2011) when they were categorized into north and south in other parts of the Himalaya and world. Here, glaciers have two predominant orientations. Most of them are either exposed to the north (including northwest and northeast) or to the east; this aspect should be looked into further. The glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin are mainly of winter accumulation type; however, they are also moderately influenced by the South Asian monsoon in summer. The change of glacier terminus is due to the long-term mass balance variability. Mass balance in turn depends on the accumulation and ablation. The glaciers of the study region get maximum snowfall in winter from western disturbances. Winter disturbances have uniform synoptic intensity throughout this region and cause the maximum amount of snowfall. The southwest monsoon in summer may also contribute to some amount of snow at a higher altitude in this region. The intensity of precipitation, wind direction, and mountain orography play a significant role in snow distribution on a glacier. The reason behind the difference in the area loss for glaciers with different orientations, due to difference in the amount of snowfall they receive, can be studied by monitoring and comparing intraseasonal snowline altitude of the glaciers in the basin. 7. Conclusions This study investigated the status of the glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin in terms of their fluctuations, their interrelationship with different topographical parameters, and quantification of errors and uncertainties associated with the use of multisource remote sensing used for the study and glacier mapping. The glaciers of Chandra Bhaga basin have fluctuated significantly since The glacier area has decreased from km 2 in 1980 to km 2 in 2010, losing 2.5% of total area in 30 years. Smaller and steeper glaciers have decreased faster than the larger and gentle glaciers. The rate of terminus recession on average was (15.5 ± 5.6) m year 1 with the rate going higher in recent decades. Glacier terminus elevations of the basin on average have shifted up to a mean elevation of 4546 m a.s.l. in 2010 from 4504 m a.s.l. in The rising of average equilibrium line altitude of the basin by about 217 m in the 30 year span between 1980 and 2010 indicates a decreasing snowfall and rising temperature trend in the region. The expansion of the area of the moraine-dammed lake located near the terminus of Samudra Tapu glacier links the temperature increase in the western Himalaya and glacier retreat. The higher rate of retreat of Samudra Tapu glacier and the rate of expansion of the glacier lake at its terminus presents an example of the effect of global warming on glaciers, showing that as the glaciers retreat, lakes grow. Temperature rise in the northwest Himalaya has been reported (Bhutiyani, Kale, and Pawar 2007) and the expanding lake found in this study provides evidence for the effect of temperature rise on glacier melting. As the lake is expanding at the cost of glacier melt, due to rise in temperature, it is also negatively
13 International Journal of Remote Sensing 5595 affecting the glacier. The expansion of the pro-glacial lake is probably accelerating the rate of retreat of the glacial snout in response to the influence of a thermal feedback mechanism. The higher rate of recession in glaciers facing north than those facing east needs further research. References Agarwal, N. K Remote Sensing for Glacier Mapping and Monitoring. Geological Survey of India Special Publication 53: Aniya, M., H. Sato, R. Naruse, P. Skvarca, and G. Casassa The Use of Satellite and Airborne Imagery to Inventory Outlet Glaciers of the Southern Patagonia Icefield, South America. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 62: Azam, M. F., P. Wagnon, A. Ramanathan, C. Vincent, P. Sharma, Y. Arnaud, A. Linda, J. G. Pottiakkal, P. Cevallier, V. B. Singh, and E. Berthier From Balance to Imbalance: A Shift in the Dynamic Behavior of Chhota Shigri Glacier, Western Himalaya, India. Journal of Glaciology 58: Bahuguna, I. M., A. V. Kulkarni, S. Nayak, B. P. Rathore, H. S. Negi, and P. Mathur, Himalayan Glacier Retreat Using IRS 1C PAN Stereo Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 28: Berthier, E., Y. Arnaud, K. Rajesh, A. Sarfaraz, P. Wagnon, and P. Chevallier Remote Sensing Estimates of Glacier Mass Balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India). Remote Sensing of Environment 108: Bhambri, R., and T. Bolch Glacier Mapping: A Review with Special Reference to the Indian Himalayas. Progress in Physical Geography 33: Bhambri, R., T. Bolch, and R. K. Chaujar Frontal Recession of Gangotri Glacier, Garwhal Himalayas, from 1965 to 2006, Measured Through High-Resolution Remote Sensing Data. Current Science 102: Bhambri, R., T. Bolch, R. K. Chaujar, and S. C. Kulshreshtha Glacier changes in the Garwhal Himalaya, India from 1968 to 2006 Based on Remote Sensing. Journal of Glaciology 57: Bhutiyani, M. R., V. S. Kale, and N. J. Pawar Long-Term Trends in Maximum, Minimum and Mean Annual Air Temperatures Across the Northwestern Himalaya During the Twentieth Century. Climatic Change 85: Bolch, T., M. Buchroithner, T. Pieczonka, and A. Kunert Planimetric and Volumetric Glacier Changes in the Khumbu Himal, Nepal, Since 1962 Using Corona, Landsat TM and ASTER Data. Journal of Glaciology 54: Bolch, T., B. Menounos, and R. D. Wheate Landsat-Based Inventory of Glaciers