PART 1: INTRODUCTION What Is A Conservation Management Strategy Mainland Southland/West Otago Setting 4

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1 Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Special Note for Readers Contents PART 1: INTRODUCTION What Is A Conservation Management Strategy Mainland Southland/West Otago Setting Conservation Significance The Future Statutory Basis For Management 13 PART 2: ECOSYSTEMS MANAGEMENT Rationale Ecosystems Audit Strategies for Ecosystem Management Terrestrial Ecosystem Management Animal Pest Control Pest Plant Control Fire Control Restoration Legal Protection Coastal And Marine Ecosystems Indigenous Species Indigenous Species Marine Mammals Freshwater Fisheries Island Management Information Management, Survey And Monitoring Facilities And Access For Ecosystems Management 100 PART 3: HISTORIC RESOURCE CONSERVATION Rationale Threats To Historic Places Present Management And Priorities Other Options for Protection Kaupapa Maori 105

2 3.6 Strategic Directions 106 PART 4: RECREATION AND TOURISM Rationale Context Recreation and Tourism Development Proposals Recreation and Tourism Concessions Marine Mammal Viewing Camping and Picnic Areas Bicycle Use Vehicle Use Air Access Recreational Hunting (Wild Animals and Game Birds) Domestic Animals Signs Visitor Safety 142 PART 5: RESOURCE AND ESTATE USES Rationale Taking of Plants, Animals and Natural Materials Whitebait Fishing Commercial Freshwater Fishing Commercial Sphagnum Moss Harvesting Grazing Beehives Water Resource Uses And Land Drainage Hydro-electric Power Development Mining (Prospecting, Exploration and Mining) And Gravel Extraction Telecommunication Facilities Private Huts Military Use 172

3 5.14 Roads, Access And Utilities Use Of Riparian Areas Managed By The Department 175 PART 6: LANDSCAPE UNITS STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT Te Wahipounamu (South-West New Zealand) World Heritage Area Big Bay Fiordland Waitutu - Rowallan Lower Waiau Longwoods Southland Plains Waituna Western Catlins Hokonui Taringatura Mid Waiau Takitimu Northern Plains North East Uplands Umbrella Garvie Eyre Mavora Te Anau Basin 304 Glossary 312

4 Acknowledgements Many people have made significant contributions to this conservation management strategy. Special thanks go to those who participated in earlier consultation rounds, particularly those involved in workshops. Thanks also to all staff of the Southland Conservancy and members of the Southland and Otago Conservation Boards who have put so much of their valuable time into this project. Specific thanks to those who attended public meetings and made submissions on the draft CMS. Thanks to Sheryl McCammon who created the artwork for the cover. Special Note for Readers The Government and Ngai Tahu have recently concluded negotiations regarding claims for redress made against the Crown under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, and subsequent findings of the Waitangi Tribunal. In November 1997, the two parties signed a Deed of Settlement that provides for full, final and enduring settlement of the Ngai Tahu claims. This Conservation Management Strategy should be read in conjunction with the Deed of Settlement between the Crown and Te Rununga o Ngai Tahu and its implementation shall be consistent with the Deed and will comply with any legislation that results from that settlement. Update Since the approval of this CMS by the New Zealand Conservation Authority in July 1998 the Deed of Settlement has been endorsed by parliament through the Ngai Tahu Claims Settlement Act Further information on the settlement and how it affects land administered by the department in this CMS area is included at the back of this printing of the CMS. The information does not form part of the approved text, but is provided here in recognition of the new legislative framework now in place. The Act requires that the existence of Department of Conservation Protocols be noted in CMSs affecting the Ngai Tahu claim area. The term protocol is defined in the Act to mean a statement in writing, issued by the Crown through the Minister of Conservation to Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu which sets out: a) How the Department of Conservation will exercise its functions, powers and duties in relation to specified matters within the Ngai Tahu claim area; and b) How the Department of Conservation will, on a continuing basis, interact with Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu and provide for Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu input into its decision making process. A summary of the Protocols issued in October 1998 is included at the end of this printing of the CMS.

5 Foreword The Mainland Southland/West Otago region contains diverse and extensive natural areas - the wild and relatively unspoilt Fiordland; large forested mountainous areas such as Waitutu, Takitimu, Eyre and Blue Mountains and the Longwoods; diverse coastlines ranging from rugged, rocky cliffs to large open vistas and important estuaries; and scattered forest, wetland and grassland remnants. About half (51%) of this region comprises land administered by the Department of Conservation; with 40% being the vast Fiordland National Park. Many of these protected natural areas are affected by introduced animal and weed pests. Other lands also have significant natural features which are subject to logging, drainage of wetlands, mining and alteration of waterways. These threats pose significant challenges for future protection of natural values. Mainland Southland/West Otago has a rich history of Maori and European settlement - evidence of which can be rediscovered today. Sites of importance to iwi are found throughout the region, but particularly along the coast. Agricultural production dominates many parts of the landscape today. Coastal resources are still exploited, but not to the same extent as the early 1800's. Indigenous forestry is being replaced by a growth in exotic plantations and tourism, while initially focused on Milford and Te Anau, is spreading to other areas of Mainland Southland/West Otago. Recreational opportunities vary from wilderness and remote opportunities to those close to the urban areas such of Invercargill, Bluff and Gore. Management and use of the reserves, conservation areas and the national park in Mainland Southland/West Otago must generally be in accordance with a Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) as recognised by the Conservation Act There will be 17 CMS s prepared to cover the whole of New Zealand. The inland boundary adopted for this Mainland Southland/West Otago follows the Department's administrative boundary between the Southland and Otago Conservancies. Stewart Island is covered by a separate CMS. This CMS has been prepared in consultation with the Southland and Otago Conservation Boards and other interested parties. The Otago Board has jurisdiction over the western part of the Catlins Coastal Rainforest Park which lies in this CMS area. The Southland Conservation Board has jurisdiction over the rest of the area covered in this CMS. It sets out the management strategies for the natural and historic resources of Mainland Southland/West Otago over the next ten years. The CMS was publicly notified on 27 May Submissions closed 9 September with 180 written submissions received and one oral submission from iwi. Eighty submitters chose to speak to their submissions with representatives of the Southland Conservation Board and the department at meetings held throughout the CMS area. Having revised the CMS in light of these submissions and discussions, the department forwarded it to the Southland and Otago Conservation Boards for their consideration. The Boards forwarded the revised CMS to the New Zealand Conservation Authority for approval. After requesting further amendments be made, the authority approved the document in July Jan Riddell Chair Southland Conservation Board

6 Part 1: Introduction 1.1 What Is A Conservation Management Strategy A Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) is a statutory document which implements general policies and establishes objectives for the integrated management of natural (including land and species) and historic resources. The conduct of some activities on land administered by the Department of Conservation can only take place by and in accordance with the CMS. Those preparing regional and district plans under the Resource Management Act must have regard to any relevant CMS. It must be noted, however, that a CMS is generally a statement of intent and does not override the provisions of legislation, general policy and agreements. The key concept is integrated management: it attempts to provide a more holistic view (i.e., to provide an understanding of the linkages between parts and their mutual dependence and/or independence). Before CMS's were required, separate management plans were prepared for individual protected areas, as were separate policies for different management functions. They were often unrelated and created in isolation. The CMS will avoid this by presenting a broad overview of issues and responsibilities; and by providing for long-term integrated strategies, which set management priorities for the natural and historic resources in Mainland Southland/West Otago. The area covered by this Draft Mainland Southland/West Otago CMS, is shown on the map overleaf, which extends out to the 12 mile limit. The department administers 1322 land units in this CMS area, comprising 1,779,516 hectares (approximately 55% of the total CMS area). The majority of land administered by the department in Mainland Southland/West Otago (outside of Fiordland National Park) do not have management plans. The existing management plans are: Fiordland National Park Management Plan 1991 Mavora Lakes Park Conservation Management Plan 1993 Glenburnie Bush Scenic Reserve Management Plan 1983 Leithen Bush Scenic Reserve Management Plan 1983 Draft Waituna Wetlands Scientific Reserve Management Plan 1984 All but the Fiordland National Park Management Plan will be replaced by this CMS. The content of this CMS has had regard to the existing management plans. The intention is to not prepare any further conservation management plans (CMP's), except for a plan to address the detailed management requirements of the two marine reserves in Fiordland and any additional marine reserves that might be established around the mainland Southland coast in the future. This CMS presents the statutory basis for management and addresses ecological management, historic resource conservation, recreation and tourism, and resource and estate use issues. How major issues and management functions are to be dealt with over the next 10 years (and longer) is addressed, as are management priorities. While the CMS outlines how the Department of Conservation will fulfil its responsibilities in this time period it also has wider ramifications, for example, providing guidance for present and future users of lands administered by the department. The CMS will influence the department's annual business planning process which determines the appropriate allocation of resources between different activities of the department for each business year. It is important that the objectives and implementation measures stated in the CMS are followed through in this process. The department also prepares a range of operational strategies and plans which are intended to direct specific work programmes. They set out how the provisions of the CMS will be achieved. Those prepared at a national level will be influenced by all CMS's, which collectively indicate what should be, or needs to be done. Local operational plans should be developed within the policy framework provided by the CMS. Examples of strategies and plans include the Southland Historic Resource Strategy, and species recovery plans/strategies. 1

7 How This CMS Works The southern landscape is a diverse and varied one. To take account of how diverse it is and the variety of its management issues, the CMS area has been divided into 19 Landscape Units which are based on physical features of slope, soil, geology, and vegetation. Each is intended to be a relatively homogenous area. They have been designed to make the task of description and analysis easier. Landscape units have been adopted in preference to Ecological Regions and Districts (refer , p51) to take into account factors such as community, economy and visitors that are relevant to the CMS, but were not considered when ecological boundaries were determined. Where other factors are insignificant the ecological boundaries remain largely unchanged (eg, Eyre). Where factors such as community affiliation are important (eg, Lower and Mid Waiau) the landscape unit boundaries are different to the ecological boundaries. The use of Landscape Units was regarded as the format which best suited the preparation of management strategies for this CMS area. It is noted that a different format - based on Geographical Zones - has been used in the Otago CMS, which has an extensive common boundary with this CMS. The landscape units are: Big Bay Fiords Waitutu Lower Waiau Longwoods Southland Plains Waituna West Catlins Hokonui Taringatura Mid Waiau Takitimu Northern Plains Northeast Uplands Umbrella Garvie Eyre Mavora Te Anau Basin The introduction presents a "snapshot" of the Mainland Southland/West Otago CMS area. It outlines physical and land characteristics, indigenous ecosystems, an historical overview, today s community, economy and visitors, and the status of conservation in this CMS area. An outline of the legislation governing this CMS is also given. You can use this CMS in two ways: 1. Landscape Units 2. Topic (function) based 1. Landscape Units This allows the reader to identify specifically with a particular place. For example, if you lived in Colac Bay and wanted to see how this document would affect you, the following process should be used: 1. Refer to the landscape unit map and look for Colac Bay (Longwoods Landscape Unit). 2

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10 2. Once you have determined which landscape unit you are in, it is just a matter of referring to this unit in Part 6 to see what it states about your area. Should it fall within the boundaries of the Fiordland National Park, refer to its management plan. To get an overall picture it is suggested that you also read the other sections of this CMS. 2. Topic Based Should you require more specific information about topic-related issues, the contents page will direct you. Should you want to know primarily about recreational facilities, for example you would find this in the chapter titled Recreation and Tourism. More specifically, if you want to know the approach for providing mountain bike facilities on lands administered by the department, refer to section 4.7. Those people who are interested in uses other than recreation on land administered by the department refer to the chapter titled Resource and Estate Uses. For example, if you are interested in mining on lands administered by the department, you should refer to section

11 1.2 Mainland Southland/West Otago Setting Origins Mainland Southland/West Otago's landscape reflects New Zealand's geological history. Tectonic uplift between crustal plates is a key factor in the development of the southern landscape and offshore bathometry. The results of the different geological periods have left Southland with a varied and interesting landscape. The ancient (Palaeozoic) rocks formed the base rocks of Fiordland and the Takitimu and Longwood Ranges. During the Palaeozoic age the Southland Syncline was formed, one of the most significant structural elements in New Zealand geology. Repeated layers of hard and soft "middle age" (Mesozoic) rocks are responsible for the parallel ridges seen in the hills of the Taringatura, Hokonui and Catlins Ranges. In the third period of earth history, the Tertiary, much of this CMS area lay under the sea and layers of sand, silt, mud and limestone were laid down. These layers were stripped off hill and mountain-tops when they were subsequently uplifted, but the soft marine rocks are left in the Waiau Valley, and in small outcrops to the east at Waipapa Point and Forest Hill. The Quaternary or fourth period of earth history featured the Pleistocene Ice Ages (glaciations). Because of Southland's southerly latitude and maritime climate, glaciations in Fiordland were extensive and wet. The fiord landscape and the southern lake basins were scoured by glaciers. Huge rivers carried the scoured gravel south down the Waiau and Waimea Valleys and across the Southland Plains, building huge gravel fans across as far as Stewart Island. Climatic conditions have also influenced Mainland Southland/West Otago's landscape. As temperatures warmed from years ago, glaciers retreated and sea level rose, flooding the fiords and southern estuaries and starting development of the peatland soils which characterise coastal Southland. Vegetation began re-establishing on scree-slope hills and on loess (wind-blown glacial silt) covered terraces. Mainland Southland/West Otago lies at a latitude between 44½ and 46 South. To the west, the ranges of Fiordland form a barrier to the roaring westerly winds sweeping across the Tasman Sea. Rainfall in the Fiords of upwards of 8000 mm per annum is the result of the moist winds being forced to rise over the mountains. As a consequence, parts of northern Southland lie in a rain shadow which becomes increasingly dry and approaches a "continental" climate further north in Central Otago. Along the south coast, rainfall drops from 2500 mm per annum in the western extent of the Waitutu Forest to around 1000 mm per annum at Waituna. Moist conditions and cool temperatures, moderated by the maritime water bodies, set the scene for Southland's distinctive landscapes, soils and biota. Landscape Southland/West Otago contains some of the most distinctive landscapes in New Zealand. The splendour of Fiordland is internationally recognised. There are high mountainous areas, extensive rolling hills, plains, estuaries, rocky bluffs and vast sandy beaches. The largest mountains are found in the west of Southland. Fiordland is renowned for its combination of steep granite mountains, glaciated valleys, remote coastline, indented fiords, large rivers and lakes, hidden tarns, continuous forested areas, and sheer vastness. Many of these features, when combined, are unique to New Zealand. Along the northern boundary with Otago a series of high mountain ranges dominate the skyline, providing an important backdrop to the northern plains. These include the Umbrella, Garvie, Eyre and Livingstone Mountains. Extensive tussock grasslands provide a visual contrast to the forested mountains. The different seasons bring dramatic changes for the visual senses. Dividing the Te Anau Basin from the other plain areas of Southland are the Takitimu Mountains. They provide an important landmark in northern Southland, having a rugged silhouette and dominant scree features not seen elsewhere in the region. The Blue Mountains provide an important landmark for West Otago. The northern and southern plains are divided by the geologically, internationally significant hills of the Southland Syncline, particularly the Hokonuis. The plains consist of flat or gently undulating areas. The Southland Plains are dominated by major river systems. To many, the rural scenery of gently rolling pastoral landscapes, dotted with sheep and 4

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13 Southland) and in coastal wetlands are distinguishing features of Southland. By 1400 AD the browsing system of birds (mainly moa) is thought to have ceased to exist. The effect of browsing mammals introduced by Europeans, is believed to have had more adverse effect on tussock grasslands than moa. With European occupation came the introduction of exotic grassland species, increased burning, and land development, all of which reduced the tussock areas. Wetlands characterise Southland, reflecting both today's climate and its glacial history. Glaciation creates conditions where drainage is often poor. Huge bogs in eastern Fiordland, as well as the lakes from Te Anau to Hauroko are the result. Rising sea levels across the Foveaux Strait "plain" created the south coast wetlands, lagoons and estuaries. Braided and meandering rivers crossing the Waiau, Waimea and Southland Plains created a third type of wetland comprising cut-off meanders and riparian wetlands. In the past wetlands were more numerous. The loss has mainly occurred through drainage and to some extent river straightening. A fourth type of wetland is associated with springs and flushes on hillslopes and terraces. Associated with wetlands are a variety of freshwater habitats. Many contain native whitebait fisheries and introduced trout, such as the Mataura River. There are records of rare native fish in this CMS area which depend on the natural range of freshwater habitats. Important components for the survival of freshwater fish include clean water, shade and cover along stream banks, lack of inflowing sediments and free access between the river and the ocean. These conditions still exist in the western lake-fed rivers of the Waitutu where the land is largely unmodified, but in the Waiau River and across the Southland Plains freshwater ecosystems have been affected by river regulation, land clearance and drainage, flood protection works and tide gates. There are a wide range of coastal ecosystems. The steep rocky shores of Fiordland include areas important to seal and penguin populations and other wildlife. The South coast to the Catlins comprises a series of capes and bays. The rocky capes vary from having broad shore platforms to steeply dropping cliffs. The bays are either sandy or gravely beaches, many enclosing shallow lagoons and estuaries. Dune systems in Southland are important nationally. Marine ecosystems reflect the influence of factors both seaward and landward of the shore. Immediately west of the Fiordland coast, the seabed drops to a depth of over 5000m, and currents flowing from Tasmania flow into the coast. Through Foveaux Strait, a predominantly easterly oceanic drift flows over shallow (50m) waters with a sandy and pebbly bed, sand waves and rocky reefs. The distinguishing feature of the Fiordland coast are the deep fiords, with depths over 250m and which penetrate up to 50 km inland. These are home for a diversity of marine species, from marine mammals - seals, dolphins and whales - to a range of rare seabirds - including a variety of penguin species - to well known and unknown shellfish, finfish, seaweeds and a host of other species. The island ecosystems consist mainly of volcanic reefs and rock outcrops in northern Foveaux Strait, and islands off the Fiordland coast. These are important marine ecosystems. They are important refugia for native species because most islands lack predators like stoats and rats which are found on the mainland. For this reason, the recent discovery of the rare Herekopare weta on Pig Island is exciting but not surprising. Even on the mainland, it is possible to think of some sites as "islands", as they stand out as outliers such as the limestone knoll at Forest Hill. Human History Mainland Southland/West Otago has had a long association with both Maori and European. The availability of natural resources in this part of the country has strongly influenced the kind of activities that have occurred. Historic resources on lands administered by the department reflect many of these activities. Having said this, these same activities have strongly influenced the state of conservation in Southland. The first Maori in Te Waipounamu had to learn to adapt to a relatively harsh climate. Over the centuries, a system of resource management suited to Murihiku (Southland) conditions was developed. Careful observation led to an advanced understanding of the habitat and breeding cycles of all the fish, birds and plants used by the tribes. Mahika kai activities largely determined the social and work activities of the tribe. These activities were timetabled according to the resources available in any given area and their optimal seasonal harvest times. Food-gathering expeditions in waka hunua (double hulled canoes) occurred, with regular journeys across the Southern Alps, lakes and fiords. The occupation of Murihiku by Maori over hundreds of years has left many sites of spiritual, historic and cultural importance. The names of some sites testify to significant battles, others are recognition of cultural beliefs or important mahika kai kaika. Some are solely descriptive. Ngai Tahu place great importance on the protection of their wahi tapu and 6