in Western Canada, Remote Sensing of Environment 114: Bolch, T., T. Yao, S. Kang, M. F. Buchroithner, D. Scherer, F. Maussion, E. Huintjes, and C. Schneider A Glacier Inventory for the Western Nyainqentanglha Range and Nam Co Basin, Tibet, and Glacier Changes The Cryosphere 4: Congalton, R. G A Review of Assessing the Accuracy of Classifications of Remotely Sensed Data. Remote Sensing of Environment 37: Dobhal, D. P., J. T. Gergan, and R. J. Thayyen Recession and Morphometrical Change of Dokriani Glacier ( ), Garhwal Himalaya, India. Current Science 86: Dyurgerov, M. B., and M. F. Meier Mass Balance of Mountain and Subpolar Glaciers: A New Global Assessment for Arctic and Alpine Research 29: Gardelle, J., E. Berthier, and Y. Arnaud Slight Mass Gain of Karakoram Glaciers in the Early Twenty-First Century. Nature Geoscience 1450: 1 4. doi: /ngeo. Granshaw, F. D., and A. G. Fountain Glacier Change ( ) in the North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington, USA. Journal of Glaciology 52: Gratton, D. J., P. J. Howarth, and D. J. Marceau Combining DEM Parameters with Landsat MSS and TM Imagery in a GIS for Mountain Glacier Characterization. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 28: Hall, D. K., K. J. Bayr, W. Schoner, R. A. Bindschadler, and J. Y. L. Chien Consideration of the Errors Inherent in Mapping Historical Glacier Positions in Austria from the Ground and Space ( ). Remote Sensing of Environment 86:
14 5596 P. Pandey and G. Venkataraman Hall, D. K., G. A. Riggs, and V. V. Salomonson Development of Methods for Mapping Global Snow Cover Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data. Remote Sensing of Environment 54: Kaser, G., and H. Osmaston Tropical Glaciers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kaul, M. K Inventory of Himalayan Glacier. Geological Survey of India, Special Publication 34. Kulkarni, A. V Monitoring Himalayan Cryosphere Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science 90: Kulkarni, A. V., I. M. Bahuguna, B. P. Rathore, S. K. Singh, S. S. Randhwa, R. K. Sood, and S. Dhar Glacial Retreat in Himalaya Using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite Data. Current Science 92: Kulkarni, A. V., S. Dhar, B. P. Rathore, K. B. G. Raj, and R. Kalia Recession of Samudra Tapu Glacier, Chandra River Basin, Himachal Pradesh. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing 34: Kulkarni, A. V., B. P. Rathore, S. K. Singh, and I. M. Bahuguna Understanding Changes in Himalayan Cryosphere Using Remote Sensing Techniques. Journal of Remote Sensing 32: Kulkarni, A. V., B. P. Rathore, and A. Suja Monitoring of Glacial Mass Balance in the Baspa Basin Using Accumulation Area Ratio Method. Current Science 86: Kumar, R., S. Hasnain, P. Wagnon, Y. Arnaund, P. Chevallier, A. Linda, and P. Sharma Climate Change Signal Detected Through Mass Balance Measurement on Benchmark Glacier, Himanchal Pradesh, India. Climate and Anthropogenic Impacts on the Variability of Water Resources. Technical Document in Hydrology 80, Paris: UNESCO/UMR 5569, Hydro Sciences Montpellier. Mark, B. G., and G. O. Seltzer Evaluation of Recent Glacier Recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (AD ): Spatial Distribution of Mass Loss and Climatic Forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 24: Marschalk, U., A. Roth, M. Eineder, and S. Suchandt Comparison of DEMs Derived from SRTM/Xand C-Band. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 7: Mayewski, P. A., and P. A. Jeschke Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan Glacier Fluctuations Since A.D Arctic and Alpine Research 11: Mehta, M., D. P. Dobhal, and M. P. S. Bisht Change of Tipra Glacier in the Garhwal Himalaya, India Between 1962 and Progress in Physical Geography 35: doi: / MOEF and Space Application Centre Report Snow and Glacier Studies. Final Technical Report No A Joint Project of Ministry of Environment and Forests and Department of Space, Govt. of India. Pandey, P., A. V. Kulkarni, and G. Venkataraman. forthcoming. Remote Sensing Study of Snowline Altitude at the End of Melting Season, Chandra-Bhaga Basin, Himachal Pradesh, Geocarto International. doi: / Paul, F., R. G. Barry, J. G. Cogley, H. Frey, W. Haeberli, A. Ohmura, C. S. L. Ommanney, B. Raup, A. Rivera, and M. Zemp Recommendations for the Compilation of Glacier Inventory Data from Digital Sources. Annals of Glaciology 50: Paul, F., C. Huggel, A. Kaab, T. Kellenberger, and M. Maisch Comparison of TM-Derived Glacier Areas with Higher Resolution Data Sets. EARSeL eproceedings 2: Racoviteanu, A. E., Y. Arnaud, M. W. Williams, and J. Ordon Decadal Changes in Glacier Parameters in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, Derived from Remote Sensing. Journal of Glaciology 54: Raina, V. K Himalayan Glaciers: A State-of-Art Review of Glacial Studies, Glacial Retreat and Climate Change. Kosi-Katarmal, Almora: Ministry of Environment and Forests, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development (MoEFF Discussion Paper). Raina, V. K., and D. Srivastava Glacier Atlas of India. Bangalore: Geological Society of India. Rott, H Thematic Studies in Alpine Areas by Means of Polarimetric SAR and Optical Imagery. Advances in Space Research 14: Sangewar, C. V., and S. P. Shukla Inventory of the Himalayan Glaciers: A Contribution to the International Hydrological Programme. An Updated Edition. Kolkata: Geological Survey of India (Special Publication 34).