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15 Community, Economy and Visitors Today While past activities have influenced the state of conservation in Mainland Southland/West Otago, the existing situation will have an effect on the way the department manages the lands it administers in the future. There are two distinct and important components to Mainland Southland/West Otago's economy today; one based on primary production, the other on a current growth in tourism. Agriculture is dominated by sheep farms, with some sheep/beef fattening units throughout Southland. In the last few years there has been a large increase in dairy units. The growth in dairying has occurred on the Southland Plains between Invercargill and Gore, and around Riverton. Arable cropping occurs in small amounts, generally in northern Southland. Farming of deer is an important part of the rural sector, particularly around Te Anau and on the fringes of urban areas. There are significant processing industries associated with the rural sector, such as meat plants, and a dairy factory at Edendale. The aluminium smelter at Tiwai is New Zealand s single largest export earning industrial site. Fishing and aquaculture are important. Fisheries are dominated by rock lobster, paua, oysters, hoki, orange roughy, squid and cod. Processing plants are located at Bluff, Invercargill and Riverton. Marine farms may be developed in sheltered waters around the mainland Southland coast. The planting of exotic forests is the fastest growing rural activity in Mainland Southland/West Otago, with downstream industries expected to develop to cater for this. There are approximately hectares of exotic forests in Southland. There are a number of sawmills and a chip mill in the region. There is a paper mill at Mataura. Mineral extraction includes gold, lignite, gravels, limestone and a variety of other minerals. Mainland Southland/West Otago is the third largest coal producing region in New Zealand and a significant producer of lime. Electricity is produced at West Arm, Lake Manapouri and at Lake Monowai. Manufacturing is dominated by the aluminium smelter at Tiwai, a major employer of Invercargill residents. The fastest growing industry in Mainland Southland/West Otago is tourism, particularly eco-tourism activities centred around Fiordland. Fiordland averages visitors per year (NZ Internal Visitor Survey ). The expected increase in visitors to this CMS area will have an impact on recreational facilities on lands administered by the department. There are a wide and diverse range of recreational opportunities available in Southland, ranging from passive recreation such as picnicking and short walks, to remote, challenging experiences. With the growth in outdoor recreation both locally and internationally, it is likely that more pressure will be put on the lands administered by the department to provide opportunities and facilities to cater for this. The infrastructure network which supports all these industries is good. At Bluff there is an international port. Smaller facilities are located at Riverton and Milford Sound. The airport at Invercargill has been developed to cater for international travel (though this does not occur at present). Smaller airfields are located around Southland, catering for rural activities and tourist flights. There is an extensive roading network to most parts of the region, though access to Fiordland is limited, as it is with other remote areas. The main rail trunk line travels to Bluff, with a lesser used rail line travelling to Ohai-Nightcaps area. Southland's population (not including West Otago) at the last census was (2.9% of the national total). The largest population centre is Invercargill City (55 566), with the main smaller towns being Gore, Winton, Te Anau and Tapanui. The majority of the remaining population live in small, scattered rural communities. The population of Southland is declining and ageing. This trend is not expected to change in the near future. The department acknowledges the role the general public has in decision-making and will ensure to involve them in major decisions to the extent that is possible under the Acts which it administers. Kaupapa Atawhai Three principal tribes of Te Waipounamu(South Island) - Waitaha, Kati Mamoe and Ngai Tahu - occupied Southland in Succession before the arrival of Europeans. Ngai Tahu established their control of Te Waipounamu by intermarriage, diplomacy and warfare with Waitaha and Kati Mamoe, so that today, Ngai Tahu holds manawhenua within this CMS area. Ngai Tahu have a tribal organisation called Te Runanga O Ngai Tahu comprising 18 papatipu (traditional) runanga each having a takiwa (area) which may overlap with takiwa of neighbouring runanga. 8

16 The Maori system of traditional rights to, and attitudes towards land, water and natural resources evolved over time. It incorporates a unique blend of religious belief, societal structure, the nature of the surrounding environment and people's reliance on that environment. The department is required to work in a close relationship with iwi. This relationship is based on consultation and cooperation. To maintain regular contact the Kaitiaki Roopu has been established. One representative from each of the runanga makes up the Kaitiaki Roopu. The department also employs a Kaupapa Atawhai manager to facilitate the relationship between iwi and the department. Although retaining traditional values, this framework also absorbed the changes in social organisation which emerged through adaptation to new environments and the development of a new economy. These changes required the adoption of new skills, new technologies and new methods of resource control and labour utilisation. The abundance and quality of the resources available to the tribe directly determined their welfare and future. It was a simple reality that those with resources flourished and those without perished, therefore, the management and maintenance of resources was the foremost concern. Ngai Tahu's perspective is that people are intricately linked to the environment and that use of natural resources should be conserved and managed in a sustainable manner that ensures availability to their mokopuna (descendants). All individuals were guaranteed resource rights necessary for their survival and well-being, but that ideal was tempered with the responsibilities of manawhenua, rangatiratanga and kaitiakitanga. The control mechanisms of rahui and tapu imposed by tohunga and rangatira were used to protect and manage individual resource areas, and to restrict the actions of individuals in the higher interests of the wider tribal group. These controls were reinforced by the fear of both spiritual and physical retribution. The traditional Ngai Tahu system of resource allocation and control contained and reflected all of those beliefs and practices which were important to society's welfare and identity. In this way, the physical environment and the Ngai Tahu interaction with it was an unbroken combination of the past, present and the unfolding future. The department is required to consult with Ngai Tahu and will continue to do so to ensure that iwi viewpoints are taken into account in the departments decision making process (refer also, Treaty of Waitangi section 1.5). 9

17 1.3 Conservation Significance This section briefly outlines the current conservation significance of the Mainland Southland/West Otago CMS area, as well as major trends and issues which will direct the strategies outlined in this document. The protected natural areas are diverse. Forest is by far the most extensive protected ecosystem. Large tracts are protected in Fiordland National Park, Pyke Forest, Waitutu, Dean/Rowallan, the Longwoods and the Takitimus in the west. In the northern part of Southland, forest is also protected in the Livingstone, Snowdon and Eyre Mountains. Smaller areas are protected in the Garvie and Umbrella regions. These forests are generally beech or beech/podocarp. In West Otago the Blue Mountains and Catlins Forest dominate the protected area network. These areas also provide protection for important alpine, wetland and tussock ecosystems. Altitudinal sequences are a significant feature. The plains contain many fragmented, small protected areas which tend to be dominated by podocarp forest. The largest of the remnants include the Hokonui Hills and Forest Hill (a forested limestone outcrop). The natural values of many marginal strips and small pieces of land alongside rivers are uncertain, but may provide a good opportunities for riparian restoration. A large wetland complex around Waituna is protected. Scattered wetlands, tussock grasslands and shrublands are protected. Mainland Southland/West Otago has two historic reserves, and a number of sites protected under the Historic Places Act. There are significant natural areas which are not legally protected. The fiords (apart from two small marine reserves) and the southern estuaries, may have their natural values adequately protected under the Resource Management Act There are several ecologically significant areas such as the coastal forest around Waitutu and forest remnants in the Catlins which are not protected. Tussock grasslands (particularly red tussock), wetlands, shrublands, and coastal ecosystems, particularly dune systems and lowland coastal forest, are generally unprotected throughout Mainland Southland/West Otago. Mainland Southland/West Otago contains one of the most diverse range of ecosystems representative of pre-human conditions remaining in any region of New Zealand. Having said this it also contains some of the most modified ecosystems, such as the coastal plains. To a large extent the state of conservation in Mainland Southland/West Otago has been affected by two major factors: habitat loss and damage, and predation. Over the last one hundred years a number of species have disappeared from Southland. These include the birds South Island kokako, South Island piopio and kakapo; the grayling fish, possibly the Otago giant skink and the plants Stellaria elatinoides and possibly Atriplex billardieri. Because of predation levels and/or habitat loss some other species may disappear from their natural range. Examples include the birds kaka, brown teal, yellowhead, kea, blue duck, Stewart Island robin, takahe; the giant weta, invertebrates on islands that are presently rat free but may become infested, and the rare plants Gunnera hamiltonii and Olearia hectori. For those species under severe threat intensive management is necessary. This may involve island transfers, breeding programmes, or manipulative management of their habitat or environment. In reality intensive management only occurs for a limited number of species. Indirect management of species habitats (even the "common and ordinary") and ensuring the continuation of representative ecosystems is where the department will have to put its effort. This includes the control of browsing animals and invasive weed species, advocating for preservation of indigenous habitats and raising public awareness of the importance of indigenous ecosystems. Southland is fortunate to have a large coastline with a number of islands which are pest free or situations where the pests on these islands could be removed without threat of reinvasion. These islands offer ideal opportunities for species transfer. The islands off the Fiordland coast offer the greatest potential, with saddlebacks having been transferred to Breaksea Island. These islands are of national, if not international importance. A high priority is to ensure that pest invasion does not occur on these islands. The condition of freshwater systems varies. Generally those waterways located in agricultural areas such as the southern and northern plains are highly modified, with little riparian vegetation. The headwaters of the major river catchments are in good condition and relatively intact. The Waiau River has been affected by the diversion of water for hydro-electric power generation at West Arm, Lake Manapouri. Other rivers have been altered by channelling and other flood control measures. 10

18 Ecological values are continuing to be eroded within Mainland Southland/West Otago through a number of activities and effects. Examples include continued drainage of wetlands, burning and grazing of tussock grasslands, grazing of coastal areas, point and non-point discharges into waterways, and clearing of indigenous vegetation for land development. The continual invasion of weed and animal pests is also damaging many natural values. Most of the land administered by the Department in this CMS area has been managed for "protection purposes" for many decades. In many places this came about because the land was too rugged, or uneconomic for development. But later the importance of soil and water conservation was recognised. The forest and other Crown lands in catchment headwaters were then protected for their significant contribution to the regional and national economy. Currently there is very little protected land which would otherwise be suitable for sustainable productive uses. A concern is the pressure that is applied from time to time to allow resource uses, such as sphagnum moss harvesting, on lands administered by the Department, when there is little evidence of attempts to sustainably manage the significant resources held in private ownership. Conservation has a spin-off effect with wide benefits to Mainland Southland/West Otago, ranging from the direct benefits of tourism in the regional economy, to more indirect benefits such as ecosystem integrity - the downstream benefits for rural and urban communities of soil and water conservation in headwaters, to the social, cultural and ethical spin-offs of recreation, protection of heritage, and the indigenous biodiversity in our remarkable southern landscapes. Conservation is unquestionably of global significance. The southern region of New Zealand can to offer the world both large and isolated ecosystems (Fiordland and the Subantarctic Islands being the most significant); surviving population's of some of the world's most unusual species and many threatened species - not only kakapo and takahe, but rare bats, spiders, native fish, plants, dolphins, whales and sea-lions; wetlands of international importance for wading birds with a global flightpath; and fiords and marine systems of unique quality internationally. The protected areas in the west of this CMS area are included in Te Wahipounamu, the South-west New Zealand World Heritage Area (Fiordland National Park, Mavora Lakes Park, Snowdon Forest and Waitutu, Dean and Rowallan Forests). This gives international recognition to their outstanding natural values. Perhaps the most significant aspect of conservation in Mainland Southland/West Otago is the areas contribution to biodiversity. It contains a diverse range of habitats, ecosystems and species, which all form part of the biodiversity of the southern region and New Zealand as a whole. 11

19 1.4 The Future Mainland Southland/West Otago possesses a rich diversity of natural landscapes, coastlines and native flora and fauna. The challenges over the next ten years, and beyond are many: ensuring the pristine coasts of Fiordland are protected from inappropriate development and uses; seeking sustainable ways to control the animal pests which are threatening natural ecosystems and species; seeking marked improvements to riparian land management throughout the region; seeking protection for distinctive landscapes in the region; filling gaps in the network of protected areas so that the full range of natural ecosystems are adequately represented; restoring some degraded ecosystems, including opportunities to enhance supplies of cultural resources; actively managing historic sites that represent the regions human heritage; raising public awareness of threats to natural and historic values, and sustainable land management practices; maintaining the opportunities for people to experience and enjoy remote wild places, while also managing the expected growth in visitors within environmental constraints; protecting natural areas from inappropriate or unsustainable resource uses. improving our knowledge of the functioning of natural ecosystems and the requirements of the species within them. Addressing these challenges will largely be dependent on gaining the confidence and understanding of the many communities across Mainland Southland/West Otago. There will be many shared aspirations to protect natural ecosystems, landscapes, wildlife and resources from inappropriate use and development, while also helping to provide a sustainable future for the people who live in the south. 12

20 1.5 Statutory Basis For Management Overview The Conservation Act 1987 determines a structure for management of the protected natural and historic resources of New Zealand, including the public lands commonly referred to collectively as the lands administered by the Department - reserves, sanctuaries, conservation areas and national parks. The purpose of this Conservation Management Strategy (CMS) is to: implement general policies and establish objectives for the integrated management of natural and historic resources, including any species, managed by the Department under the Wildlife Act 1953, the Marine Reserves Act 1971, the Reserves Act 1977, the Wild Animal Control Act 1977, the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978, the National Parks Act 1980, the New Zealand Walkways Act 1990, or this Act, or any of them, and for recreation, tourism, and other conservation purposes. (Conservation Act 1987: s.17d) The key role of the CMS is seen to be achieving an integrated management approach meshing, where and when appropriate, all the various management principles, aims, requirements and functions set out in the governing legislation (as listed above). Wildlife Act 1953 The Wildlife Act 1953 declares that most indigenous wildlife is to be absolutely protected throughout New Zealand. Some exceptions have been made, particularly when wildlife is causing injury to humans or damage to property including land and stock. The Act governs the taking and possession of birds and other animal species. Sanctuaries, refuges or management reserves may be established to assist in the protection of wildlife. Marine Reserves Act 1971 The Marine Reserves Act 1971 provides for the setting up and management of areas of the sea and foreshore as marine reserves, for the purpose of preserving them in their natural state as the habitat of marine life for scientific study. The Department of Conservation is to administer and maintain marine reserves so that: - they are preserved as far as possible in their natural state; - the marine life within reserves shall as far as possible be protected and reserved; - the value of the reserves as the natural habitat of marine life shall as far as possible be maintained; and - subject to the provisions of the Act and to the imposition of such conditions and restrictions as may be necessary for the preservation of the marine life or for the welfare in general of the reserves, the public shall have freedom of access and entry to the reserves, so that they may enjoy in full measure the opportunity to study, observe, and record marine life in its natural habitat. The Act also provides that recreational fishing may be authorised in marine reserves if such use will not compromise these management aims. There are two marine reserves in this CMS area - Te Awaatu Channel in Doubtful Sound and Piopiotahi in Milford Sound. Reserves Act 1977 The Reserves Act 1977 sets out broad principles for the management of reserve lands, and processes for the establishment of new reserves. The Reserves Act is to be administered by the Department of Conservation for the purposes of: 13

21 - providing, for the preservation and management for the benefit and enjoyment of the public, areas of New Zealand possessing: (i) recreational use or potential, whether active or passive; or (ii) wildlife; or (iii) indigenous flora or fauna; or (iv) environmental and landscape amenity or interest; or (v) natural, scenic, historic, cultural, archaeological, biological, geological, scientific, educational, community, or other special features or value; - ensuring, as far as possible, the survival of all indigenous species of flora and fauna, both rare and commonplace, in their natural communities and habitats, and the preservation of representative samples of all classes of natural ecosystems and landscape which in the aggregate originally gave New Zealand its own recognisable character; - ensuring, as far as possible, the preservation of access for the public to and along the sea coast, its bays and inlets and offshore islands, lakeshores, and riverbanks, and fostering and promoting the preservation of the natural character of the coastal environment and of the margins of lakes and rivers and the protection of them from unnecessary subdivision and development. (Reserves Act 1977: s.3) To help achieve these purposes, the Act provides for seven different classes of reserve: recreation, historic, scenic, nature, scientific, government purpose and local purpose, with specific purposes set out for each classification. Wild Animal Control Act 1977 The Wild Animal Control Act 1977 seeks to achieve effective control of harmful species of introduced wild animals - deer (including wapiti or moose), chamois, thar, wallabies, possums, wild pigs and wild goats. The Act is to be administered by the Department of Conservation so as to: - ensure concerted action against the damaging effects of wild animals on vegetation, soils, waters, and wildlife; and - achieve co-ordination of hunting measures; and - provide for the regulation of recreational hunting and wild animal recovery. Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 The Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 provides for the protection, conservation, and management of marine mammals within New Zealand and New Zealand fisheries waters (extending 200 miles offshore). The Act places restrictions on the taking of marine mammals from their natural habitat, and provides for the establishment of marine mammal sanctuaries. National Parks Act 1980 The National Parks Act 1980 determines the broad principles by which national parks are to be managed. The parks are established for the purposes of: preserving in perpetuity... for their intrinsic worth and for the benefit, use and enjoyment of the public, areas of New Zealand that contain scenery of such distinctive quality, ecological systems, or natural features so beautiful, unique, or scientifically important that their preservation is in the national interest. (National Parks Act 1980: s.4). The Fiordland National Park is the only national park within this CMS area. 14

22 Conservation Act 1987 The Conservation Act 1987 sets out broad principles for the management of conservation areas, indigenous freshwater fisheries, and other natural or historic resources. The functions of the Department of Conservation include: - managing for conservation purposes, all land, and all other natural and historic resources, held under the Conservation Act or managed by the Department; - preserving so far as is practicable all indigenous freshwater fisheries; and protecting recreational freshwater fisheries and freshwater fish habitats; and - to the extent that the use of any natural or historic resource is not inconsistent with its conservation, to foster the use of natural and historic resources for recreation, and to allow their use for tourism. (Conservation Act 1987: s.6) Conservation, in the context of managing for conservation purposes, means: the preservation and protection of natural and historic resources for the purposes of maintaining their intrinsic values, providing for their appreciation and recreational enjoyment by the public, and safeguarding the options for future generations. (Conservation Act 1897: s.2) Most individual conservation areas are classified as stewardship areas or marginal strips. The Act provides for conservation areas to be held for one or more special purposes: including conservation park, ecological area, sanctuary area, wilderness area or watercourse area. The Act requires this CMS to indicate whether Conservation Management Plans (CMP's) are to be prepared for specific areas which need more detailed management objectives (refer section 1.1 above). The Conservation Act also provides for management, maintenance and enhancement of sports fish and game by regional Fish and Game Councils, in the recreational interests of anglers and hunters. New Zealand Walkways Act 1990 The New Zealand Walkways Act 1990 provides for the establishment of a system of walking tracks throughout New Zealand for the enjoyment of the public. Walkways enable public access across private or public land, while protecting the rights of landowners or land managers. The Foveaux Walkway is the only gazetted Walkway in this CMS area. Treaty of Waitangi The Department of Conservation, in carrying out its functions, must give effect to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. A set of principles in relation to the Department's responsibilities under the treaty can be derived from the Court of Appeal. They are as follows: Act reasonably and in good faith (the partnership principle); Make informed decisions; Actively protect Maori taonga to the fullest extent practicable (the principle of active protection); Avoid action which will prevent the redress of claims; and Governments must be able to govern. These principles impose a number of responsibilities on the Department, including: Ensuring regular consultation with papatipu runaka over matters of mutual concern; Ensuring that tikanga Maori is built into conservation management; Providing on-going cultural awareness programmes for staff; Increasing the Department's knowledge of sites of cultural importance to Ngai Tahu by recording such sites on a database, while ensuring that the information is managed in accordance with tikanga Maori; 15

23 Protecting those sites of cultural importance to Ngai Tahu in accordance with Maori tikanga and in partnership with iwi; Considering and providing for customary use of cultural materials; and developing strategies and methods of implementation for restoring sources of material of cultural importance to iwi; Assisting Ngai Tahu to interpret their historic, spiritual and cultural values to all visitors. In summary, the Department is required to work in close relationship with iwi. This relationship is based on consultation and co-operation. In addition the Department is required to give effect to a Maori perspective in conservation. The Department and Conservation Boards have a statutory responsibility for lands administered by the Department, with an obligation to have regard for and protect Maori interests. Management planning assists in this role by recognising wahi taonga and incorporating iwi perspectives. The Government and Ngai Tahu have recently concluded negotiations regarding claims for redress made against the Crown under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, and subsequent findings of the Waitangi Tribunal. In November 1997, the two parties signed a Deed of Settlement which provides for full, final and enduring settlement of the claims. Changes will be made to this CMS as required to reflect the terms of the settlement when it comes into effect. (Refer to insert at the back of this CMS for more information). General Policies Only one General Policy has been approved at the national level. This is the Concession Policy. It deals with planning for and classification of recreation and tourism concession requirements for applications and the conditions required on concession agreements on lands administered by the Department. Proposed changes to the Conservation Act may change the Concessions Policy. A range of other national policies are currently being developed (e.g., stock grazing). The draft policies have been taken into account, where applicable, in this CMS. Departmental Policies and Procedures The Department of Conservation has developed operational policies and procedures to help ensure that it executes its functions in an effective and consistent way. These policies or procedures must be in accord with legislation, general policies, and conservation management strategies and plans. Other Legislation and Constraints Activities on lands administered by the Department of Conservation are often subject to other legislation which over-rides or is concurrent with the specific Act (as listed above); or management is influenced by policies or proposals, or agencies acting under the authority of other legislation. Examples are the Resource Management Act 1991, the Crown Minerals Act 1991, the Historic Places Act 1980, the Building Act 1991 and the Civil Aviation Regulations 1953 and the Native Plants Protection Act The New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement, prepared under the RMA, is a statutory policy which is administered by the Minister of the Crown. Management options may also be limited by other factors such as long-term lease or licence provisions. 16

24 Part 2: Ecosystems Management 2.1 Rationale Conservation of nature is part of the New Zealand culture. It contributes towards a more liveable "landscape" for New Zealanders, providing for aesthetic enjoyment of nature, recreational opportunities, and a better quality of environment to support economic activity, especially agriculture and tourism. It also includes the belief that ecosystems have a right to function on their own, due to their intrinsic value. For several decades there has been a growing awareness of how human "progress" has resulted in the loss and degradation of many species and habitats. Priorities for conservation of natural values in Mainland Southland/West Otago are influenced by a number of external factors. New Zealand is signatory to a number of international conventions. The most significant for ecosystem management is the Convention on Biological Diversity which the New Zealand Government ratified in The principles of this convention, and much ecosystem management work is centred around maintaining natural biodiversity. Biodiversity is much more than just a list of all species inhabiting the earth. It is an umbrella term which encompasses all species of plants, animals, micro-organisms, their genetic resources and the ecosystems and ecological processes of which they are part. An overall goal for ecosystem management is to protect Mainland Southland/West Otago's natural biodiversity and vitality. Management activities that assist in achieving biodiversity include the protection of ecosystems, species management through relocation, fire control, animal and plant pest control and restoration. Extensive natural areas, remnant indigenous habitat areas, and freshwater systems each require different styles of management. Extensive, largely natural areas are important to conservation because they are able to support a wider range of species and habitats. These should be managed to maintain their overall ecological integrity. Remnant habitats are important in order to maintain representatives of each of the indigenous habitat types within each Ecological District. Freshwater systems depend on riparian, in-stream and water conditions throughout the system, and their management demands consideration of ecological factors in areas of all tenures. Wildlife management, and the protection of threatened species in particular, also requires consideration of ecological factors both on and off lands administered by the Department. The control of fire, plant and animal pests are statutory requirements which extend beyond land boundaries. Encompassed within the concept of biodiversity are the natural processes from which we all derive benefit. These include creating fertile soil, producing and cleaning of the air we breathe, providing fresh water and providing for a multitude of habitats. From biodiversity, people derive aesthetic and recreational pleasure, obtain challenges to pursue, and sights to inspire them. Biodiversity also provides us with our natural heritage. All nations possess their own unique complement of species, habitats and ecosystems, and isolated nations like New Zealand usually have species which are found nowhere else in the world. New Zealand has had an exceptional rate of extinction s since human occupation with the diversity and number of species and ecosystems disappearing at an alarming rate. The loss of biodiversity has come about through a number of activities. It is important to make the distinction between naturally occurring extinction s and those which have been caused by human actions. All ecosystems undergo modification as part of natural processes. However, changes caused by the introduction of species and habitat destruction occur at a much greater rate than natural processes and have generally had more devastating consequences. Habitats have been diminished through drainage of wetlands or clearfelling of forest. Habitats may have been degraded through predators and competitors, fire, over-harvesting of resources, or they may have been fragmented so they can no longer support a viable population of key species. Within Mainland Southland/West Otago there are particular ecosystems that require further protection (in the widest sense) because they are not adequately represented in the protected area system and because they provide habitats for threatened species. These include coastal turf, red tussock grasslands, and lowland swamps. This is discussed in further detail in Part 6 - Landscape Units. It is important that the interface between terrestrial and marine ecosystems is emphasised. What happens in one area can affect the other. 17

25 Other international conventions which have a direct bearing on this CMS include the World Heritage Site Convention and the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. The Department is responsible for implementing these conventions in New Zealand. Others include the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT). Nationally, there are many factors which influence policy decisions. The most obvious ones are laws. Those which are directly relevant have been discussed in Part 1. Some of the laws influencing conservation management (e.g., the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA)) are outside the ambit of the CMS and are administered by other organisations. Proposed changes to laws, particularly the Land Act, may bring major changes to conservation in the CMS area. Areas having high ecological value in high country pastoral leases may be allocated to the Department as a consequence of tenure reform. This would affect management activities, such as surveying of ecological values, fencing, and weed and pest control. Priorities may have to change. Government policies also have a bearing on regional decision making processes. Examples include the National Wetland Policy (1986). The Department also establishes national priorities, plans and management procedures. There are national recovery plans for a number of threatened species found in Mainland Southland/West Otago including the takahe, kiwi, and yellow-eyed penguin. The detailed provisions of these plans are not repeated in the CMS. National control plans have been prepared for animal pests (goats, thar, possums and wasps). Others are in preparation. The identification and prioritisation of threatened species has just been reviewed nationally. These have been taken into consideration in identifying priorities for species management in this CMS area. Apart from legal and policy directives, priorities are also influenced by financial constraints. Corporate sponsorship can often influence priorities to focus on a particular species or programme, such as the kakapo, yellow-eyed penguins and kiwi. Where sponsorship is offered, it will be used to assist in meeting priorities identified in this CMS. To assist in identifying areas of ecological significance a nation-wide system of defining areas has been developed as part of the Protected Natural Areas Programme. They are based on Ecological Regions and Districts, which have been identified on the basis of vegetation, geology, soils, climate and wildlife (refer sec and map p53). Therefore, in determining priorities for ecosystem management a lot of factors have to be taken into consideration. The general approach of this Draft CMS is to set strategic direction for ecosystem management within this CMS area for the next 10 years. This Part of the CMS outlines what should happen rather than how. For example, the strategies for Indigenous Species outlines which priority species will be surveyed or monitored but does not go into operational detail. The Department has or is preparing some operational plans such as the Threatened Plant Plan, Southland Conservancy Pest Quarantine Plan, Southland Restoration Plan and the Southland Weed Control Plan. The CMS sets out the policy framework for these operational plans. In some parts of the CMS it may appear that a heavy emphasis is given to advocating for particular measures, particularly with regard to freshwater fisheries. This is mainly because of the large role that other organisations and individuals also have in ecosystem management; this CMS reflects these separate responsibilities and functions as determined by the relevant legislation (refer 1.5). Government organisations such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, and Ministry of Fisheries, which are responsible for sustainable management and conservation of fisheries and fishery resources, which includes all aquatic life; and the Ministry for the Environment (MfE), which is responsible for the RMA, have just as vital a role to play. Coordination between all these organisations is essential. Sustainable management of natural and physical resources under the RMA is an important function of local authorities. Statutory bodies such as Fish and Game Councils and the Queen Elizabeth the Second National Trust, and non governmental groups such as the Royal New Zealand Forest and Bird Protection Society, and the Maruia Society are all involved in ecosystem management initiatives. There are many members of the general public who also play vital individual roles. The Minister of Conservation has responsibilities for the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement, Regional Coastal Plans and restricted coastal activities under the RMA. The Department has responsibilities under the Rural Fires Act as a Rural Fire Authority, and is responsible for the control and suppression of fires within a 1 kilometre radius of lands administered by the Department. 18

26 Ecosystems are protected through legal mechanisms and maintained through pest and fire prevention and restoration. However, ensuring that the general public and other land management organisations understand and support these policies and initiatives is also integral to the success of the Department's work. Therefore, advocacy, particularly to local authorities, is necessary. Raising public awareness through Departmental programmes such as summer and winter programmes, Conservation Week, and speaking at schools is essential as it brings major issues and projects to the public's attention. This Part of the CMS only addresses issues relating to managing the natural values of ecosystems and their many components. Following is an "audit" of the diverse ecosystems that exist in Mainland Southland/West Otago, followed by strategies for different aspects of ecosystem management. 19

27 2.2 Ecosystems Audit The diverse natural character of Mainland Southland/West Otago is represented in the variety of ecosystems and species present, within and outside of lands administered by the Department. We have categorised these ecosystems into seven major types. Doing this is difficult as ecosystems vary in scale and interrelationship, depending on what and where you are talking about. Therefore, the categories discussed below are divided for matter of ease, but they are often not so clearly definable on the ground. Components of the ecosystem types are outlined with a discussion on past, present and future management. Native Forest Ecosystems There are four major classes of forest communities found in Mainland Southland/West Otago - podocarp, beech, hardwood and coastal. They are composed of a rich diversity of both plant species and forms, including trees, shrubs, herbs, sedges, orchids, ferns, bryophytes, lichens and fungi, all of which provide homes for a diversity of wildlife. Many bird species such as the fantail, silvereye and grey warbler are found throughout Southland forest ecosystems, whereas threatened species such as the South Island brown kiwi, New Zealand falcon, western weka, South Island kaka, kea and yellowhead are found in limited locations. Many of these species are also reliant on other ecosystems throughout their lifecycle. Other plants are reliant on forest ecosystems, such as New Zealand mistletoe which grows as a parasite on trees. The long-tailed bat (a threatened species) can be found in some forests. Podocarps are the native conifers and include the tallest native trees in Southland. They usually co-exist with hardwood species, especially kamahi and beech species. Except for kamahi, they are important commercial timbers and most accessible forest areas have been logged. The major areas where podocarp forest still prevails are the lower terraces of Waitutu, Big Bay, the lower Hollyford Valley and Hokonui Hills. There are many small remnants on the Southland Plains and in the Lower Waiau area. Podocarps are widespread in Fiordland, but there are few areas where they dominate. Rimu is the most extensive of the podocarp family, being found upon hillsides and elevated terraces with lesser amounts of miro and Hall's totara. Little remains of kahikatea, even less matai. Understorey shrubs such as the threatened Melicytus flexuosus which is found predominantly in podocarp forest. Beech forest is the most extensive type of native forest in Southland, with the major areas being northern and western Southland and Fiordland. Beech forest is thought to be still expanding its range as part of the recovery from glaciation. Silver beech is the most widespread species of beech. It is the predominant species in the Takitimu Mountains and much of the Longwoods. It extends across the western Hokonui Hills and down the Mataura Valley. Red beech forest is found in eastern Fiordland and throughout northern Southland. Mountain beech dominates drier parts of Fiordland, particularly Hope Arm and extends into northern and western Southland. A number of threatened species are only found in beech forests, including the mistletoes Peraxilla colensoi and Alepis flavida, and the yellowhead. Invertebrates found only in beech forest include the snail Powelliphanta "Wolf River", the spider Pianoa isolata and the beetle Mecodema rex. Hardwoods are widespread and comprise a diverse range of forest associations. One of the major associations is rata/kamahi forest, found on upper slopes and ridges of the Catlins, Hokonui Hills, and extending into the Longwoods. It is localised in Fiordland. Coastal forest is found adjacent to exposed coastal areas where salt spray restricts beech and podocarp growth. It is found along much of the Fiordland coast and locally along the Catlins coast, with its altitudinal climosequence but is less common on the south coast. Much of the native forest on the Southland Plains and Hills and in the Catlins is now classed as hardwood because of past logging of podocarps. These forests are successional so will change in composition. Eventually podocarps may regain dominance. 20

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31 There are limited areas of red tussock protected, with less than 2000 ha in lowland Southland. The majority of protected areas are in the uplands, such as the southern Blue Mountains, Bare Hill, Croydon Bush, Slopedown Hill, West Dome, Gorge Hill and Mavora Lakes, which represent various red tussock regimes. It is also found at Tiwai Peninsula and Seaward Moss. There are isolated but intact communities in the valley floors in northern Southland. Some are protected areas, whereas others in the Aparima, Waterloo and Hamilton Burns are privately owned. Red tussock extends into the Murchison and Hunter valley floors in Fiordland. Red tussock grasslands provide important habitat for a number of threatened species including the long-tailed bat (Chalinolobus tuberculata), Meterana pictula (a moth), and a number of plant species such as the grass Deschampsia caespitosa, Pimelea poppelwellii, and the presumed extinct herb Stellaria elatinoides. Snow tussock grasslands are generally found above the treeline, particularly in Fiordland, Longwood Range, Takitimu Mountains and northern Southland. In northern Southland there are large areas of Crown pastoral lease where snow tussock is found. These are seasonally grazed, so some modification has occurred. However, as a consequence of the higher altitudes and more rugged and remote nature of the areas where this ecosystem is found, most areas remain relatively intact. The dominant species are the tall species of the genus Chionochloa. Snow tussock grasslands usually contain a rich diversity of other plants such as Hebe dilatata, Hebe annulata, Carex edgariae and Celmisia hookeri. The South Island brown kiwi, kea, NZ falcon, and takahe are found in snow tussock habitats. The snow tussock Chionochloa spiralis is a threatened species. Other tussock habitats found in Mainland Southland/West Otago include short and coastal tussocks. Short tussock grasslands tend to be induced with fescue tussock dominating. They generally provide habitat for a wide variety of species with many of those found in red and snow tussock also found in short tussock. Coastal tussock provides habitat for several threatened species such the banded dotterel, yellow-eyed penguin, a pimelea moth, and Prodontria praelatella (a chafer beetle). Coastal tussock is very limited, being found on headlands and other exposed areas of the coast. The dominant species is Poa astonii. Introduced grasslands dominate in lowland Southland. They provide little value to nature conservation, although some indigenous species such as NZ pigeon do utilise exotic grasslands, particularly as a food source. Similarly some water courses in a predominantly pasture landscape may still support indigenous invertebrate diversity. Past management of protected tussock grasslands has mainly focused on the exclusion of stock by fencing, preparedness to undertake fire control, and weed control. There are three important management issues associated with tussock grasslands that the Department needs to address. Firstly, many of the tussock areas in Mainland Southland/West Otago are used for grazing. Suggesting that some of these areas be retired can result in controversy. Grazing of tussock grasslands, rabbit infestations and associated management practices (such as burning and fertiliser use) have resulted in a reduction of indigenous vegetation, some soil erosion and the spread of exotic grasses. The policy of allowing grazing of tussock grasslands, particularly red tussock communities, on land administered by the department is being reassessed as a top priority. Tussock grasslands are also under threat from clearance for exotic forestry. Secondly, broom and gorse often invade tussock grasslands. The Department undertakes weed control in a number of protected areas such as Tiwai Peninsula, Mavora Lakes, Bare Hill, Burwood Bush and Pukerau Red Tussock Reserve. Wilding pines have spread to tussock areas and are controlled where necessary. Key areas include the Blue Mountain tops and around Dome Creek. A commitment to undertake weed control programmes in the long term will be made where these communities are under threat. Thirdly, a question often asked is why should more tussock grasslands be protected when they are already protected at Pukerau, Mavora and other areas mentioned. It is important to realise that there are many different tussock grassland types. They differ due to locational factors such as climate, soil, geology and species. Although some of these are protected, an adequate representation is not. Tussock grasslands are one of the most under-represented ecosystems in the protected areas of Mainland Southland/West Otago. Areas suggested for protection are stated in Part 6. It is important that the significance of tussock communities to biodiversity in the southern region is emphasised. Although the Department can do little to directly control management of tussock grasslands on private land, it can advocate sustainable land management practices directly to landowners and through RMA plans and policy statements, to protect remnant vegetation. 24