15 International Journal of Remote Sensing 5597 Scherler, D., B. Bookhagen, and M. R. Strecker Spatially Variable Response of Himalayan Glaciers to Climate Change Affected by Debris Cover. Nature Geoscience 4: Shekhar, M. S., H. Chand, S. Kumar, K. Srinivasan, and A. Ganju Climate-Change Studies in the Western Himalaya. Annals of Glaciology 51, Sidjak, R. W., and R. D. Wheate Glacier Mapping of the Illecillewaet Icefield, British Columbia, Canada, Using Landsat TM and Digital Elevation Data. International Journal of Remote Sensing 20: Silverio, W., and J. M. Jaquet Glacial Cover Mapping ( ) of the Cordillera Blanca (Peru) Using Satellite Imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment 95: Venkatesh, T. N., A. V. Kulkarni, and J. Srinivasan Relative Effect of Slope and Equilibrium Line Altitude on the Retreat of Himalayan Glacier. The Cryosphere Discussions 5: Vohra, C. P Some Problems of Glacier Inventory in the Himalayas. IAHS Publication 126, (Riederalp Workshop 1978 World Glacier Inventory). Wagnon, P., A. Linda, Y. Arnaud, R. Kumar, P. Sharma, C. Vincent, G. P. Jose, E. Berthier, A. Ramanathan, S. I. Hasnain, and P. Chevallier Four Years of Mass Balance on Chhota Shigri Glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India, A New Benchmark Glacier in the Western Himalaya. Journal of Glaciology 53: Wang, Y., S. Hou, and Y. Liu Glacier Changes in the Karlik Shan, Eastern Tien Shan, During 1971/ /02. Annals of Glaciology 50: Ye, B., Y. Ding, F. Liu, and C. Liu Responses of Various-Sized Alpine Glaciers and Runoff to Climatic Change. Journal of Glaciology 49: 1 8. Zhang, J., and M. F. Goodchild Uncertainty in Geographical Information. London: Taylor & Francis.
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR GLACIER MAPPING USING LANDSAT TM
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT METHODS FOR GLACIER MAPPING USING LANDSAT TM Frank Paul Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland Winterthurer Strasse 190, 8057 Zürich E-mail: fpaul@geo.unizh.ch,
More informationLong term mass and energy balance monitoring of Nepalese glaciers (GLACIOCLIM project): Mera and Changri Nup glaciers
Long term mass and energy balance monitoring of Nepalese glaciers (GLACIOCLIM project): Mera and Changri Nup glaciers ICIMOD IRD collaboration Cryosphere team Who? o o o o The cryosphere team of ICIMOD,
More informationGlaciers as Source of Water: The Himalaya
Sustainable Humanity, Sustainable Nature: Our Responsibility Pontifical Academy of Sciences, Extra Series 41, Vatican City 2014 Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences, Acta 19, Vatican City 2014 www.pas.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/es41/es41-kulkarni.pdf
More informationClimate Change and State of Himalayan Glaciers: Issues, Challenges and Facts
Climate Change and State of Himalayan Glaciers: Issues, Challenges and Facts D.P. Dobhal dpdobhal@wihg.res.in Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology Dehra Dun Major Issues Are the Himalayan glaciers receding
More informationObservation of cryosphere
Observation of cryosphere By Sagar Ratna Bajracharya (email: sagar.bajracharya@icimod.org) Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya Arun Bhakta Shrestha International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu,
More informationREVIEWS. Monitoring Himalayan cryosphere using remote sensing techniques. Anil V. Kulkarni
REVIEWS Moniring Himalayan cryosphere using remote sensing techniques Abstract In the Himalayas, large area is covered by glaciers, seasonal snow and changes in its extent can influence availability of
More informationThe Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya. Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC
The Role of Glaciers in the Hydrologic Regime of the Nepal Himalaya Donald Alford Richard Armstrong NSIDC Adina Racoviteanu NSIDC Outline of the talk Study area and data bases Area altitude distributed
More informationRetreating Glaciers of the Himalayas: A Case Study of Gangotri Glacier Using Satellite Images
Retreating Glaciers of the Himalayas: A Case Study of Gangotri Glacier Using 1990-2009 Satellite Images Jennifer Ding Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science (TAMS) Mentor: Dr. Pinliang Dong Department
More informationMorphometric control on glacier area changes in the Great Himalayan Range, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Morphometric control on glacier area changes in the Great Himalayan Range, Jammu and Kashmir, India A. C. Pandey*, M. S. Nathawat and Swagata Ghosh Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology,
More informationThe SHARE contribution to the knowledge of the HKKH glaciers, the largest ice masses of our planet outside the polar regions
The SHARE contribution to the knowledge of the HKKH glaciers, the largest ice masses of our planet outside the polar regions Claudio Smiraglia 1 with the collaboration of Guglielmina Diolaiuti 1 Christoph
More informationGlacier change over the past four decades in the middle Chinese Tien Shan
Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 52, No. 178, 2006 425 Glacier change over the past four decades in the middle Chinese Tien Shan Baolin LI, 1 A-Xing ZHU, 1,2 Yichi ZHANG, 1 Tao PEI, 1 Chengzhi QIN, 1 Chenghu
More informationThe 2nd Glacier Inventory of China
The 2nd Glacier Inventory of China LIU Shiyin Guo Wanqin, Xu Junli, Shangguan Donghui, Wei Junfeng, Wu Lizong, Yu Pengchun, Li Jing, Liu Qiao State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid
More informationPresent health and dynamics of glaciers in the Himalayas and Arctic