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33 works and removal of riparian vegetation, particularly on the Southland Plains. Small intact forest streams are now rare - those that still remain are characterised by the presence of a number of fish species, including nationally threatened species such as the giant kokopu. Restoration of native riparian vegetation is required to restore habitats for indigenous fish. Inland lakes and tarns in Mainland Southland/West Otago vary greatly in size. The major lakes and rivers in Fiordland, stretching almost from Martin's Bay in the north to Te Waewae Bay in the south, comprise the largest forested system of inland waterways in New Zealand. The three main lakes, Hauroko, Manapouri and Te Anau, are also the deepest in the country containing the aquatic plants Hydatella inconspicua. Lakeshore turfs are found where suitable silty substrates occur. They are diverse in plant species and include several threatened and locally species such as Iti lacustris, Brachyscombe linearis, Ranunculus recens var lacustris, Tetrachondra hamiltonii, Gratiola nana, and Hydatella inconspicua. Several threatened plant species such as Centrolepis minima are found around mountain wetlands, which also contain a variety of associations including cushion and string bogs. The large rivers of the Southland Plains provide a diverse range of habitats for fish, birds, invertebrates and plants. Coastal reaches are the most diverse with species type and diversity changing with increasing altitude and distance from the coast. Coastal species are varied such as smelt, shortfinned eels, flounder, mud crabs and snails and a variety of plants. Inland waterways contain longfinned eels, upland bullies and common river galaxias. Birds such as banded dotterels, black-billed gulls and shags live in these environments. Mountain streams contain few fish, birds and plants such as koaro and alpine galaxias, black-fronted terns and thin forms of algae and mosses. Macro invertebrates are diverse and abundant with large mayflies and stoneflies evident. Such rivers are the Waiau, Aparima, Oreti and Mataura and their tributaries. Their headwaters are swift flowing with coarse substrates. Their mid reaches tend to braid, reflecting local responses to channel slope and substrate, while the coastal reaches, with the exception of the Waiau, are meandering shingle thread rivers. Modification of freshwater systems results from a number of causes such as the conversion and drainage of wetlands and peatlands for land development. Changes to water quality have been brought about through sediment runoff, non-point discharges, discharge of pollutants and the loss of riparian vegetation. River flows, such as those in the Waiau and Monowai Rivers have been altered for hydro-electric power development. Many other waterways have been diverted or had their natural courses altered through channelling and flood protection schemes. These works often cause an impediment to the free movement of indigenous fish, many of which travel to and from the sea as part of their lifecycle. Sphagnum harvesting can effect wetland ecosystems by removing the dominant plant species and altering the hydrological balance. Although the Department has a function to preserve and protect freshwater fisheries, it has little direct control over freshwater ecosystems as they are affected by many activities outside the lands it administers. There are exceptions, such as the wetlands protected and recognised by international conventions or those contained on lands administered by the Department. Weed control is undertaken around some wetlands and along some rivers, and spartina is controlled in estuaries. The Department should continue to advocate the importance of water quality, especially siltation and the role riparian vegetation can contribute to sustaining freshwater ecosystems. Continued liaison with local authorities, landowners and users of freshwater systems is essential. There are many options available for restoration, both of wetlands and riparian vegetation. These are raised in Part 6. Many farmers are recognising the importance of maintaining and developing wetlands for recreational and habitat reasons. Top priorities regarding freshwater fisheries are protection of remaining unmodified significant habitats of indigenous fish; minimising damage to, and where possible enhancement of habitats of freshwater fish where these values have been or are likely to be further modified by human activities, and removal of barriers to migration of fish which are obligate migrants. As threats tend not to occur on lands administered by the Department advocacy has to be the main method to address these, however, the Department does have regulatory powers that can provide stronger incentive. Survey work is necessary to determine what barriers exist. General habitat information on freshwater systems is lacking. Work is being undertaken to determine where whitebait spawning sites are. Habitat mapping/surveys of the estuaries are planned. Alpine Ecosystems There are some significant alpine ecosystems within Mainland Southland/West Otago. These are located in Fiordland and the Eyre, Garvie, Umbrella and Takitimu Mountains. Ecosystems in alpine areas are diverse, ranging from scree through to herbfields and bogs. Some of these alpine ecosystems have been discussed such as snow tussock grasslands and alpine wetlands. These alpine areas are special as many of the plants growing in these conditions have had to adapt to extreme physical situations. Vegetation often provides important habitat to bird and invertebrate species. 26

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35 Coastal and Marine Ecosystems The coast of Mainland Southland is varied, with a number of distinguishing features. Probably the most well known is the fiord landscape on the west coast. The outer coast generally comprises exposed rock and beach systems. There are 15 fiords. They are considered biologically unique because of the estuarine circulation and freshwater surface layer which allows what are usually deep water or light-avoiding marine species to become established in shallow waters. Black coral and saucer sponge are examples. The small temperature variation also permits the establishment of sub-tropical species. The islands in the fiords are important breeding grounds for mottled petrels, broad-billed prions and sooty shearwaters. The NZ fur seal, Fiordland crested and southern blue penguins breed along the Fiordland coast. Dune ecosystems are a significant feature of the Southland coast, particularly those along the west coast which contain relatively unmodified native dune vegetation. Communities of pingao (Desmoschoenus spiralis) are found at Big Bay, along the Fiordland coast and at Sandhill Point, Omaui and Fortrose Spit. The dune systems along the southern coast tend to be highly modified, though an exception to this is the Three Sisters complex at Omaui, on privately owned land. Other threatened species found in dune systems include Euphorbia glauca (sand spurge) and Gunnera hamiltonii (herb), the latter contained to a single site on mainland New Zealand. Estuaries have been discussed in the freshwater section, above. The southern coast contains a combination of broad shore platforms, soft eroding cliffs and sand/boulder shores. Eastwards from the exposed terraces of Waitutu there are three sweeping bays (Te Waewae, Awarua and Oreti) which are separated by rocky peninsula/headlands of lowland origins. The biggest bay, Te Waewae contains the largest Southland population of Hector's dolphin, whereas Oreti is renown for significant beds of toheroa. Between New River and the Mataura River are large areas of ancient marine benches, alluvial flats caused by stream aggradation and extensive peat bogs, the largest being around Waituna Lagoon. Intermittently along the southern coast, rocky, volcanic shores are evident. The coast and marine ecosystems provide important habitat for a number of threatened species such as the yellow-eyed penguin, variable oystercatcher, banded dotterel, Stewart Island shag, reef heron, NZ dotterel, royal spoonbill and Hector's dolphin. Sperm and right whales are also found. These ecosystems may be significantly affected by land-based activities. This is of particular relevance to the estuaries which face degradation through siltation, water pollution, drainage and reclamation. Many of the coastal margins are grazed or have been cleared of native vegetation for land development. This has opened up coastal ecosystems to weed invasion, particularly marram grass along the southern coast. Spartina has invaded some of the estuaries, and "Wanganella" (an introduced red seaweed) is evident in Doubtful Sound. A northern European seaweed, Polysiphonia brodiaei, has been discovered in George Sound and a southern Australian species Sargassum verruculosum has been recorded from Dusky sound and Preservation Inlet. The source of these introductions is thought to be shipping. Ballast water poses threats to marine waters. Gill nets also pose a threat to marine mammals and wildlife. There is a potential threat to marine mammals and yellow-eyed penguins through interest in wildlife viewing. The Department, when considering visitor access and permits for wildlife viewing, must ensure no harmful impacts on these species occur (Part 4). 28

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38 6. A site which is stronghold for Southland species or sub-species; or contains a local species or subspecies confined to less than one ecological district. Regionally Important: 1. Regionally, one of the best examples of a community type or habitat; or 2. A regionally rare community; or 3. An area recommended for protection in a PNA or other recognised survey; or 4. Identified as regionally important in a nationally recognised database; or 5. An extensive area or habitat (>5000 ha); or 6. A large area (> 250 ha) in intact condition; or 7. An important site/habitat for Category N species and/or rare plant species; or 8. Contains a species or sub-species confined to Southland. Some important communities/habitats have not been mapped as the scale of the map does not allow this. 31

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41 Fiordland coast, control of these weeds is a priority. The most significant weed infestations are at Big Bay and Martins Bay. Attempts to eradicate weeds in an early stage of colonisation is important. Eradication of marram is particularly important because it is not yet prominent in some dune areas on the southern coast, whereas it is widespread throughout coastal areas nation-wide. Other species which the Department undertakes special operations on include Pinus contorta in the Blue Mountains, spartina grass on estuaries, elderberry on the Southland Plain reserves and boxthorn at Waikawa. Eradication of weeds can be seen as a form of restoration. Table 2 identifies all the known weed species found in Mainland Southland/West Otago. The degree of threat is stated and the ecosystem(s) at risk listed. Broom and gorse can form an important successional stage in the re-establishment of forest. The Department may utilise this succession process, particularly where it is a short-term stage in highly modified areas (i.e., after forest clearance or in grassland on forest edges). This may prevent damage to native species where spraying would otherwise have to be undertaken. Control Programme The pest plant control programme is divided into three areas of emphasis: 1. Ecosystem Management (for those pests that have the ability to permanently alter the structure and/or functions of ecosystems). Most of the Department's weed control operations fall into this category. The control concentrates on ecosystems under most threat, particularly tussock grasslands, coastal areas (dunes), some shrublands, wetlands, braided rivers and other open or low stature ecosystems. 2. Control of weeds where there is an obligation to control despite there being little or no threat to natural values (may include weed control for good neighbour relations) (This will include agreed commitments to control weeds under the Regional Pest Plants Management Strategy prepared by the Southland Regional Council). 3. Recreation and Scenic Purposes (for those pests which impair the use of tracks and facilities or which detract from natural views). Weed control activities will be co-ordinated by way of a Weed Control Plan which will give the details on problems, species, priorities and tasks to be undertaken. Primary control priorities are listed as follows: Borland Mire (gorse, broom) Lakes Monowai and Hauroko shores (check for new infestations) Lillburn Valley, Pukemaori, and Round Hill Road (check and control old man's beard) Waitutu Hut (prevent spread of eucalypts) New River Estuary, Haldane and Jacobs estuaries (spartina) Bluff Harbour (spartina) Waituna/Awarua wetlands (Spanish heath, gorse, broom) Blue Mountains (maintenance/control of wilding pines) Hamilton Burn (gorse, broom) Bald Hill Road (Longwoods) (gorse, broom, Spanish heath) Slopedown Ecological Area (gorse, pines on tussock grasslands) Pukerau Reserve (gorse, broom, silver birch) Big Bay (marram, broom) Martin's Bay (marram, tree lupin) Transit Beach (marram) Coal River (marram, broom, gorse) Fiordland coastline (check for infestations) Upper Eglinton Valley (gorse, broom, briar) Worsley Stream (broom, gorse, willow) Lake Te Anau shoreline (north of Eglinton Valley) (broom, gorse, tree lupin, Russell lupin) Takahe Valley (Californian thistle, ragwort) Lake Manapouri shoreline (gorse, broom, willow, tree lupin, Russell lupin) Wilmot Pass Road (gorse, broom, Himalayan honeysuckle, lupin) Mavora Lakes (broom, willow) Wilderness Scientific Reserve (heather, gorse, Douglas Fir) 41

42 Burwood Bush red tussock (scattered broom, willow). To ensure that pest plants do not become a bigger problem it is necessary to have a survey and monitoring programme. Priorities are to be identified in the Weed Control Plan. Research will be aimed at determining which weed species pose a threat to natural ecosystems on lands administered by the Department in Mainland Southland/ West Otago and identifying priorities for eradication and control (refer Table 2) Objectives 1. To eradicate where possible or control pest plants having a significant effect at priority sites. 2. To prevent the spread of potentially significant pest plants into areas they are not currently found. 3. Priority for pest plant control will be given to i) those ecosystems which are actively or potentially threatened, especially those susceptible to irreversible change. ii) communities which are highly representative of a particular area or ecological district and communities which are locally uncommon. 4. To ensure that the source of the weed problem is treated, not just the symptom. 5. To liaise with local authorities and the community to ensure effective co-ordination of weed control operations across boundaries, and to develop an awareness of the threats weeds pose to lands administered by the Department. 6. To accept where appropriate weed infestations as stages in early succession of native species where this is appropriate. Implementation 1. Control and eliminate where practical marram grass, tree lupin and other problem species from coastal sites with high natural values, especially in Fiordland National Park and other problematic species on key tussock grasslands, wetland and island sites. 2. Control levels of infestations in other important ecosystems such as forest and shrublands. 3. Control and eradicate where practical, levels of infestations of significant pest plants along high-use areas and areas of high landscape value. 4. Eradicate spartina grass from New River Estuary, Bluff Harbour, Haldane Estuary and Jacobs River Estuary and any other infestations which may be found. 5. Control Pinus contorta and other wilding pine spread from localised sites where practical. 6. Prevent the spread of potentially significant pest plant infestation by eliminating species, containing and gradually reducing small infestations and containing large areas of weeds. 7. Identify pest plants which have the potential to become weed species and record them on a list of plants to be watched. 8. Advocate through the Regional Pest for control of a wider range of ecologically damaging plant species. 9. Encourage the use of brush weeds as a successional stage except where: the brush weed is a localised population of a significant species; able to survive in the forest end stage of succession, the succession to forest is long-term (i.e., greater than 50 years, such as red tussock to forest), natural or historical values are threatened for example as may occur in sand dunes and tussock grasslands. 10. Raise public awareness of the threat of weeds to lands administered by the Department, through publications, community involvement in control programmes and other methods as deemed appropriate. 42

43 11. Monitor weed control operations to determine level of effectiveness and assist in redefining priorities. 12. Use effective control measures that do not pose an undue risk to the environment or public safety. 13. Co-ordinate control operations with adjoining land managers where possible. 14. Monitor for Lagarosiphon infestation in Southland lakes and waterways and if possible eliminate. Encourage public awareness on how to avoid this weed getting into Southland waterways. 15. Use approved and effective biological control agents as appropriate. 16. All pest plant control activities will be in accordance with relevant national plans, policies and procedures. 43

44 TABLE 2 - PEST PLANT SPECIES - MAINLAND SOUTHLAND Scientific Name Common Name Threat Ecosystem at Risk Distribution - Te Anau, Tuatapere Field Centres Distribution - Invercargill Field Centre Weed species present in Mainland Southland Acer pseudoplatanus sycamore potential forest, shrubland, riparian isolated local Agrostis capillaris browntop moderate grassland, riverbed, widespread widespread roadside, riparian Alnus viridus alder unknown alpine isolated isolated Ammophila arenaria marram serious dune common common Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal moderate grassland, riverbed, roadside widespread widespread Aponogeton distacyus Cape pondweed potential waterbody isolated not recorded Arctium minus burdock moderate grassland, riverbed, roadside roadside roadside Berberis darwinii Darwin's barberry moderate forest, shrubland, grassland, local local roadside Betula pendula silver birch unknown shrubland, grassland, not present isolated riparian Buddleia davidii buddleia potential riverbed, riparian, roadside isolated isolated Calystegia silvatica great bindweed unknown roadside roadside roadside Calluna vulgaris heather moderate alpine, grassland, shrubland local unknown Carduus nutans nodding thistle potential grassland, roadside local local Carduus pycnocephalus slender winged unknown grassland, roadside isolated not recorded thistle Carduus tenuiflorus winged thistle potential dune, grassland, roadside local local Carpobrotus edulis ice plant potential dune, coastal, roadside isolated? isolated? Cirsium arvense Californian thistle moderate alpine, grassland, dune common common Cirsium palustre marsh thistle moderate riverbed, pakihi, roadside local local Cirsium vulgare Scotch thistle potential grassland, roadside common common Clematis vitalba old mans beard serious forest, shrubland, roadside isolated? local Conium maculatum hemlock unknown riverbed, roadside local roadside Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed unknown roadside isolated isolated Cotoneaster glaucophyllus cotoneaster unknown shrubland, coastal, roadside isolated not recorded Cotoneaster franchetti unknown pakihi, riparian, roadside not recorded isolated Cotoneaster simonsii khasia berry potential shrubland, roadside roadside roadside Crataegus monogyna hawthorn potential shrubland, grassland, local Local roadside Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora montbretia moderate riparian, roadside local isolated? Cytisus scoparius broom serious grassland, riverbed, roadside common Common Dactylis glomerata cocksfoot moderate grassland, riverbed, roadside common common Digitalis purpurea foxglove potential grassland, riverbed, roadside roadside roadside Elodea canadensis Canadian serious waterbody local local pondweed Epilobium ciliatum tall willow-herb unknown riverbed, riparian, wetland local local Erica lusitanica Spanish heath moderate shrubland, grassland, local local roadside Eucalyptus spp eucalypts potential shrubland, grassland, isolated isolated riverbed Festuca arundinacea tall fescue unknown riverbed, grassland, roadside, estuarine roadside local Hedera helix ssp helix ivy potential shrubland, riverbed, roadside unknown isolated 44

45 Hieracium autantiatum orange hawkweed unknown shrubland, grassland, roadside local local Hieracium pilosella mouse-ear moderate alpine, grassland, roadside local local hawkweed Holcus lanatus Yorkshire fog potential grassland, riverbed, roadside, wetland common common Humulus lupinus hop unknown shrubland, riparian, roadside not recorded isolated Hypericum androsaemum tutsan potential shrubland, roadside local local Hypericum perforatum St John's wort potential grassland, riverbed, roadside local local Ilex aquifolium holly potential forest, shrubland, roadside isolated isolated Juncus articulartus jointed rush potential alpine, pakihi, wetland local common Juncus bulbosus bulbous rush potential grassland, wetland, isolated not recorded waterbody Juncus squarrosus heath rush potential grassland, pakihi, riparian isolated not recorded Lagarosiphon major lagarosiphon serious riparian, waterbody isolated? isolated Larix decidua larch potential shrubland, grassland, roadside unknown unknown Leycesteria formosa Himalayan honeysuckle potential shrubland, riparian, roadside local local Ligustrum ovalifolium Privet potential shrubland, roadside not recorded local Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass potential grassland, riverbed, roadside common common Lotus pedunculatus Lotus moderate grassland, riparian, wetland local isolated Lupinus arboreus tree lupin moderate riverbed, coastal, roadside common local Lupinus polyphyllus Russel lupin moderate riverbed, roadside local not recorded Lycium ferocissimum Boxthorn moderate shrubland, grassland, dune isolated isolated Malus x domestica Apple unknown grassland, roadside roadside Roadside Melianthus major Cape honey flower potential dune, roadside isolated isolated Mentha spp Mint unknown roadside roadside roadside Mimulus guttatus Monkey musk potential riparian, wetland local local Pinus contorta Contorta pine serious shrubland, grassland local common Pinus radiata Radiata pine potential shrubland, grassland isolated isolated Populus spp. Poplar potential riparian, dune, roadside isolated isolated Prunus x domestica Plum unknown shrubland, roadside roadside roadside Racosperma melanoxylon Tasmanium blackwood potential shrubland, coastal, roadside isolated not recorded Ranunculus acris giant buttercup potential grassland, riparian,roadside Local local Ranunculus tricophyllus water buttercup potential waterbody, riparian local local Ribes uva-crispa gooseberry potential shrubland, grassland, roadside not recorded isolated Rosa rubiginosa sweet briar moderate grassland, riparian, roadside local isolated Rubus fruticosus blackberry moderate shrubland, grassland, local local riverbed Rubus laciniatus cut-leaved moderate shrubland, grassland, isolated isolated blackberry riverbed Salix cinerea grey willow serious riparian, wetland, coastal isolated unknown Salix fragilis crack willow serious riparian, wetland, waterbody local common Salix x reichardtii pussy willow potential roadside, riparian local local Sambucus nigra elderberry moderate forest, shrubland, grassland, local common roadside Sedum acre stonecrop potential riverbed, coastal, roadside roadside isolated Senecio jacobaea ragwort moderate grassland, riverbed, roadside farmland, roadside farmland Solanum chenopdioides velvety nightshade unknown shrubland, riparian, roadside roadside roadside Sorbus aucuparia rowan potential shrubland, coastal, roadside isolated unknown Spartina angelica spartina/cord grass serious estuarine not recorded local 45

46 Teline monspessulana Montpellier broom potential shrubland, roadside isolated isolated Trifolium spp clover unknown grassland, riverbed, roadside common common Tropaeolum majus garden nasturtium potential riparian, coastal, roadside roadside roadside Tropaeolum speciosum Chilean flame creeper potential forest, shrubland, roadside roadside local Ulex europaeus gorse serious grassland, riverbed, roadside common common Vinca major periwinkle potential shrubland, riparian, roadside roadside roadside Weed species not currently known in Mainland Southland Agapanthus orientalis Agapanthus unknown coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Alnus glutinosa alder potential shrubland, riparian not recorded not recorded Alternathera philoxeroides alligator weed potential waterbody, dune not recorded not recorded Asparagus asparagoides smilax potential coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Asparagus scandens climbing asparagus unknown forest, shrubland, grassland not recorded not recorded Avena fatua wild oat potential grassland, roadside status in doubt status in doubt Avena sativa oats unknown roadside unknown unknown Avena sterilis ssp ludoviciana wild oat potential grassland, roadside status in doubt status in doubt Berberis glaucocarpa barberry potential shrubland, grassland, unknown unknown roadside Carex longebrachiata Australian sedge unknown grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Ceratophyllum demersum hornwort potential riparian, waterbody not recorded not recorded Chrysanthemoides monilifera bone-seed unknown shrubland, coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Clematis maximowicziana Korean old man's beard potential forest, shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Cobaea scandens cathedral bells unknown forest, shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Cortaderia jubata purple pampas potential shrubland, grassland, roadside status in doubt status in doubt Cortaderia selloana pampas potential shrubland, grassland, roadside status in doubt status in doubt Crassula multicava fairy crassula unknown shrubland, coastal not recorded not recorded Crassula decumbens Cape crassula unknown riverbed, coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Egeria densa egeria potential waterbody not recorded not recorded Ehrharta erecta veld grass potential grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Equisetum arvense field horsetail potential riverbed, riparian not recorded not recorded Erigeron karvinskianus Mexican daisy unknown shrubland, riparian, roadside not recorded not recorded Glyceria declinata blue sweet grass potential unknown unknown Glyceria fluitans floating sweet unknown riparian, waterbody unknown unknown grass Gunnera tinctoria Chilean rhubarb Unknown grassland, wetland, coastal not recorded not recorded Hedychium gardnerianum kahili ginger Potential riparian, coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Hieracium caespitosum field hawkweed Unknown alpine, grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Hieracium lepidulum tussock hawkweed Potential forest, grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Hieracium praealtum king devil potential Shrubland, grassland, roadside unknown unknown Homeria collina Cape tulip potential Grassland, roadside status in doubt status in doubt Hydrodictyon reticulata waternet potential Waterbody not recorded not recorded Hydrilla verticillata hydrilla potential Waterbody not recorded not recorded 46

47 Impatiens glandulifera Himalayan balsam unknown Riparian, roadside not recorded not recorded Iris foetidissima stinking iris potential Grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Jasminum humile Italian jasmine unknown Shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Lonicera periclymenum Lonicera japonica English honeysuckle Japanese honeysuckle unknown Roadside not recorded not recorded potential forest, shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Nymphaea alba waterlily moderate Waterbody not recorded not recorded Ottelia ovalifolia swamp lily potential Waterbody not recorded not recorded Passiflora caerulea blue pasion flower unknown Shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Passiflora mixta banana passionfruit unknown forest, shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Passiflora mollissima banana passionfruit potential forest, shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Pennisetum clandestinum Kikuyu grass potential Grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Pennisetum macrourum African feather potential Grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded grass Pinus nigra ssp laricio Corsican pine potential Shrubland, grassland, roadside unknown unknown Potamogeton crispus curled pondweed potential Waterbody not recorded not recorded Pseudotsuga menziesii Douglas fir potential forest, shrubland, grassland unknown unknown Racosperma dealbatum silver wattle potential Shrubland, coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Reynoutria japonica Asiatic knotweed potential riparian, roadside not recorded not recorded Reynoutria sachalinensis giant knotweed potential riparian, roadside not recorded not recorded Ribes sanguineum flowering currant potential shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Robinia pseudoaccacia false acacia unknown shrubland, roadside unknown unknown Rumex sagittatus climbing dock unknown shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Selaginella kraussiana Selaginella potential forest, riparian unknown unknown Senecio angulatus Cape ivy potential shrubland, coastal roadside not recorded not recorded Senecio mikanioides German ivy moderate shrubland, coastal, roadside not recorded not recorded Solanum jasminoides potato vine unknown shrubland, riparian, roadside not recorded not recorded Solanum marginatum white-edged nightshade potential shrubland, grassland, roadside not recorded not recorded Solanum mauritanum woolly nightshade unknown shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Spartina x townsendii Spartina moderate estuarine not recorded not recorded Stipa trichotoma nassella tussock unknown grassland, roadside unknown unknown Tradescantia fluminensis wandering jew potential forest, shrubland, roadside not recorded not recorded Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot potential riverbed, riparian not recorded not recorded Vallisneria spiralis Eelweed potential Waterbody not recorded not recorded Watsonia bulbillifera Watsonia unknown Roadside not recorded not recorded Zantedeschia aethiopica arum lily unknown grassland, wetland, roadside not recorded not recorded 47

48

49 Objectives 1. To prevent or minimise fire damage to lands administered by the Department and to other significant natural values in Mainland Southland/ West Otago. 2. To increase community and visitor awareness of fire danger. 3. To support research into the use of fire as a management tool to maintain a particular ecosystem. Implementation 1. Give highest priority to the control and suppression of wild fires on land administered by the Department in accordance with the provisions of the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977 and other legislation, except where the risk to fire-fighters is unacceptable. 2. Consider the use of fire as a tool to fulfil conservation management objectives on land administered by the Department. 3. Encourage visitors to lands administered by the Department to use portable cooking equipment rather than open fires. 49

50 Restoration Rationale Restoration in its widest sense encompasses a range of functions and management techniques, some of which are covered elsewhere in this CMS (e.g., animal and plant pest control). The principles and practices of restoration should be integrated across all management. The overall aim is to restore or partially restore biotic community functions and ecological processes as thriving indigenous ecosystems. The term "rehabilitation" is used when the intent is to return a degraded ecosystem to a condition not identical to the original, and the term "enhancement" is used to describe an increase in the quality or quantity of some characteristic of the ecosystem. Restoration, rehabilitation and enhancement activities are carried out to repair areas where natural values have been severely diminished or in some cases lost. This may have occurred because of a single event (e.g., fire) or longerterm degradation of ecosystems by plant and animal pests and land management activities such as forest clearance and mining. In some instances restoration is necessary in high use areas around huts, tracks and camping areas. Often restoration is seen as a revegetation or tree planting exercise. However, it includes a variety of activities such as pest plant control, animal pest control, fire control, revegetation and species introductions. The foci for restoration activities within the CMS area have been restoration of dune systems by controlling marram grass (at Fortrose, and on dune systems on the Fiordland Coast); restoration of wetlands by controlling gorse and broom (e.g., Borland Mire, Drummond Swamp, Dawson City Swamp, Kakapo Swamp, Dismal Mire, Seaward Moss, Waituna); revegetation of forest remnants to protect forest edges (e.g., Forest Hill, Kingswood Bush and Swales Bush Scenic Reserves); and assisting the Southland Regional Council on the Waihopai wetland enhancement scheme. A major enhancement scheme was recently undertaken at Milford Sound following redevelopment of visitor facilities. This would also be required at Deep Cove/West Arm if construction of a second tailrace for the Hydro-electric Power scheme proceeds. Replanting of threatened plant species has occurred such as the tree daisy Olearia hectorii at Taringatura Scenic Reserve, the shore spurge Euphorbia glauca and pingao at Fortrose and the tussock Chionochloa spiralis at Mt. Luxmore. Pingao has also been planted to restore dune ecosystems at Fortrose, and for cultural purposes at Omaui. Forest Hill has been the focus in this CMS area for ongoing animal and pest plant control to restore this important forest ecosystem (refer 6.7). In addition, plant and animal pest control are undertaken at many locations (refer and ). Priorities In addition to the restoration priorities outlined above, a major emphasis for restoration has been off-shore islands. The main restoration island in this CMS area is Breaksea Island, where the eradication of Norway rats and the introduction of saddlebacks, knobbled weevil and flax weevil has occurred. There is evidence from a 5 year monitoring study that eradication of rats has led to a substantial increase in the regeneration of woody tree and shrub species on the island. A very small population of yellowhead has been restored to Centre Island in Lake Te Anau and liberated on Breaksea Island. The Department will continue to concentrate on further island restorations; specific islands have been classified as potential refuge and restoration islands (refer 2.3.5). The emphasis for future restoration activities in this CMS area will include the restoration of aquatic ecosystems and lowland, coastal and riparian areas (particularly marginal strips); these are areas in which the Department has undertaken very little work to date. Work is ongoing to identify areas (irrespective of land status or tenure) which may have potential for restoration activities. Areas which should be investigated further include Lake George and its surrounding land and dune system (refer 6.6); Waituna Creek/Waituna Lagoon, Lower Mataura River (refer 6.8); Waiau River mouth and lagoon (refer 6.5); Sandy Point wetlands and dune systems, Oteramika Creek, Titiroa River above tide gates (refer 6.7); Lakes Brunton, Vincent, Cook, Charles and Forest (refer 6.9); and Kepler Mire/Home Creek system (refer 6.20). 50

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52 3. To involve local authorities, iwi and local communities in the planning, implementation and maintenance of restored ecosystems. Implementation 1. Identify and prioritise areas where restoration opportunities exist via a Restoration Plan. When assessing where restoration is desirable the following questions will be asked: a) Is the viability of the ecosystem under threat without restoration measures? b) Will it repair damage to sensitive areas, sites of high ecological value or high use areas? c) What are the constraints to a successful restoration project? 2. Encourage the use of plant species native to the local area in the restoration programmes of other bodies and individuals. As a general policy, only plant species of local genetic stock will be used by the Department in restoration programmes. 3. Encourage restoration initiatives on private land. The Department may assist with information on species, communities or processes at risk. 4. Advocate for the restoration of wetlands and riparian areas through local authorities and their planning documents prepared under the RMA. 5. Monitor the effectiveness of any restoration project and provide for the on-going management of restored areas. 6. Raise public awareness of the importance of restoration through public information campaigns and encourage involvement in community projects. 52

53 Legal Protection Rationale The primary goal of legal protection is to preserve a full representative range of those natural features that give Mainland Southland/West Otago its distinctive character. Mechanisms for protection are outlined in Table 3. The loss of indigenous biodiversity over Mainland Southland/West Otago has been greatest in the lowlands and coastal areas. This is particularly so in the lowlands of the Waimea Plains, the Southland Plains, the Waiau Valley, but also in the Taringatura Hills, the high country of northern Southland and the coastal areas of southern Southland. In these areas the original vegetation cover has been reduced to small remnants and there are only limited areas which have legal protection. These are outlined in the relevant landscape unit section (Part 6). Most of the tussock grasslands, shrublands and wetlands have been removed or modified. The majority of protected natural areas on the plains are small and contain only one or a small range of ecosystems. Few protected areas contain a sequence of vegetation across an environmental gradient. Such sequences are important in containing a continuous range of soil and climatic conditions, with a corresponding diversity of plant and animal species, and a variety of landforms. The protection of natural areas across an environmental gradient may no longer be possible in many lowland areas. There are limited areas of soil and geological features with intact vegetation protected, particularly limestone outcrops. The Department will encourage landowners to protect values of local importance on their properties, by helping to establish conservation covenants or management agreements, and providing management advice or encouraging other forms of voluntary protection. The QEII National Trust is another organisation which assists with the protection of private lands. Two government funds have been established to help with protection indigenous forests on private land - the Forest Heritage Fund and Nga Whenua Rahui Kawenata. There has been much interest from forest owners in the Forest Heritage Fund. The Department will continue to service these requests giving priority to under-represented forest types, such as lowland forest, or areas with special significance. There will be increased attention given to protecting other ecosystems, particularly the under-represented types such as tussock grasslands and wetlands. Funding for land acquisition can be provided by the Forest Heritage Fund for forests and from the Land Acquisition Fund for other ecosystems. These funds are determined year by year. Nga Whenua Rahui is specifically designed to meet the needs of Maori landowners. This scheme is administered by a mainly Maori committee and it fully recognises the rangatiratanga of Maori forest owners and their traditional uses and cultural views. Many of the areas administered by the Department are not well known. Ecological information is lacking. An example is marginal strips. The Department administers over 500 marginal strips in Mainland Southland/West Otago but very little is known about their natural values. Marginal strips are lands managed under the Conservation Act 1987 along foreshore and waterways greater than three metres wide, and around lakes. A marginal strip is to be managed for the conservation of its natural and historic resources and those of the adjacent water, to enable the conservation of those resources and public access to the adjacent water. Restoration opportunities for riparian areas, including marginal strips will be investigated in the Restoration Plan (refer ). It is noted that a large proportion of the "Queens Chain" strips along riverbanks in Southland are legal roads vested in and managed by the District Councils. Protected Natural Areas Programme Lack of information for species, communities and ecosystem management has been identified as one of the major constraints in effectively protecting the region's biodiversity values. The Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP) is a primary means of providing ecological information for Mainland Southland/ West Otago, both on and off lands administered by the Department. The PNAP or other ecological surveys has the potential to provide an information system that meets the Departments obligations for both the Resource Management Act and the Convention on Biological Diversity. 53

54 Such an ecological survey information system could comprise the following components: a reconnaissance and survey programme, central data storage, and a biodiversity reporting programme. This information system would provide information on biodiversity assets that are useful to central and local government, communities and individuals, and would enable people to make informed decisions on management of natural resources. The surveys that underpin PNAP are based on Ecological Regions and Ecological Districts or other ecological survey. New Zealand has been divided up into these regional and district units on the basis of vegetation, geology, soils, climate and wildlife. Mainland Southland/West Otago contains 28 Ecological Districts (or parts thereof) which comprise all or parts of 10 Ecological Regions. To date only four of the Ecological Districts have been surveyed. These are the Old Man, Umbrella, Nokomai and part of the Eyre Ecological Districts. It should be noted that 4 Ecological Districts cover Fiordland National Park and are therefore already protected. Ecological surveys are identified as a high priority. Because of the large number of Ecological Districts they have been listed in order of priority for survey. The following criteria were used to assist in determining priorities: adequacy of representativeness in areas already protected; degree of threat and continuing modification to remaining natural areas and landscapes; and extent of detailed knowledge of a district's natural features. The areas identified in Mainland Southland/ West Otago as highest priority for survey include the Southland Plains, Gore, Waipahi and Taringatura Ecological Districts. A survey of the Southland Plains has recently been completed and the Taringatura survey commenced in The information provided from such surveys is a valuable asset to the community. It provides a basis for knowing where important ecosystems and species are located which in turn can be used to seek protection of these areas (protection being used in its widest sense). It also provides useful information for which the Department can fulfil its obligation under the Conservation Act to advocate for the conservation of natural and historic resources generally. Criteria for assessing priority areas for protection are identified in Tables 4 and 5. Any areas considered for purchase will be assessed against this criteria. Protected Area Design Within Mainland Southland/West Otago many of the protected areas are small, isolated, open areas. To a large extent these areas will not preserve indigenous biological diversity. Priority should be given to protecting areas which are of an adequate size, with buffers and links to other protected areas. Land Status Review There are a number of areas administered by the Department which are considered to be inadequately protected, or have inappropriate classification or status. Many of these are lands managed as stewardship areas under the Conservation Act. For each unit (refer Part Six), priority areas have been identified for reviewing their land status over the time period of this CMS. A review of status may be necessary for a number of reasons including increased protection for natural values, or to make management of areas more practical. There are 57 miscellaneous reserves such as old school sites, lighthouse reserves, and general purpose reserves, which became the responsibility of the Department. Some, such as lighthouse reserve islands, may have potential for restoration, but many others could be investigated for disposal if they serve no conservation purpose. Some areas of unallocated Crown land have been identified as having high natural values, (e.g. some river berms such as the Oreti, Mararoa and Upukerora, Lakes Brunton and Vincent (refer 6.9) and the Hamilton Burn (refer 6.14)) and their re-allocation to the Department should be investigated. Unallocated Crown Land elsewhere in the conservancy containing significant natural values, especially in the high country such as the Eyre Mountains should be considered for allocation to the Department. Although priority areas have been identified, it is suggested that a review of all lands administered by the Department be undertaken in association with any survey of natural and recreational values. 54

55 Disposal and Exchange When land the Department administers has been identified as having no value to conservation, or no value for other reserve purposes, the option of disposal should be investigated. All pieces of land suggested for disposal or exchange will be thoroughly investigated when: Land inspections or status reviews identify the possibility; An approach is made from someone interested in purchasing an area of land presently administered by the Department; and/or Administering agencies (territorial authorities) resolve that the land is no longer required for the purpose for which it was originally reserved and request revocation of reserve status. The Department will consider a proposal to declare land it administers as surplus and available for disposal where: i) by reason of destruction of the habitat or ecosystem, or loss of the scientific or natural or historic features, the land is no longer suitable for the purpose for which it was held and there are no restoration possibilities; ii) iii) iv) the land does not materially enhance the value to conservation or recreation of any adjacent land administered by the Department, or adjacent water body or public access to it; Existing values can be adequately protected by other means (e.g., conservation covenants, management agreements) or can be managed by other bodies or persons. there is no strategic advantage (i.e., access to other land administered by the Department) The Reserves and Conservation Acts contain specific provisions to deal with the disposal of land. Disposal is a complex process which is determined by the status of the land and its previous history. If the Department supports a proposal to declare land surplus and available for disposal then the Crown's land disposal agent, Land Information New Zealand (LINZ) is engaged to undertake the formal clearances required through provisions of the Public Works Act and Ngai Tahu Iwi. Disposal of land is generally subject to public notification. Because of these requirements and the possibility of survey, disposal is often a lengthy and expensive process. The decision to proceed with the disposal option will only be made where there will be a net benefit to conservation. Public notification is required in most cases where disposal of land is proposed. The Department will not enter into any disposal action without having regard to the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi. Under the consultative process, if iwi have a specific claim or interest in the land then it may be withheld from sale and placed in a land bank or used in the settlement of the Ngai Tahu land claim. Land exchanges involving conservation areas will require approval from the Minister of Conservation following consultation with Ngai Tahu, and where desirable with the Conservation Board. An exchange proposal must enhance the values of the land managed by the Department and promote the purposes of the Acts it administers. A similar process is required for the exchange of reserve land. The Department has land disposal guidelines which must be followed. Exchange of marginal strips for another strip of land may also be authorised by the Minister of Conservation, provided the exchange will better achieve the purposes of marginal strips. 55