Present health and dynamics of glaciers in the Himalayas and Arctic AL. Ramanathan and Glacilogy Team School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University AL. Ramanthan, Parmanand Sharma, Arindan
More informationGlacial retreat in Himalaya using Indian Remote Sensing satellite data
Glacial retreat in Himalaya using Indian Remote Sensing satellite data RESEARCH ARTICLES Anil V. Kulkarni 1, I. M. Bahuguna 1, B. P. Rathore 1, S. K. Singh 1, S. S. Randhawa 2, R. K. Sood 2 and Sunil Dhar
More informationNORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571
NORTH CASCADE SLACIER CLIMATE PROJECT Director: Dr. Mauri S. Pelto Department of Environmental Science Nichols College, Dudley MA 01571 INTRODUCTION The North Cascade Glacier-Climate Project was founded
More informationImplications of the Ice Melt: A Global Overview
Implications of the Ice Melt: A Global Overview Hindu Kush Himalayas International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Our Ice Dependent World The 6th Open Assembly of the Northern
More informationRecession and reconstruction of Milam Glacier, Kumaon Himalaya, observed with satellite imagery RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS. K. Babu Govindha Raj*
32. Raich, J. W. and Tufekcioglu, A., Vegetation and soil respiration, correlations and controls. Biogeochemistry, 2000, 48, 71 90. 33. Bolstad, P. V. and Vose, J. M., Forest and pasture carbon pools and
More informationTEMPERATURE VARIABILITY IN HIMALAYAS AND THREAT TO THE GLACIERS IN THE REGION : A STUDY AIDED BY REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY IN HIMALAYAS AND THREAT TO THE GLACIERS IN THE REGION : A STUDY AIDED BY REMOTE SENSING AND GIS Zahoor-Ul-Islam*, Liaqat Ali Khan Rao 1, Ab. Hamid Zargar 2 Sarfaraz Ahmad, and Md.
More informationDynamic response of glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau to climate change
Christoph Schneider 1/23 Christoph Schneider Yao, Tandong Manfred Buchroithner Tobias Bolch Kang, Shichang Dieter Scherer Yang, Wei Fabien Maussion Eva Huintjes Tobias Sauter Anwesha Bhattacharya Tino
More informationWarming planet, melting glaciers
Warming planet, melting glaciers Arun B Shrestha abshrestha@icimod.org International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal Asia-Pacific Youth forum on Climate Actions and Mountain
More informationThe dynamic response of Kolohai Glacier to climate change
Article The dynamic response of Kolohai Glacier to climate change Asifa Rashid 1, M. R. G. Sayyed 2, Fayaz. A. Bhat 3 1 Department of Geology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India 2 Department
More informationAlarming retreat of Parbati glacier, Beas basin, Himachal Pradesh
1. Hahn, D. G. and Manabe, S., The role of mountains in the south Asian monsoon circulation. J. Atmos. Sci., 1975, 32, 1515 1541. 2. Murakami, T., Effects of the Tibetan Plateau. In Monsoon Meteorology,
More informationAssessment of glacier water resources based on the Glacier Inventory of China
104 Annals of Glaciology 50(53) 2009 Assessment of glacier water resources based on the Glacier Inventory of China KANG Ersi, LIU Chaohai, XIE Zichu, LI Xin, SHEN Yongping Cold and Arid Regions Environmental
More informationSPATIO TEMPORAL CHANGE OF SELECTED GLACIERS ALONG KARAKORAM HIGHWAY FROM USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES
SPATIO TEMPORAL CHANGE OF SELECTED GLACIERS ALONG KARAKORAM HIGHWAY FROM 1994-217 USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES Yasmeen Anwar 1, Javed Iqbal 2 1 National University of Sciences and Technology
More informationUsing of space technologies for glacierand snow- related hazards studies
United Nations / Germany international conference on International Cooperation Towards Low-Emission and Resilient Societies Using of space technologies for glacierand snow- related hazards studies Bonn,
More informationGlacial lakes as sentinels of climate change in Central Himalaya, Nepal
Glacial lakes as sentinels of climate change in Central Himalaya, Nepal Sudeep Thakuri 1,2,3, Franco Salerno 1,3, Claudio Smiraglia 2,3, Carlo D Agata 2,3, Gaetano Viviano 1,3, Emanuela C. Manfredi 1,3,
More informationIntegration Of Reflectance To Study Glacier Surface Using Landsat 7 ETM+: A Case Study Of The Petermann Glacier In Greenland
Integration Of Reflectance To Study Glacier Surface Using Landsat 7 ETM+: A Case Study Of The Petermann Glacier In Greenland Félix O. Rivera Santiago Department Of Geology, University Of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez
More informationCommunity resources management implications of HKH hydrological response to climate variability
Community resources management implications of HKH hydrological response to climate variability -- presented by N. Forsythe on behalf of: H.J. Fowler, C.G. Kilsby, S. Blenkinsop, G.M. O Donnell (Newcastle
More informationGEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF GLACIAL HAZARDS PRONE AREAS OF SHIGAR AND SHAYOK BASINS OF PAKISTAN. By Syed Naseem Abbas Gilany
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF GLACIAL HAZARDS PRONE AREAS OF SHIGAR AND SHAYOK BASINS OF PAKISTAN By Syed Naseem Abbas Gilany PRESENTATION OUTLINE Introduction Problem Statement / Rationale Objectives Material
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1450 Slight mass gain of Karakoram glaciers in the early twenty-first century Julie Gardelle 1, Etienne Berthier 2 and Yves Arnaud 3 1 CNRS - Université Grenoble
More informationTEACHER PAGE Trial Version
TEACHER PAGE Trial Version * After completion of the lesson, please take a moment to fill out the feedback form on our web site (https://www.cresis.ku.edu/education/k-12/online-data-portal)* Lesson Title:
More informationRapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao (Lesser) Dongkemadi Glacier, in the central Tibetan Plateau
HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES Hydrol. Process. 22, 2953 2958 (2008) Published online 8 October 2007 in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).6865 Rapid decrease of mass balance observed in the Xiao
More informationMonitoring of Mountain Glacial Variations in Northern Pakistan, from 1992 to 2008 using Landsat and ALOS Data. R. Jilani, M.Haq, A.
Monitoring of Mountain Glacial Variations in Northern Pakistan, from 1992 to 2008 using Landsat and ALOS Data R. Jilani, M.Haq, A. Naseer Pakistan Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)
More informationSnow Cover and Glacier Change Study in Nepalese Himalaya Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System
26 A. B. Shrestha & S. P. Joshi August 2009 Snow Cover and Glacier Change Study in Nepalese Himalaya Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Arun Bhakta Shrestha 1 and Sharad Prasad Joshi
More informationRemote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India).
Remote sensing estimates of glacier mass balances in the Himachal Pradesh (Western Himalaya, India). E. Berthier, Y. Arnaud, K. Rajesh, A. Sarfaraz, P. Wagnon, P. Chevallier To cite this version: E. Berthier,
More informationIMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EAST-RATHONG GLACIER IN RANGIT BASIN, WEST SIKKIM
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON EAST-RATHONG GLACIER IN RANGIT BASIN, WEST SIKKIM Keshar Kr. Luitel, D. G. Shrestha, N.P. Sharma and R. K. Sharma ABSTRACT The Himalayas, as the name suggests, is the home to
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
In the format provided by the authors and unedited. Here we provide supplementary information about: - ASTER mass balance spatial coverage DOI: 10.1038/NGEO2999 A spatially resolved estimate of High Mountain
More informationTHE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS
THE DISEQUILBRIUM OF NORTH CASCADE, WASHINGTON GLACIERS CIRMOUNT 2006, Mount Hood, OR Mauri S. Pelto, North Cascade Glacier Climate Project, Nichols College Dudley, MA 01571 peltoms@nichols.edu NORTH CASCADE
More informationFifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA
Fact Sheet 2009 3046 >> Pubs Warehouse > FS 2009 3046 USGS Home Contact USGS Search USGS Fifty-Year Record of Glacier Change Reveals Shifting Climate in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska, USA Fifty years
More informationGlacier Area Change over Past 50 Years to Stable Phase in Drass Valley, Ladakh Himalaya (India)
American Journal of Climate Change, 2016, 5, 88-102 Published Online March 2016 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajcc http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajcc.2016.51010 Glacier Area Change over Past 50 Years
More informationHabitat of Large Glaciers and Snow Leopards
Headwaters of High Mountain Asia - Habitat of Large Glaciers and Snow Leopards International Snow Leopard Day A Collaborative Effort to Assess the Role of Glaciers and Seasonal Snow Cover in the Hydrology
More informationRecent Changes in Glacier Tongues in the Langtang Khola Basin, Nepal, Determined by Terrestrial Photogrammetry
Snow and Glacier Hydrology (Proceedings of the Kathmandu Symposium, November 1992). IAHSPubl. no. 218,1993. 95 Recent Changes in Glacier Tongues in the Langtang Khola Basin, Nepal, Determined by Terrestrial
More informationCryosphere Monitoring Programme in the Hindu Kush Himalayas and Cryosphere Knowledge Hub
Cryosphere Monitoring Programme in the Hindu Kush Himalayas and Cryosphere Knowledge Hub Pradeep Mool Programme Coordinator Cryosphere Initiative ICIMOD The First Asian CryoNet Workshop International Centre
More informationINTERAGENCY AGREEMENT BETWEEN NATIONAL PARK SERVICE and NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Cryospheric Sciences Branch, Code 614.1
1 INTERAGENCY AGREEMENT BETWEEN NATIONAL PARK SERVICE and NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Cryospheric Sciences Branch, Code 614.1 Project Title: Change Analysis of Glacier Ice Extent and Coverage for
More informationEstimating the avalanche contribution to the mass balance of debris covered glaciers
The Cryosphere Discuss., 8, 641 67, 14 www.the-cryosphere-discuss.net/8/641/14/ doi:.194/tcd-8-641-14 Author(s) 14. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The Cryosphere Discussions This discussion paper is/has been
More informationA high resolution glacier model with debris effects in Bhutan Himalaya. Orie SASAKI Kanae Laboratory 2018/02/08 (Thu)
A high resolution glacier model with debris effects in Bhutan Himalaya Orie SASAKI Kanae Laboratory 2018/02/08 (Thu) Research flow Multiple climate data at high elevations Precipitation, air temperature
More informationRobson Valley Avalanche Tract Mapping Project
Robson Valley Avalanche Tract Mapping Project Prepared for: Chris Ritchie Ministry of Water Land and Air Protection 325 1011 4th Avenue Prince George, BC. V2L3H9 and Dale Seip Ministry of Forests 1011
More informationNepal Hirnalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air
Annals of Glaciology 16 1992 International Glaciological Society Predictions of changes of glacier Inass balance in the Nepal Hirnalaya and Tibetan Plateau: a case study of air teinperature increase for
More informationMulti-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery
doi:10.5194/tc-5-349-2011 Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The Cryosphere Multi-decadal mass loss of glaciers in the Everest area (Nepal Himalaya) derived from stereo imagery T. Bolch 1,3, T.