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57 Objectives 1. To identify the most significant habitats, ecosystems and landscapes requiring protection within Mainland Southland/West Otago, and advocate for their protection. For those already protected, to ensure that their status adequately protects them. 2. To investigate the possibility of disposal of areas which do not possess existing or potential natural historic or recreational (including public access) values. 3. To promote the exchange of those areas with no real value to conservation for land where protection is desirable. 4. To maximise the benefit to conservation in any disposal or exchange of surplus land. Implementation 1. Survey the ecological values of the following Ecological Districts within the time frame of this CMS. Priority A areas are: Southland Plains (completed) Taringatura Gore Waipahi These will identify sites recommended for protection. Should time allow the following Ecological Districts should also be surveyed in order of priority: Priority B: Tuatapere, Tahakopa, Hokonui, Waituna, Longwood, Takitimu. Priority C: Tapanui, Livingstone, Waitutu. 2. Continue implementation of RAP's identified in the four PNA surveys completed to date. This protection could be through covenants or other legal arrangements with landowners, and/or acquisition. 3. Undertake implementation of RAP s as other PNA surveys are completed through a variety of mechanisms (refer Table 3). 4. Review the status or classification of all lands administered by the Department within Mainland Southland/West Otago, and where necessary seek to upgrade or change the status to better protect natural values (see objectives, Part 6 for priority areas for review) 5. Provide information on key sites and their values and encourage landowners to undertake voluntary protection, with assistance from the Department or other agencies. 6. Assess land administered by the Department for disposal or exchange where: i ii iii iv land possesses no existing or potential natural, historic or recreation value; land has no strategic advantage; a change of classification or purpose would have no benefit; transfer of control to a more appropriate agency/person has merit. 7. Consider proposals for disposal or exchange of land only where a net benefit results and where applicants will meet all related administrative costs. 8. Consult with relevant runanga, the Southland Conservation Board and others where a disposal or exchange proposal may be of particular interest or concern. 56

58 TABLE 3 - MECHANISMS FOR LEGAL PROTECTION There is a variety of legislation which provides the mechanisms for legal protection of natural (historic and other conservation) values. Some of this legislation is administered by the Department of Conservation and some by other organisations Legislation administered by the Department of Conservation Reserves Act 1977 a) Lands of the Crown Nature Reserve Scientific Reserve Scenic Reserve Government Purpose Reserve Esplanade Reserve Other (*Recreation, Historic, Local Purpose Reserves) b) Private Land Protected Private Land Conservation Covenant Nga Whenua Rahui Kawenata National Parks Act 1980 National Park Specially protected areas Wilderness areas Amenity Areas Conservation Act 1987 a) Lands of the Crown Conservation Park Wilderness Area Ecological Area Sanctuary Area Others (Marginal Strips) Stewardship areas Specially protected areas b) Private Land Covenant Management Agreement Nga Whenua Rahui Kawenata Wildlife Act a) Lands of the Crown Wildlife Sanctuary Wildlife Management Reserve b) Any Land Status Wildlife Refuge Freshwater Fisheries Regulations Faunistic reserves (refer 2.3.4) 57

59 Other Legislation Resource Management Act 1991 a) Direct Protection Mechanisms Heritage Order b) Other Mechanisms District/Regional Plan provisions Conditions on resource consents Queen Elizabeth II National Trust Act Land Act * Often managed by local authorities. Open Space Covenant Tenure reviews and negotiated surrenders Local Government Act Te Ture Whenua Act TABLE 4 - SOUTHLAND PRIORITIES FOR LAND PROTECTION FOR CONSERVATION PURPOSES Emphasis will be given to the following regional priorities for the protection of natural values on private land (especially when considering land acquisition). Regional priorities include: * areas identified by investigation under section 8 of the National Parks Act 1980; * representative areas which are recommended for protection through rapid ecological inventory (e.g., Protected Natural Areas Programme), or suitable substitutes, or equivalent areas; * areas of indigenous vegetation or ecosystems which are either poorly represented within the current land administered by the Department of Conservation, or nationally; * the habitat of threatened species, or that of indigenous species (in particular those with a limited distribution) or local species which might become threatened if the habitat is not protected; * areas where it is desirable to improve boundary configuration of a nationally or regionally important protected area; * enclaves of private land surrounded by a National Park or other extensive protected areas; * sites of high potential for restoration. (Criteria for prioritising areas to be protected are listed in Table 5) 58

60 TABLE 5 - CRITERIA FOR PRIORITISING AREAS TO BE PROTECTED Southland is a large and diverse land area and its ecological communities vary in composition, diversity and abundance in different parts of it. The goal of land protection is to attain the best possible representation of the areas natural diversity. The following criteria will be utilised to help prioritise any area for protection (but, in particular, sites considered for land acquisition). As well as the listed criteria, other factors (e.g., price and land availability) must be considered. A Primary Criteria 1 Representativeness All areas of vegetation containing indigenous vegetation are to some extent representative of the original vegetation of Southland (taken to be that found in 1840). There are two aspects of representativeness to be considered: i) The extent to which an area contains examples of ecosystems, communities, or combinations of ecosystems and communities, that are fully representative of the original character of Southland or a particular Ecological District. ii) The extent to which an indigenous ecosystem or community remains in Southland or a particular Ecological District. Some ecosystems or communities are much reduced in the protected lands of Southland. 2 Rarity and Distinctiveness The extent to which an area contains examples of rare or distinctive elements characteristic of Southland's natural diversity. This includes both species and communities that are threatened, unique or to Southland and/or a particular Ecological District. (Southland contains many species classified as nationally threatened, to the region, and some unique communities, e.g., coastal turf communities). 3 Natural Diversity The extent to which an area contains a diversity of species, habitats, communities, ecosystems and physical features (including features relating to climate, landforms, drainage patterns, geology and soils). The inclusion of ecological sequences or zonation are very important, as many protected lands are small with limited natural diversity. 4 Long-Term Viability The extent to which an area will be able to retain its inherent natural values and character over a long period of time. This includes an area's ability to regenerate and sustain itself, both naturally and in the face of changes in the surrounding area. B Secondary Criteria 5 Degree of Threat If an area has an active threat to the values which it would be desirable to protect, this may elevate the priority of an area. Another aspect of this is where an activity would threaten the values or alter the natural character of an area adjacent to a protected area. Then, this area could be protected as a buffer, particularly when adjacent to or surrounded by Fiordland National Park or other nationally or internationally important areas. 6 Naturalness The extent to which an area is characterised by a lack of human disturbance or intervention. 59

61 7 Area, Shape and Spatial Configuration The extent to which an area proposed for protection has been designed to ensure its effectiveness in protecting the natural features it contains and to ensure its long-term viability. This criteria has several related aspects: i) Area the larger the area the more diverse it tends to be and the greater its long-term viability; ii) iii) Shape the more compact the area the less is the extent of its edges effect (therefore a compact area is more desirable than an elongated narrow area); Spatial Configuration - a single layer is more desirable than several smaller areas. 8 Continuity and Linkage Additions to existing protected lands are important as they add to the size, viability, and degree of buffering. Additions are of increased importance where they add diversity, contain special features, add to landscape continuity or link other areas or serve as a wildlife corridor. Areas surrounded by, or forming an enclave within a protected area have a strategic value above the value of their own vegetation and habitat value. This is especially so where the protected area is of special importance or where an alternative land use could impact upon the protected area. 9 Ecological Restoration There are several aspects to this criteria including: i) whether the area has potential for species/habitat/community/ecosystem restoration, including the possibility for outward edge expansion; ii) iii) iv) the degree to which an area would recover/regenerate if free from negative impacts; whether the area is capable of being fenced or physically protected (at a reasonable cost); whether pest and/or weed control in the area is sustainable; v) the potential to link other natural areas or whether it is part of a local pattern that does link natural areas. 10 Landscape The extent to which an area make a contribution to protecting distinctive or important features of a locality's landscape. Areas which are adjacent to roads make a greater contribution to the landscape as we view it. NOTE: Many of these criteria were derived from the Land Acquisition Fund or the Forest Heritage Fund criteria. 60

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63 Three other areas of the southern coast - the Waitutu Coast, Solander Island and the Porpoise Bay/Curio Bay-Slope Point area also warrant investigation for protection because of their outstanding natural values (see Table 6). The latter area should also be investigated to determine whether the diverse mammal fauna found there (Hector's dolphins, fur seals, New Zealand ( Hooker's) sealions) needs the protection of a marine mammal sanctuary. Issues The taking of marine life is one of the most significant human induced modifiers of the coastal environment. Taking has a direct impact on the target species and non-target species taken as bycatch, as well as implications for many other organisms in the food chain by removing prey, or predators dependent on the species. Efforts are being made to sustainably manage the taking of species through the Quota Management System. It is hoped this will rebuild fish stocks and reduce fishing pressure. In addition, the act of taking can cause physical destruction of habitats or communities (i.e., trawling and dredging). Targeting those actions and methods which are unsustainable should be a priority. The accumulation and deposition of wastes (fish skeletons, offal) can also cause marine community changes by altering species dominance in other food chains. Construction of structures or developments of any kind (e.g. marine farming) is likely to detract from the important natural values of the coastline in this CMS area. The national and international significance of some areas means that any development, decrease in water quality, benthic depositions or increase in activity will be opposed. Important areas include the fiords, the southwest coast, the fiords, existing and proposed RAMSAR sites (Awarua Bay, New River Estuary, Waituna Lagoon, Toetoes Harbour), and Waikawa Estuary. Any development around the Southland coastline will have to be assessed against significant natural values present and future management directions suggested in this CMS (refer Part Six). Marine farming can significantly degrade the sea floor through the accumulation of wastes, shells and excess food, smothering the natural communities and often combining to form anoxic conditions. These tend to be localised effects. Physical destruction of sea bed from shifting mooring blocks, accumulation of plastics and other litter, and detrimental aesthetic effects may also occur. Both the type and level of impact is species, method and site dependent. Farm structures can act as artificial reefs providing settlement areas upon which diverse encrusting and fish communities develop. However, management of these growths by the use of antifoulants, cleaning and disposal of debris can compound environmental effects. Structures can also act as roosts and as feeding areas for seabirds and marine mammals. This can create a management problem for the farms. The Department will continue to work closely with farmers to solve these problems. The industry can also act as an environmental protection lobby because of its need for clear water, and the threat posed by introduced organisms like toxic algae or Asian sea star. Monitoring programmes funded by industry are also helping increase our knowledge of marine systems. Competition for development space or areas for moorings in sheltered areas may arise particularly with the increase in guided ecotourism, charter boats and interest in marine farming. Demand for mooring sites in Harrison's Cove (inside the Piopiotahi Marine Reserve) is a current example. Pressure has spread to Deepwater Basin. Continued habitat loss and degradation is a major issue for coastal management. Damage can occur through reclamation, dumping, pollution, grazing, vehicle damage, dredging, and draining. Structures placed on the coast such as jetties, boat sheds, ramps, maimais, and seawalls can have a marked impact on the coast, visually, biologically, and physically. The impact of coastal structures on physical coastal processes, particularly sediment transport and beach formation, can be significant. Although each structure or activity on the coast may have a seemingly minor impact, their cumulative impacts over time can be significant. Management must integrate activities/values on land and shoreline with those beyond in the marine areas. Pollutants on the coast can be derived well inland with activities in catchments often having potential impacts on the surrounding coast. The preservation of water quality is critical for survival of many species (e.g., turbity effects on light and thus algae), but also for recreation and food gathering. Sources of pollution are numerous and varied, ranging from direct sewage and industrial discharges, to more diffuse sources well inland and transported to estuaries and the coast by rivers and streams. Land clearance, and harvesting of forestry operations, shingle extraction, river works, and mining, can lead to increased sedimentation rates in estuaries, or other coastal areas, with potential major implications for the environment (e.g., turbity, smothering). 62

64 Sewage and waste disposal are problems that needs addressing, particularly in Fiordland. Development associated with increased tourism could put considerable pressure on treatment systems. The Department needs to strongly advocate for high grade treatment of any discharges, alternative disposal methods, or removal to land-based systems. Foveaux Strait is a major seaway with an international port at Bluff receiving bulk carriers for timber, aluminium ore and oil. Foveaux Strait is also one of the roughest straits in the world. A major spill is likely to be catastrophic for the coast, particularly in sensitive areas like Awarua Bay, around seabird colonies, and on offshore islands like Solander and Codfish Islands. Controls are subject to the Marine Pollutions Act. Contingency planning is required to ensure the potential effects can be avoided. The same problems exist in the fiords. Contingency plans need to be developed for other environmental hazards. Accidental introduction of unwanted species via mussel spat or from shipping, either in ballast water (e.g., toxic dinoflagellates) or attached to hulls (e.g., Pacific oysters, Undaria), is a major concern and a national issue. Government is seeking solutions to ballast water discharges. Locally, the Department will strongly support initiatives to raise awareness of problems, and/or initiate controls including bans on ballast water discharges. Detailed monitoring, especially of toxic dinoflagellates, is already undertaken in Big Glory Bay and Paterson Inlet (Stewart Island). The Department will try to expand this monitoring programme to include Bluff Harbour, and macro fauna and flora. This should enable early detection of pest species. 63

65 TABLE 6 - MARINE VALUES Big Bay-Martin's Bay. Largest dune system on western coast of Fiordland, supporting diverse native plant communities including Euphorbia glauca, & Myriophyllum robustum. Nationally unique Lake McKerrow, former northern most fiord, now a semi tidal lake, also used by dolphins. CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THREATS Potential increase in recreational take. Ballast water discharge, pollution, and or oil spillage associated with Jackson Bay water extraction. Mining. Marram. The limited catchment clearances, and hence low sedimentation rates, ensure high water quality and relatively pristine marine communities of regional importance Outer Fiordland coast High energy wave environment and past glaciation have produced dramatic and internationally recognised coastline. The limited catchment clearances, and hence low sedimentation rates, ensure high water quality and relatively pristine marine communities of regional importance Narrow continental shelf and deep sea troughs - abundant and diverse marine mammal fauna associated with these, including sperm whales, dolphins, seals. Fiordland crested penguins roost along this coast. Inner Fiords Internationally recognised subtidal communities of rare deep-water species found at shallow depths. Include brachiopods, black and red corals, diverse array of sponges and deep sea fishes. Limited algal communities due to light limitation of freshwater layers. Resident bottlenose Dolphin pods (Doubtful Sound, possibly also Milford Sound). Seascapes and landscapes of international renown. Marine reserves at Te Awaatu Channel (Doubtful Sound) and Piopiotahi (Milford Sound). Commercial and recreational take, e.g., removal of target and non-target species, physical impacts of fishing gear. Ballast water, pollution and oil spillage associated with proposed water extraction in Deep Cove, (Doubtful Sound), and other shipping. Mining. Human interactions through ecotourism, e.g., marine mammal watching, penguin tours. Ballast water, pollution and oil spillage associated with shipping and water extraction consideration. Recreational take, e.g., removal of target and non-target species. Physical diver impacts on fragile communities, anchor effects. Marine farming Increased freshwater discharge, and sedimentation associated with ECNZ Manapouri tailrace work. Sewage, Wanganella weed and other introduced seaweeds. Mining. Human interactions through ecotourism, e.g. marine mammal watching, penguin tours. Southwest Coast (Puysegur - Te Waewae Bay) Ancient marine terraces spanning years upraised to form tidal platforms of national importance. Backed by largest remaining example of lowland podocarp-beech forest in Southland. Subtidal and intertidal marine communities are Commercial and recreational take e.g. removal of target and non-target species, physical impacts of fishing gear. Pollution. Mining. Ballast Water. Forestry. 64

66 at least of regional significance. Solander Island Major seabird colonies including half the total population of Bullers mollymawk, one of the four largest Fiordland crested penguin colonies. Also, the largest mainland New Zealand fur seal colonies. Red coral tree's (giant) known to be present in coastal waters. Solander trough rich feeding ground for marine mammals and sea birds. Marine communities are likely to be highly diverse and relatively pristine. Southern Coast (Te Waewae-Waikawa). Three long sand gravel beaches with extensive dune systems including rare plants like Gunnera Hamiltonii. Nationally significant Toheroa stocks. Wetland/estuary complex of international significance as bird habitat (Awarua Bay, Waituna Lagoon, New River estuary, Toetoes estuary), proposed RAMSAR site. Important feeding ground for various wader species including New Zealand dotterels. Significant habitat for native fish including banded and giant kokopu. Commercial take - bycatch and physical effect of fishing equipment. Pollution. Oil extraction. Land clearance and forestry. Marram and spartina. Sedimentation at Waituna Potential increase in recreational take. Reclamation, land development, enrichment, fire. Marine farming. Ballast water, attached organisms on ship hulls (Bluff harbour), introduction of exotic organisms e.g., Undaria. Land based discharges. Human interactions, loss of habitat. Habitat for Hectors dolphin, yellow-eyed penguin and New Zealand sealion. Some existing introduced species have displaced native communities. In the past species have been introduced intentionally to stabilise dunes or reclaim mudflats (e.g., marram grass, spartina). Other plant species have invaded areas of high natural value or have been accidentally introduced. For example, a red seaweed called "Wanganella" appears to have been introduced into Doubtful Sound and has colonised significant areas of habitat. Where pest species are detected or known, distribution and potential threats need to be assessed and control or eradication initiated where necessary. Most of the public take the continued functioning of the vast and extensive marine ecosystem for granted, yet our knowledge of the sea relative to that of the land is extremely poor. The nature of the sea itself places physical difficulties on gathering information such as restrictions on diving time and depths reached by divers; more often than not there is poor visibility. Further information is urgently required, as baselines for measuring change, particularly in areas of high human activity. In the absence of habitat maps survey work will be issue driven. Raising awareness of the impacts (of an activity) on natural values can reduce their occurrence. However, careful management of development and use with the potential for impact on coastal environments is essential This should be achieved through relevant statutory processes and by implementation of the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement under the RMA. Objectives 1. To achieve protection of significant and/or representative coastal and marine ecosystems, seascapes and landscapes along the Mainland Southland/West Otago coast, through a variety of methods, including marine reserves, mechanisms under the Resource Management Act, and public awareness. 65

67 2. To obtain a greater knowledge on the ecological processes involved in the marine and coastal environment. 3. To ensure continued liaison with the general public, other organisations and interested parties who have a management role in coastal and marine management. 4. To encourage the integrated management of land and sea. Implementation 1. Raise public awareness of the impacts of coastal developments on natural values of the sea and coastline. 2. Advocate that the fiords and the southwest coast and substantial outer coastal areas remain free of marine structures. 3. Advocate that no structures above water be placed within 1.5 km of islands that are free of introduced mammals. 4. Advocate for the use of moorings and stern lines in popular anchorages that contain sensitive benthic species or communities. 5. Advocate for the protection of significant marine species, features, habitat, landscapes and the preservation of the natural character of the coast. 6. Advocate for the consideration of the effects that harvesting has on the wider environment, and in particular the impacts of certain fishing practices on marine mammals, seabirds and habitats. 7. Raise public awareness of the problems of ballast water and exotic species associated with shipping. Seek a ban on ballast water discharges in the waters covered by this CMS. 8. Where introduced species are detected or known, assess distribution and potential threats. Initiate control or eradication if appropriate or possible with appropriate authorities. 9. Investigate options for protected marine areas around Mainland Southland/West Otago which are representative of the coastal types found in this CMS area, and progress worthwhile proposals using the procedures set out in the Marine Reserves Act and/or Wildlife Act. 10. Encourage other organisations with coastal interests to develop or maintain appropriate programmes of survey and research. 11. Establish baseline descriptions of marine communities to provide background information to detect change. A programme of science priorities for marine reserves established in the CMS area will be set out in the CMP covering the reserve(s). 12. Advocate a precautionary approach to the introduction of new species for marine farming and seek a ban on farming any new species with the potential for colonising freshwater systems. 13. Seek protection of significant nursery and breeding habitats of marine species (including sharks). 14. Advocate for the use of on- board sewage treatment systems on boats using the fiords, or other waste disposal systems that adequately protect water quality and other natural values of the fiords. 66

68 2.3.3 Indigenous Species Indigenous Species Rationale The Department's responsibilities include protection of New Zealand's native animals and protection of their habitats within areas managed by the Department. It has responsibilities for protecting wildlife habitats on lands managed by it, under the Conservation Act 1987, the Reserves Act 1977, National Parks Act 1980 and protecting wildlife under the Wildlife Act It can also advocate protection of habitats on private lands. The Department also has responsibilities for the protection of marine mammals under the Marine Mammals Protection Act 1978 (Marine mammals are discussed further in ). In contrast to animals, specific plant species in New Zealand are not protected as such by legislation, except through very limited protection from the Native Plant Protection Act They are only protected if they are located within areas protected by the Reserves Act 1977, the National Parks Act 1980, the Conservation Act 1987, the Queen Elizabeth II National Trust Act 1977, the Wildlife Act 1953, and conservation covenants. Plants outside these areas, no matter how threatened, have little protection. The Department is responsible for protecting indigenous freshwater fish and their habitats, but it does not administer or control water or land uses affecting water quality (except in areas which are included in lands administered by the Department. The statutory responsibility for indigenous fish is explained in 2.3.4). Provisions under the RMA also allow for the protection of indigenous species and their habitats. It is important that the role of landowners and the public in general is recognised. Many indigenous species are located on private land. Therefore, many activities undertaken by landowners can influence the survival of species. Public awareness and liaison with landowners is an essential aspect of species management. Strategies and Plans One of the highest priorities for species management is the protection of habitats. Species cannot survive without protection of their habitats but, at times, even this will not be enough and more intensive management is required. An example of this kind of management is the development of Species Recovery Programmes. This generally only occurs where the individual species is of such priority that intensive, manipulative management is required. A programme sets out goals, objectives and actions for the conservation of a threatened species. The process provides an opportunity to reach agreement for the planned initiatives with community interest groups and individuals. Recovery plans can be prepared for individual species or groups of species. Such management could include island transfers, captive rearing or cultivation, and wild animal control. Recovery plans, both approved and in draft form that affect species management in this CMS area include kiwi, yellow-eyed penguin, bats, weka, yellowhead, takahe and weta. The Department has, or is in the process of developing, a number of species plans. They cover discrete taxonomic groups or cover an ecosystem grouping. These plans are as follows: 1. Draft Southland Threatened Plant Plan. Management actions are outlined in detail in the plan and are outlined in Table Herpetofauna Plan (being prepared) 3. A Plan for Powelliphanta snail species (being prepared). Other operational plans may be required to promote biodiversity conservation. An example is the Southland Conservancy Pest Quarantine Plan, currently under preparation. Island pest control contingencies are emphasised in this plan. 67

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71 Some of these species have a high public profile, while others you may know nothing about. For example the Yellow-eyed penguin which is found in the South-west Catlins and on Centre Island has an approved recovery programme and is recognised nationally by the public, whereas a B priority plant species such as Gunnera hamiltonii (a ground hugging herb) has little, if any public recognition. The focus of species protection in Mainland Southland/West Otago is twofold. Intensive management occurs with island eradication s and transfers, while at the other end of the spectrum monitoring and surveys are the main management techniques. The importance of survey, monitoring and research should not be overlooked. These terms are defined in the definitions for Table 7. Research on threatened species will focus on improving the understanding of the biology and population ecology of each species. This will include identification of threats and research to minimise those threats. It is important to integrate management of neighbouring marine environments with protection or restoration of islands. For example, shipping poses significant potential threat to the integrity of these islands through pollution (such as oil spills, ballast water), and as potential sources of rodent invasion (refer ). For seabirds, the marine environment is their food source, and therefore, they are vulnerable to over-exploitation of these resources by fishers. The taking of indigenous plants and animals from lands administered by the Department for other purposes is addressed in Part 5.2. Objectives 1. To maintain natural biodiversity by preventing, where possible, the further loss of indigenous species from areas where they are currently known to exist. 2. To retain biodiversity in such condition that all ecosystems are self-sustaining with minimal management input. 3. To set priorities for threatened species management having regard for national priorities, requirements of species recovery plans, and locally identified threats and priorities, and to keep these priorities under review. Implementation 1. Advocate through planning processes under the Resource Management Act and public awareness initiatives, the need for sound ecological management and the protection of significant indigenous vegetation and significant habitats of indigenous fauna. 2. Intensively manage various threatened species where the priority for that species has been assessed on its distinctiveness, threatened status, threats faced, vulnerability, ability to recover, the ability of management techniques to be successful, gains to biodiversity, and the nature of direction given through either the appropriate Species Recovery Plan or local Species Plan. 3. Manage a range of threatened species and non-threatened protected species through non-intensive management techniques. Such techniques include legal protection of species and/or habitats, compliance and law enforcement, opportunistic survey of species distribution and habitats, fire control, habitat fencing, control of human visitor activity (see below) and general measures such as general weed control and wild animal control. 4. Action to promote species recovery should not be constrained by the absence of a Recovery Plan. 5. Monitor changing status of threat faced by "non-intensively managed" species, so that the need for any intensive management can be assessed. 70

72 6. Develop local Species Plans for species and habitat protection for the management of groups of species where those species are not covered by Species Recovery Plans (for example, Southland Threatened Plant Plan). Such strategies and plans may be developed for taxonomic and/or ecological groups. 7. Give priority to operations for threatened species in locations where the greatest number of species may benefit. Priority should also be given to operations which deal with a number of threats at one site. 8. Give ongoing priority to the collection of distribution and population data for species for which there is currently insufficient information will be an ongoing priority. This information will be used to determine more clearly the status of species and management requirements for those species. Specific surveys require organisation but the Department must also encourage "opportunistic surveys" where a wide range of ecological information is collected through any field work. Use should also be made of the public and other conservation agencies to obtain information. 9. Undertake all management activity (including animal control, weed control, facilities development and maintenance and visitor management) in a manner compatible with, and wherever practical, integrated with species and ecosystem management. 10. Encourage the general public and conservation interest groups to become involved in species and ecosystem conservation management activities. This recognises the role the public and local iwi can play in species and ecosystem conservation. Opportunities for the public to participate are an important educational tool in this field. Information on species and ecosystem conservation will be made available to the public where appropriate. 11. Inform local iwi of species and ecosystem conservation programmes. Consultation with iwi will ensure that local Maori are able to have input into the Departments programmes. This is especially important on issues relating to cultural materials and traditional food resources which are derived from threatened species sources. (refer 5.2 for the taking of flora and fauna specimens) 71

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74 TABLE 7 - THREATENED SPECIES OF MAINLAND SOUTHLAND Species Name Habitat Type Landscape Unit National Status Southland Priority Recovery Plan Management required CATEGORY A SPECIES PLANTS Olearia hectori "South Island" (tree daisy) INVERTEBRATES Asaphodes stinaria (moth) Shrubland Red and short tussocklands Garvie, Eyre, Hokonui, Southland Plains, Taringatura Endangered, High Southland Plains Endangered Low, locally extinct Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan. Recovery Plan No recovery plan Survey, database, population monitoring, cultivation, planting, habitat protection, research, staff and public awareness Status report Pianoa isolata (Piano Flat spider) Beech forest Garvie Vulnerable*, Southland Medium No recovery plan Status report, survey, research, pest management. REPTILES Leiolopisma otagense (Otago Skink) Bluffs, outcrops Hokonui Endangered, High Southland Reptile Conservation Plan in preparation Habitat protection, population monitoring Leiolopisma "Garston skink" Tussockland North West Plains Endangered, Southland High, stronghold Southland Reptile Conservation Plan in preparation Survey, database, research FISH Galaxias postvectis Freshwater, (short-jawed kokopu) marine Waitutu Vulnerable, Medium No recovery plan Survey, database, habitat protection, advocacy BIRDS Charadrius obscurus "Southern" (New Zealand dotterel, southern) Cyanoramphus malherbi (orangefronted parakeet ) Herbfield, coastal gravel and sand, saltmarsh, dune, tidal mudflat and sand Waituna Endangered, Beech forest Fiordland Endangered, High Recovery Plan Population monitoring Low No recovery plan Database Porphyrio mantelli hochstetteri (takahe) Snow tussock, beech forest, secondary shrub Fiordland Endangered, High, stronghold Recovery Plan Captive management, nest manipulation, population monitoring, monitoring of management, Wild Animal Control, research, translocation CATEGORY B SPECIES PLANTS Alepis flavida (yellow Beech forest flowered mistletoe, pirita, piri) Fiordland, Mavora, Eyre, Garvie, Te Anau, Takitimu Vulnerable, Medium Recovery plan in preparation Database, status report, population monitoring, research 72

75 Chionochloa spiralis (alpine tussock) Carmichaelia prona (lacustris) (native broom, makaka) Snow tussock, limestone Stony beaches, riverbeds, lakeshore Fiordland Lake Manapouri, Lake Te Anau Vulnerable, Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Low No recovery plan Database Survey, database, population monitoring, status report, Wild Animal Control, cultivation, planting Carex uncifolia (small sedge) Mountain wetlands, ultramafic Eyre, Fiordland Rare, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Survey, database, status report, Gunnera hamiltonii (creeping herb) Dune Southland Plains Endangered, Southland High Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, weed control, population monitoring, habitat protection, cultivation, planting Iphigenia novaezelandiae (tiny herb) Short tussock North West Plains Vulnerable, Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, population monitoring, cultivation, planting Ischnocarpus novaezelandiae (herb) Bluffs, outcrops Garvie Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Status report, database Isolepis basilaris (small sedge) Iti lacutris (small herb) Lakeshore turf Fiordland Rare, Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Lakeshore turf Fiordland Rare, Southland Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Database, survey, lake level control Status report, database, survey, weed control, lake level control Lepidium oleraceum Coastal tussock (Cook's scurvy grass, and herbfield nau) Fiordland Endangered, Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, survey, pest quarantine Myosotis "glauca" (forget-me-not) Short tussock, bare ground Eyre Rare, Low No recovery plan Status report, database Myriophyllum robustum (stout milfoil, water trefoil) Lakes Big Bay, Fiordland Rare, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, staff awareness Olearia fragrantissima (fragrant tree daisy) Podocarp, hardwood forest, primary shrubland Central Southland Plains, Hokonui, Western Catlins, Lower Waiau Rare, Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, cultivation, planting, fencing, habitat protection, advocacy Olearia "Pomahaka"(tree daisy) Primary shrubland, snow tussock, short tussock North East Uplands, Umbrella, Garvie Rare, Medium Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, cultivation, planting Peraxilla colensoi (scarlet mistletoe, pirita, piriraki) Peraxilla tetrapetala (red mistletoe, pirita) Beech forest Fiordland, Waitutu, Upper Waiau, Lower Waiau, Longwoods, North east Uplands, Garvie, Mavora Vulnerable, Beech forest Fiordland Vulnerable, Medium, stronghold Medium, stronghold Recovery plan in preparation Recovery plan in preparation Status report, database, population monitoring, wild animal control, research Status report, database, population monitoring, wild animal control, research 73

76 Pittosporum obcordatum (heartshaped kohuhu) Forest Fiordland Vulnerable, Medium, stronghold Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, population monitoring, survey, staff awareness, cultivation, planting Tupeia antarctica (mistletoe, piriti) Urtica linearifolia (swamp nettle) Beech, Podocarp, Hardwood forest lowland swamps Western and central Southland Plains, Hokonui Unknown at present Rare, Low Recovery plan in preparation Vulnerable, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, conservation plan Status report, database, INVERTEBRATES Oregus inadequalis (carabid beetle) Tussockland Central Southland Plains Vulnerable, Low, locally extinct No recovery plan Survey, database Powelliphanta fiordlandica (snail) Beech forest Fiordland Rare*,, Southland Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Survey, database, pest management Powelliphanta spedeni lateumbilicata (snail) Beech forest Fiordland Rare*, Southland Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Survey, database, pest management Powelliphanta spedeni spedeni (snail) Snow and short tussock Umbrella, Garvie, Eyre Rare* Southland, Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Survey, database, pest management Powelliphanta "Wolf River" (snail) Beech forest Fiordland, Big Bay Vulnerable*, Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Survey, database, pest management FISH Galaxias argenteus (giant kokopu) Freshwater, marine Big Bay, Fiordland, Te Anau, Waitutu, Longwoods, Southland Plains, Waituna, Catlins, Northern Plains Vulnerable Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Survey, database, habitat protection, advocacy BIRDS Anarhynchus frontalis (wrybill, ngutu-parore) Braided rivers, estuaries South West Catlins, Southland Plains, Waituna Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Advocacy, survey Apteryx "southern tokoeka" (South Island brown kiwi) Forest, shrubland Fiordland, Big Bay Vulnerable*, Medium, stronghold Recovery Plan Population, monitoring, survey, database, advocacy Eudyptes pachyrhynchus (Fiordland crested penguin) Forest, debris Big Bay, Waitutu, boulder, marine Fiordland Vulnerable*, Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Database, survey, population monitoring, pest quarantine, tourism control Falco novaeseelandiae (New Zealand falcon) Forest, shrubland, coastal tussock All Vulnerable Low No recovery plan Database Gallirallus australis australis (western weka) Forest, shrubland Big Bay, Fiordland Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Research, opportunistic survey, database Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae novaeseelandiae (New Zealand pigeon, kereru) Forest, shrubland (incl. exotic), built-up areas All areas Rare, * Low No recovery plan Database 74

77 Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos (blue duck) Forest, shrubland, freshwater Big Bay, Waitutu, Fiordland Vulnerable, Medium Recovery plan Survey, population monitoring, databsae Megadyptes antipodes (yelloweyed Penguin) Forest, coastal tussock, marine South West Catlins, Waitutu, Centre Island Endangered, Medium Recovery plan Population monitoring, tourism control Mohoua ochrocephala (yellowhead, mohua) Nestor meridionalis meridionalis (South Island kaka) Beech forest Forest Big Bay, Vulnerable, Fiordland, endangered*, Waitutu, Takitimu, Longwoods, Northeast uplands, Garvie, Umbrella Big Bay, Fiordland, Waitutu Vulnerable, High, stronghold Recovery plan Low No recovery plan Database Pest control, survey, population monitoring, translocation, captivity Nestor notabilis (kea) Forest, Big Bay, shrubland, short Fiordland, and snow Waitutu, Mavora, tussock Eyre, Umbrella, Garvie Vulnerable, Low, stronghold No recovery plan Population monitoring, advocacy Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus (South Island saddleback) Forest, primary shrubland Fiordland Vulnerable, Medium, stronghold Recovery plan Population monitoring, pest quarantine, translocation Sterna albostriata (black-fronted tern) Braided river Takitimu, Northern Plains, southland Plains, Lower and Upper Waiau, Waituna Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Database MAMMALS Cephalarhynchus hectori (NZ dolphin, Hector's dolphin) Marine Waitutu, Lower Waiau, Catlins Endangered, Medium Recovery plan in preparation Tourism control, advocacy Chalinolobus tuberculata (longtailed bat) Category C Species Forest, shrubland, red tussock Big Bay, Vulnerable, Fiordland, Waitutu, Garvie, Takitimu, Northeast Uplands Medium Recovery plan in preparation Survey, database, population monitoring, research PLANTS Deschampsia caespitosa (a grass) Red and short tussock, lowland swamp Fiordland, Te Anau, Mavora, Central Southland Plains Vulnerable, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database Euphorbia glauca (shore spurge, waiuo-kahukura) Coastal gravel and sand dune Big Bay, Fiordland, Waitutu, Waituna Vulnerable, High Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, population monitoring, cultivation, planting Hebe "Takahe"(shrub) Limestone Fiordland Indeterminate, Southland Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Opportunistic survey 75

78 Hydatella inconspicua (aquatic sedge) Lakes Fiordland, Mavora Vulnerable, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, lake-level control, weed control, eradication Lepidium tenuicaule (New Zealand shore cress) Coastal turf Longwood, Southland Plains, West Catlins Vulnerable, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, habitat protection, cultivation Mazus novaezeelandiae (creeping herb) Forest, wetland Unknown at present Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Status report, database Melicytus flexuosus (small leaved shrub) Podocarp forest Waitutu, Upper Waiau,, Lower Waiau, Central Southland Plains, Eastern Southland Plains, Hokonui, Taringatura Vulnerable, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database Ranunculus ternatifolius (buttercup) Red tussock, lowland swamp Mavora Vulnerable, Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database, survey Schistochila pluriciliata (liverwort) Unknown at present Unknown at present Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Stolonivector fiordlandiae (liverwort) Forest floor Fiordland Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Teucridium parvifolium (small leaved shrub) Podocarp forest, hardwood forest North East Uplands, Umbrella, Lower Waiau Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Status report, database, survey, cultivation INVERTEBRATES Anagotus fairburni (flax weevil) Primary shrub Fiordland Vulnerable*, Medium No recovery plan Population monitoring, pest quarantine Deinacrida carinata (Herekopare Island Weta) Primary shrubland Pig Island, Longwoods Endangered Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Population monitoring, database Hadramphus stilbocarpae (knobbled weevil) Forest Fiordland Vulnerable*, Southland Medium, stronghold No recovery plan Population monitoring, pest quarantine Mecodema chiltoni (carabid beetle) Forest on river terraces, tussocklands Garvie, Eyre Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Survey FRESHWATER FISH Galaxias brevipinnis (koaro) Freshwater Fiordland, Waitutu, Te Anau, Mavora, Lower Waiau Rare*, Medium No recovery plan Survey, population monitoring, database, advocacy, habitat protection Galaxias fasciatus (banded kokopu) Freshwater Fiordland, Waitutu, Southland Plains, Waituna Rare* Medium No recovery plan Survey, population monitoring, database, advocacy, habitat protection 76