More informationsensors ISSN
Sensors 2008, 8, 3355-3383; DOI: 10.3390/s8053355 Review OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 www.mdpi.org/sensors Optical Remote Sensing of Glacier Characteristics: A Review with Focus on the Himalaya Adina
More informationTHE NET VOLUMETRIC LOSS OF GLACIER COVER WITHIN THE BOW VALLEY ABOVE BANFF, /
THE NET VOLUMETRIC LOSS OF GLACIER COVER WITHIN THE BOW VALLEY ABOVE BANFF, 1951-1993 1/ ABSTRACT CHRIS HOPKINSON 2/ Three methods have been used to explore the volumetric change of glaciers in the Bow
More informationWITNESSING CHANGE: GLACIERS IN THE INDIAN HIMALAYAS
WITNESSING CHANGE: GLACIERS IN THE INDIAN HIMALAYAS WITNESSING CHANGE: GLACIERS IN THE INDIAN HIMALAYAS Witnessing Change: Glaciers in the Indian Himalayas Rajesh Kumar, G Areendran, Prakash Rao Editors:
More informationGEOGRAPHY OF GLACIERS 2
GEOGRAPHY OF GLACIERS 2 Roger Braithwaite School of Environment and Development 1.069 Arthur Lewis Building University of Manchester, UK Tel: UK+161 275 3653 r.braithwaite@man.ac.uk 09/08/2012 Geography
More informationThe Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes
Chapter 11 The Potentially Dangerous Glacial Lakes On the basis of actively retreating glaciers and other criteria, the potentially dangerous glacial lakes were identified using the spatial and attribute
More informationCRYOSPHERE ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH AMERICA. Bolivia. Summary
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION GLOBAL CRYOSPHERE WATCH (GCW) CryoNet South America Workshop First Session Santiago de Chile, Chile 27-29 October 2014 GCW-CNSA-1 / Doc. 3.1.2 Date: 20 October 2014 AGENDA
More informationCharacteristics of an avalanche-feeding and partially debris-covered. glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt.
1 2 3 4 Characteristics of an avalanche-feeding and partially debris-covered glacier and its response to atmospheric warming in Mt. Tomor, Tian Shan, China Puyu Wang 1, Zhongqin Li 1,2, Huilin Li 1 5 6
More informationGLOFs from moraine-dammed lakes: their causes and mechanisms V. Vilímek, A. Emmer
GLOFs from moraine-dammed lakes: their causes and mechanisms V. Vilímek, A. Emmer Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic vilimek@natur.cuni.cz
More informationShrinkage of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak Glaciers. from 1936 to 2013
Annals of Glaciology 00 0000 1 1 2 Shrinkage of Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak Glaciers from 1936 to 2013 3 4 H.C. NAINWAL, 1 Argha BANERJEE, 2 R. SHANKAR, 3 Prabhat SEMWAL, 1 Tushar SHARMA 1 5 6 7 8 1
More informationWe are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists. International authors and editors
We are IntechOpen, the world s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,800 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our
More informationGeomorphology. Glacial Flow and Reconstruction
Geomorphology Glacial Flow and Reconstruction We will use simple mathematical models to understand ice dynamics, recreate a profile of the Laurentide ice sheet, and determine the climate change of the
More informationA comparative study of deglaciation in two neighbouring basins (Warwan and Bhut) of Western Himalaya
This is an evidence of the calcium sensing mechanism present in the leaf. The size, morphology and ratio of COM depend on the type of leaf used as template. Spherical COM particles (40 70 nm) were obtained
More informationInternational Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Monitoring and assessment of changes in Glaciers, Snow, and Glacio-hydrology in the Hindu Kush - Himalaya International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development Kathmandu, Nepal The 3rd Third Pole Environment
More informationMAURI PELTO, Nichols College, Dudley, MA
MAURI PELTO, Nichols College, Dudley, MA 01571(mspelto@nichols.edu) Advice I am looking for Better schemes for utilizing atmospheric circulation indices to provide a better forecast for glacier mass balance?
More informationRevised Draft: May 8, 2000
Revised Draft: May 8, 2000 Accepted for publication by the International Association of Hydrological Sciences. Paper will be presented at the Debris-Covered Glaciers Workshop in September 2000 at the University
More informationEvolution of Ossoue glacier, French Pyrenees: Tools and methods to generate a regional climate-proxy
Evolution of Ossoue glacier, French Pyrenees: Tools and methods to generate a regional climate-proxy Renaud MARTI ab, Simon GASCOIN a, Thomas HOUET b, Dominique LAFFLY b, Pierre RENE c a CESBIO b GEODE,
More informationThe Portland State University study of shrinking Mt. Adams glaciers a good example of bad science.
The Portland State University study of shrinking Mt. Adams glaciers a good example of bad science. Don J. Easterbrook, Dept. of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA The recent Portland
More informationJ. Oerlemans - SIMPLE GLACIER MODELS
J. Oerlemans - SIMPE GACIER MODES Figure 1. The slope of a glacier determines to a large extent its sensitivity to climate change. 1. A slab of ice on a sloping bed The really simple glacier has a uniform
More informationAN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Brooke Medley for the degree of Master of Science in Geography presented on March 18, 2008. Title: A Method for Remotely Monitoring Glaciers with Regional Application to the
More informationRetreat of Himalayan Glaciers Indicator of Climate Change
Retreat of Himalayan Glaciers Indicator of Climate Change Ashish Anthwal*, Varun Joshi**, Archana Sharma $, Smriti Anthwal # * G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Garhwal Unit,
More informationRegional Glacier Mass Balance Variation in the North Cascades
1 STUDY PLAN NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION PROGRAM Regional Glacier Mass Balance Variation in the North Cascades PRINCIPLE INVESTIGATORS JON L. RIEDEL NORTH CASCADES NATIONAL PARK ANDREW FOUNTAIN AND BOB
More informationTrends in mass balance indexes connected to spatial location and precipitation
Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology Trends in mass balance indexes connected to spatial location and precipitation Remote sensing of 111 glaciers in the Everest region Annika Burström
More information2. (1pt) From an aircraft, how can you tell the difference between a snowfield and a snow-covered glacier?
1 GLACIERS 1. (2pts) Define a glacier: 2. (1pt) From an aircraft, how can you tell the difference between a snowfield and a snow-covered glacier? 3. (2pts) What is the relative size of Antarctica, Greenland,
More informationUnderstanding dynamics of Himalayan glaciers: scope and challenges of remote sensing
Understanding dynamics of Himalayan glaciers: scope and challenges of remote sensing S. R. Bajracharya*; S. B. Maharjan, F. Shrestha International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), GPO
More informationClimate Change Impact on Water Resources of Pakistan
Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Climate Change Impact on Water Resources of Pakistan Glacier Monitoring & Research Centre Muhammad Arshad Pervez Project Director (GMRC) Outline of
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION doi: 10.1038/ngeo1122 Global sea-level contribution from the Patagonian Icefields since the Little Ice Age maximum Methods Error Assessment Supplementary Figures 1 and 2 Supplementary
More informationGlacier Variations in the Fedchenko Basin, Tajikistan, : Insights from Remote-sensing Images
Glacier Variations in the Fedchenko Basin, Tajikistan, 1992 2006: Insights from Remote-sensing Images Authors: Qibing Zhang, Shichang Kang, and Feng Chen Source:, 34(1) : 56-65 Published By: International
More informationGlaciers and Glacial Lakes under Changing Climate in Pakistan
Pakistan Journal of Meteorology Vol. 8, Issue 15 Glaciers and Glacial Lakes under Changing Climate in Pakistan Rasul, G. 1, Q. Z. Chaudhry 2, A. Mahmood 2, K. W. Hyder 2,3, Qin Dahe 3 Abstract The Himalayas,
More informationQuantifying Changes in Glacier Thickness and Area Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Taku Glacier System, AK
Quantifying Changes in Glacier Thickness and Area Using Remote Sensing and GIS: Taku Glacier System, AK by Lara Hughes-Allen A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the USC Graduate School University of Southern
More informationSnow and Glacier Studies
Final Technical Report Snow and Glacier Studies SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE, ISRO AHMEDABAD 380 015 MAY 2010 Snow and Glacier Studies (A joint Project of Ministry of Environment and Forests and Department
More informationChapter 7 Snow and ice
Chapter 7 Snow and ice Throughout the solar system there are different types of large ice bodies, not only water ice but also ice made up of ammonia, carbon dioxide and other substances that are gases
More informationAnnual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand
Annual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand 1993-2001 NIWA REPORT AK02087 Prepared for the Ministry of Environment June 28 2004 Annual Glacier Volumes in New Zealand, 1993-2001 Clive Heydenrych, Dr Jim Salinger,
More informationGlacier changes in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya, from 1976 to 2009, derived from remote-sensing imagery
Annals of Glaciology 55(66) 2014 doi: 10.3189/2014AoG66A057 61 Glacier changes in the Koshi River basin, central Himalaya, from 1976 to 2009, derived from remote-sensing imagery SHANGGUAN Donghui, 1,3
More informationHimalayan Glaciers Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security. Henry Vaux, Committee Chair December 10, 2012
Himalayan Glaciers Climate Change, Water Resources, and Water Security Henry Vaux, Committee Chair December 10, 2012 Study Context Glacial meltwater is commonly thought h to significantly ifi contribute
More informationStatus of the Glacier Research in the HKH region. By Dr. S. I. Hasnain School of Environmental Sciences Jawahar Lal Nehru University INDIA
Status of the Glacier Research in the HKH region By Dr. S. I. Hasnain School of Environmental Sciences Jawahar Lal Nehru University INDIA The climate of Himalaya is essentially dominated by the south-west
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
doi:10.1038/nature11324 Here we provide Supplementary Methods and Discussions about - Data preparation - Reasons for data selection - Computing elevation difference trends - Division of the study region
More informationGlacial Lake Outburst Flood Mitigation Measures, Monitoring and Early Warning Systems
Chapter 12 Glacial Lake Outburst Flood Mitigation Measures, Monitoring and Early Warning Systems There are several possible methods for mitigating the impact of Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) surges,
More informationURL: <
Citation: Ragettli, Silvan, Bolch, Tobias and Pellicciotti, Francesca (0) Heterogeneous glacier thinning patterns over the last 0 years in Langtang Himal. The Cryosphere, 0. pp. 0-0. ISSN -00 Published
More informationMulti-Decadal Changes in Glacial Parameters of the Fedchenko Glacier in Tajikistan
Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS 2015, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 911-919, Article ID Tech-361 ISSN 2320-0243 Research Article Open Access Multi-Decadal Changes in
More informationUsing LiDAR to study alpine watersheds. Chris Hopkinson, Mike Demuth, Laura Chasmer, Scott Munro, Masaki Hayashi, Karen Miller, Derek Peddle
Using LiDAR to study alpine watersheds Chris Hopkinson, Mike Demuth, Laura Chasmer, Scott Munro, Masaki Hayashi, Karen Miller, Derek Peddle Light Detection And Ranging r t LASER pulse emitted and reflection
More informationImpact of Climate Change in Kalabaland Glacier from 2000 to 2013
Impact of Climate Change in Kalabaland Glacier from 2000 to 2013 S. Rahul Singh 1 and Renu Dhir 2 1 Reaserch Scholar, 2 Associate Professor, Department of CSE, NIT, Jalandhar - 144 011, Pubjab, India E-mail:
More informationQuantification of glacier melt volume in the Indus River watershed
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2011-12-07 Quantification of glacier melt volume in the Indus River watershed Maria Nicole Asay Brigham Young University - Provo
More informationSatellite-era glacier changes in High Asia
Dec. 5, 2009 JSK Satellite-era glacier changes in High Asia Jeffrey S. Kargel*, Richard Armstrong, Yves Arnaud, Etienne Berthier, Michael P. Bishop, Tobias Bolch, Andy Bush, Graham Cogley, Alan Gillespie,
More informationSnow/Ice melt and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Himalayan region
Snow/Ice melt and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood in Himalayan region Dr. SANJAY K JAIN NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY ROORKEE Modelling and management flood risk in mountain areas 17-19 Feb., 2015 at Sacramento,
More informationUsing the Sentinels to map the state and changes of Norwegian glaciers
/Copernicus Sentinel / Using the Sentinels to map the state and changes of Norwegian glaciers Liss Marie Andreassen, Solveig H. Winsvold, Andreas Kääb, Alexandra Messerli, Geir Moholdt, Suruchi Engelhardt,
More informationNew measurements techniques
2 nd Asia CryoNetWorkshop New measurements techniques Xiao Cunde (SKLCS/CAS and CAMS/CMA) Feb.5, 2016, Salekhard, Russia Outline Definition of New Some relative newly-used techniques in China -- Eddy covariance
More informationAdaptation in the Everest Region
Adaptation in the Everest Region Bhawani S. Dongol Program Officer-Freshwater Program WWF- The Global Conservation Organization bhawani.dongol@wwfnepal.org 26 March 2010 Himalayan water towers The Himalayan
More informationChanges of Glacier Lakes Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study from India
ISSN 0354-8724 (hard copy) ISSN 1820-7138 (online) Changes of Glacier Lakes Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study from India Praveen Kumar Rai A *, Varun Narayan Mishra B Received: January
More informationClimate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Nepal with Reference to the Glaciers in the Langtang Himalayas
58 N. P. Chaulagain August 2009 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Nepal with Reference to the Glaciers in the Langtang Himalayas Narayan Prasad Chaulagain Alternative Energy Promotion Centre,
More informationGlacier Change in the North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington State USA,
Glacier Change in the North Cascades National Park Complex, Washington State USA, 1958-1998 Frank D. Granshaw Portland State University Geology Department THESIS APPROVAL The abstract and thesis of Frank
More informationENSC454 Snow and Ice: Glaciers April Roger Wheate (NRES)
ENSC454 Snow and Ice: Glaciers April 1 2015 Roger Wheate (NRES) Roger.Wheate@unbc.ca Sólheimajökull, Iceland The main purpose of snow: it makes glaciers April 1 other uses of snow April 1 uses of glaciers:
More information