79 BIRDS Anas aucklandica Lowland chlorotis (brown teal) swamp, freshwater Fiordland Endangered, Low Recovery plan in preparation Survey, database Charadrius bicinctus bicinctus (banded dotterel) Braided river, coastal gravel and sands, dune, coastal tussock, maritime turf, saltmarsh, tidal mudflats Fiordland, Waitutu, Lower Waiau, Longwoods, Southland Plains, Waituna, Catlins, Northern Plains, Umbrella, Garvie, Eyre, Mavora, Te Anau, Takitimu Vulnerable Low No recovery plan Follow-up reports Cyanoramphus auriceps auriceps (yellow-crowned parakeet) Heamatopus unicolor (variable oystercatcher) Sterna striata (white fronted tern) Xenicus gilviventris (rock wren) Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Coastal gravel and sands, tidal mudflats, dune Big Bay, Vulnerable* Fiordland, Waitutu, Longwoods, South West Catlins, North West Catlins, Takitimu, North East Uplands, Umbrella, Garvie, Eyre, Mavora Big Bay, Fiordland, Waitutu, Lower Waiau, Longwoods, Southland Plains, Waituna, Catlins Coastal Big Bay, Fiordland, Waitutu, Lower Waiau, Longwoods, Southland Plains, Waituna, Catlins Subalpine, Fiordland, Big bluffs, Bay outcrops, debris and boulder, beech forest Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Rare, Low No recovery plan Opportunistic survey, database Rare, Low No recovery plan Database Rare, Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database, population monitoring Category X Species (not sighted for a number of years but may still exist). PLANTS Stellaria elatinoides (stitchwort) Red and short tussock Te Anau Extinct, Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable INVERTEBRATES Titanomis sisyrota (O. Lepidoptera, a moth) Coast South West Catlins Extinct Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable Category I Species ( little information, but considered threatened). PLANTS Aciphylla leighii (dwarf spaniard) Fellfield Fiordland Local, Southland Medium No recovery plan Status report, survey, database 77

80 Brachyscome "West Dome"(small herb) Mountain wetlands, ultramafic Eyre Local, Southland Medium No recovery plan Survey, database Brachyglottis southlandica var. albidula (small herb) Red tussock, short tussock, primary and secondary shrubland, beech forest North East Uplands, Umbrella Indeterminate, Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Carex "tenuiculmis" (grass) Lowland wetland Te Anau Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Database Hebe imbricata (shrub) Snow and short tussock Fiordland Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Libertia perigrinans (iris) Dune and coastal tussockland Waituna Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Mazus "False Islet"(small herb) Coastal turf Southland Plains Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Myosotis "Mossburn" (forgetme-not) Ultramafic soils Eyre Indeterminate, Southland Low No recovery plan Database Senecio dunedinensis (shrub daisy) Scree Eyre Vulnerable, Low No recovery plan Database Uncinia purpurata (hooked sedge) Snow, red and short tussock Umbrella, Garvie, Eyre Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Uncinia strictissima (hooked sedge) Red tussock Hokonui Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Urtica aspera (nettle) Rock outcrop, shrubland, tussockland Unknown at present Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database INVERTEBRATES Austridotea annectans (isopod) Freshwater, lowland, slow runs, pools, riffles South West Catlins Indeterminate High No recovery plan Survey, database Exul singularis (bat winged fly) Snow tussock Fiordland Endangered*, Low No recovery plan Database Heloxycanus patricki (hepialid moth) Peatland Southland Plains, Te Anau, Waituna Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Hemiandrus "Longwood Range" (weta) Forest Longwood Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Mecodema litoreum (ground beetle; F. Caribidae) Sand dune Lower Waiau Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Mecodema rex (Carabid beetle) Beech forest Longwoods Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Survey, database Megadromus n. sp.1 (ground beetle) Beech forest Longwoods Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database 78

81 Megadromus n. sp. 2 (ground beetle) Beech forest Takitimu Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Meterana n.sp (noctuid moth) Meterana n.sp (Pimelea moth) Octochaetus multiporus (an oligochaete worm) Unknown at present Dune, coastal tussock, short tussock, red tussock Unknown at present Central Southland Plains Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Lowlands Southland Plains Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Prodontria setosa (bristly cockchafer) Short tussock, secondary shrubland, primary shrubland Fiordland Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Rhopalimorpha alpina F. Acanthosomatidae Sub-alpine Fiordland Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Category O Species (Threatened in New Zealand but secure elsewhere in their range). PLANTS Gratiola nana (small herb) Lakeshore turf Fiordland, Mavora Rare Low No recovery plan Database Korthalsella salicornioides (a mistletoe) Manuka shrubland Southland Plains Rare Low No recovery plan Database BIRDS Botaurus poiciloptilus (Australasian bittern) Egretta alba modesta (white heron) Lowland swamps Waituna, Southland Plains Vulnerable Low No recovery plan Database Vagrant Vagrant Endangered Low No recovery plan Database Egretta sacra sacra (reef heron) Platalea regia (royal spoonbill) Coastal gravel and sand, tidal mudflat and sand Coastal gravel and sand, tidal mud flat, primary shrubland Fiordland, Waitutu, Longwood, Central Southland Plains, Waituna, South West Catlins Central Southland Plains Vulnerable Low No recovery plan Database Vulnerable Low No recovery plan Database Podiceps cristus australis (southern crested grebe) Sterna caspia (Caspian tern) Lakeshore Fiordland Endemic Low No recovery plan Database Coastal gravels Southland Plains Rare Low No recovery plan Database MAMMALS Eubalaena australis (southern right whale) Marine, coastline Coastline Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database 79

82 Category "N" Species (Not listed in previous lists but considered threatened). PLANTS Acaena pallida (bidibid) Coastal gravel and sands Southland Plains Local Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Status report, database Austrofestuca littoralis (grass) Brachyglottis bifistulosa (small herb) Brachyscome linearis (herb) Coastal gravels and sand, dune Snow tussock, subalpine shrubland, primary shrubland Big Bay, Fiordland, Waitutu, Southland Plains, Waituna, Catlins Fiordland Rare,, Local, Southland Lakeshore turfs Mavora, Fiordland Local, Southland Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Low No recovery plan Database, survey Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Carex edgarae (grass) Snow Tussock, short tussock Garvie, Mavora, Fiordland Local, Low No recovery plan Database Celmisia hookeri (daisy) Snow tussock, short tussockland Garvie, Eyre Local, Southland Otago Low No recovery plan Database Celmisia inaccessa (alpine daisy) Snow tussock, short tussock Fiordland Local, Southland Low No recovery plan Database, survey Celmisia philocremna (alpine daisy) Bluffs, outcrops Eyre Local, Southland Low No recovery plan Database, survey Celmisia spedenii (alpine daisy) Ultramafic soils Eyre Local, Southland Low No recovery plan Database Celmisia thomsonii (alpine daisy) Bluffs, outcrops Eyre Rare, Southland Otago Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Centrolepis minima (cushion plant) Mountain wetlands Longwoods Local, Low No recovery plan Database Cheesemania wallii (alpine herb) Bluffs, outcrops Garvie, Eyre Local, Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Corybas cryptanthus (orchid) Desmoschoenus spiralis (pingao) Epilobium purpuratum (willowherb) Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Coastal gravels and sand, dune Bluffs, outcrops, scree Fiordland Local, Low No recovery plan Database Big Bay, Fiordland, Waitutu, Longwood, Central Southland Plains, Waituna, South West Catlins Local, Low, stronghold No recovery plan Garvie, Eyre Rare, Low No recovery plan Database Database, weed control, cultivation, planting 80

83 Geum pusillum (small herb) Fellfield Garvie Rare, Low No recovery plan Database Hebe annulata (shrub) Snow tussock, short tussock, debris and boulder, scree Takitimu Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Hebe biggarii (small shrub) Bluffs, outcrops Eyre Local, Southland - Otago Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Hebe dialatata (shrub) Snow tussock, short tussock, scree, debris and boulder Eyre, Garvie, Takitimu Indeterminate, Southland - Otago Low No recovery plan Database Hebe murrellii (shrub) Scree, debris and boulder Fiordland Indeterminate, Southland Low No recovery plan Database Ileostylis micranthus (mistletoe) Beech forest, hardwood forest, podocarp forest, primary shrubland Fiordland, Eyre, Garvie, Waitutu, Longwood, Southland Plains, Catlins, Hokonui, Taringatura Local, Low Recovery plan in preparation Database Ourisia spathulata (small herb) Snow tussock, short tussock, red tussock Garvie, Eyre Local, Low No recovery plan Database Pimelea crosbysmithiana (daphne) Snow tussock Fiordland, Waitutu Local, Southland Low No recovery plan Database Pimelea microphylla (daphne) Braided river Mavora Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Pimelea poppelwellii (daphne) Snow tussock, red tussock, primary and secondary shrubland Umbrella, Garvie, Eyre Indeterminate, Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Poa senex (grass) Short tussock Garvie Rare, Low No recovery plan Database Pseudopanax ferox (fierce lancewood) Ranunculus haastii subsp. piliferus (mountain buttercup) Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Central Southland Plains, Lower Waiau, Hokonui Scree Garvie, Eyre Local, Southland - Otago Local, Low No recovery plan Database Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Ranunculus maculatus (small buttercup) Lakeshore turf Fiordland, Mavora Local, Low No recovery plan Database, lake level control Ranunculus recens (buttercup) Coastal sand Southland Plains, Waituna Indeterminate Low No recovery plan Database Ranunculus recens var lacustris (buttercup) Lakeshore turf Fiordland Local, Southland Low No recovery plan Database, lake level control Ranunculus scrithalis (mountain buttercup) Scree Eyre Local, Southland - Otago Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database 81

84 Sprengelia incarnata (shrub) Wetlands Fiordland Local Low, stronghold No recovery plan Database Stilbocarpa lyallii (punui) Stilbocarpa robustum (punui) Tetrachondra hamiltonii (small creeping herb) Forest, shrubland, coastal herbfield Forest, shrubland, coastal herbfield Lakeshore turf, lowland swamp Fiordland (Solander Island) Fiordland (Solander Island) Local, Southland Local, Southland Low Low Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Southland Threatened Plant Conservation Plan Mavora, Fiordland Local, Low No recovery plan Database Status report, database, opportunistic survey, pest quarantine Status report, database, opportunistic survey, pest quarantine INVERTEBRATES Chlorochiton pulcher (chafer beetle) Short tussock, red tussock, snow tussock Garvie Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Deinacrida af. connectens (scree weta) Dorcus helmsii (Helm's stag beetle) Dorcus philpotti (stag beetle) Notonemoura spinosa (stonefly) Scree Takitimu Indeterminate, Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Mountain wetland, river headwaters Fiordland Waitutu Fiordland Indeterminate, Indeterminate, Indeterminate, Low Low, stronghold Recovery plan in preparation No recovery plan Database Low No recovery plan Database Low No recovery plan Database Database, pest quarantine Notoreas n. sp. (pimelea moth) Dune, coastal tussockland, short tussockland, peatlands Central Southland Plains, Waituna Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Ooperipatellus nana (Peripatus) Prodontria praelatella (chafer beetle) Beech forest Takitimu Indeterminate, Dune, coastal herbfield, coastal gravels and sand Central Southland Plains, Waituna Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Low No recovery plan Database Prodontria truncatus (chafer beetle) Short tussock, red tussock, snow tussock Fiordland Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database Tiphobiosis salmoni (alpine caddisfly) River, medium rapids Fiordland Indeterminate, Low No recovery plan Database REPTILES Leiolopisma chloronoton (green skink) Short tussock, red tussock Fiordland, Indeterminate, Mavora, Eyre, Garvie, North East Plains, North West Plains, Hokonui, Eastern Southland Plains, Catlins Low Southland Reptile Conservation Plan in preparation Database 82

85 Leiolopisma acrinasium (Fiordland skink) Debris and boulder Fiordland Rare* Low Southland Reptile Conservation Plan in preparation Pest quarantine BIRDS Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (redcrowned parakeet) Phalacrocorax chalconotus (Stewart Island shag) Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Marine, bluffs, outcrops Fiordland Vulnerable* Low No recovery plan Pest quarantine, pest eradication,database Waituna, Central Southland Plains, Longwood, Lower Waiau, Waitutu, South West Catlins Rare, Low No recovery plan Survey, database, pest management Petroica australis (South Island robin) Beech forest, podocarp forest, hardwood forest Fiordland, North East Uplands Vulnerable*, Low No recovery plan Pest quarantine, survey, database Definitions for table Weed control - The control of a plant pest species where that plant poses a threat to the recovery of a threatened species. Cultivation - An ex-situ colony of a threatened plant for planting out at a restoration. Opportunistic survey -The collection of distribution records and other information by Departmental staff and other persons, but not as part of a formal survey. Database - Entry of distribution records and other information onto established databases. Priorities should be given to entries on to Biosite database and the island database. Lake-level control - The control regimes set in place for large lakes affected by hydro-power stations in Te Anau areas to protect some ecological values, as several threatened plants occur in and around the lakes. Captive management - Ex-situ, confined management of a breeding population of a threatened animal for release at a restored site or continued captive management where restoration is not an option. Animal pest control - The control of animal pest species where the animal poses a threat to the recovery of a threatened species. Supplementary feeding - Provision of extra food sources for a species usually to encourage breeding at an increased rate. Nest manipulation - Protection of nests, transfers of eggs or chicks between nests to increase breeding success. Habitat protection - Protection of habitats through various means. Translocation - Shifting species to a new location where the causal factors of the threats have been removed, to establish a new population. Pest quarantine - Measure put in place to prevent animal and plant pests and pathogens colonising islands or remote habitats. Planting - The return of cultivated threatened plants to a former or new site. Advocacy - To promote improvements in the status of species through public awareness and the use of other statutory bodies such as local authorities. Recovery plan - Development of a detail national species recovery plan for one or two taxa. They have a five year term. Species plan - Development of a detailed local plan for a group of species such as threatened plants, Herpetofauna (reptiles), land snails etc. Animal pest eradication - The eradication of animal pests from a particular site. Tourism control - Controls to be placed on nature tourism activities to protect species and their habitats. Status report - Preparation of a report on the conservation status of a species or group of species. An information gathering exercise. Follow-up - Search for species to be organised following receipt of any significant new information. Fencing - Fencing of habitats to exclude livestock and/or pests. Survey - formalised evaluation and distribution of a particular species or habitat at a particular point in time, or the Follow-up of a report of a threatened species. Monitoring - Recording trends over time in identified populations/habitats. Research - Study of a species or habitat intended to answer specific questions relating to a species or ecosystem, for example to identify causes of trends in populations or to measure the effect of certain modifications. Staff awareness - Improving staff knowledge of threatened species. * Not formally classified, but based on current data the most appropriate classification. 83

86

87 Potential problems may arise along the Catlins coast with increasing public interest in the diverse marine mammal populations found there. In particular, conflicts with set netters, trawlers, boat operators, jet skiers, commercial guides, casual visitors, swimmers and surfers may arise. The establishment of a marine mammal sanctuary may help manage this situation. Objectives 1. To protect and conserve marine mammals. 2. To increase the Department's and the public's understanding of marine mammal behaviour, ecology and the effects of human activities on them. Implementation. 1. Respond quickly and effectively to whale and dolphin strandings and injured seals. 2. Increase understanding of distribution patterns by documenting sightings of all marine mammals observed around the coast. All records will be forwarded to holders of national databases where they exist. All sightings will be recorded (species, date, number, location) and a catalogue of fin, body and fluke photos kept. 3. Facilitate research to establish records in the absence of and during mammal watching operations. 4. Continue consultation with iwi to determine appropriate disposal of dead marine mammals. 5. Establish an appropriate mechanism to enable and recognise the needs for non-commercial cultural and traditional use of skeletal materials. 6. Investigate the possibility of a marine mammal sanctuary along the Catlins coast centred on Porpoise Bay. 7. Raise public awareness of marine mammal behaviour and the effects of human activity on them through public information campaigns and community liaison (refer 4.5). 8. Dispose of marine mammal carcasses in the most appropriate manner. 85

88 2.3.4 Freshwater Fisheries Rationale The Department has responsibilities under the Conservation Act 1987 to protect indigenous freshwater fish and freshwater habitats and recreational freshwater fisheries (refer 1.5). This allows for the management of native fish directly, and for advocacy on behalf of fish and their habitats. The Department of Conservation also administers the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983, which include provisions for fish passage and control of noxious fish; and the Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994, which control whitebait fishing practices and equipment (refer 5.3). There are a number of other authorities and individuals who have a role in protecting freshwater habitats. These include the Southland Fish and Game Council, local authorities, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and landowners. Whitebait Fishing and Commercial Freshwater Fishing are covered in section 5.4 and 5.5 respectively. Freshwater Fish Species New Zealand has approximately 30 species of native freshwater fish. Eighteen of these are found in this CMS area. Ninety percent of the national total are, while sixty percent are diadromous, meaning they migrate between marine and freshwater to complete their life cycles. For all the threatened species the most important habitat is the lowland and coastal area. It is thought that these species spawn in the interface between salt and fresh waters. Unfortunately, many of these areas have been severely modified. Freshwater fisheries have been utilised for traditional Maori, recreational and commercial purposes and within Mainland Southland/West Otago there are nationally recognised trout and whitebait fisheries. Commercial eeling takes place on the major rivers. There are traditional Maori fisheries for eel, kokopu, lamprey, inanga and koura (freshwater crayfish). Issues Four major concerns are recognised nationally: to ensure there are no restrictions to fish passage between the sea and river systems (including wetlands); to avoid further loss of fish habitat; to monitor the effect of exotic fish on indigenous fisheries; and to address issues in relation to harvesting of native species such as whitebait, eels and koura. Fish passage is restricted by structures such as flood gates, culverts, causeways, dams and irrigation mechanisms. There are many such structures in mainland Southland related to flood control works, particularly on rivers of the Southland Plains. The Manapouri Hydro Electric Power Scheme inhibits upstream fish passage and eels returning to the sea (at the weirs and the tailrace, respectively). Loss of fish habitat has occurred through such activities as drainage of wetlands, replacement of forests by pasture, straightening of rivers, loss of riparian vegetation, reduction in water quality, gravel extraction and degradation of estuaries. Riparian management and minimum flows are the two areas where the Department is seeking significant change from past and/or current practices nationally. Loss or reduction of habitat is most pronounced in coastal and lowland areas of mainland Southland but opportunities remain for habitat restoration and enhancement involving local authorities, individual landowners and local communities. Improved riparian management is essential for this, particularly restoration of vegetation. Riparian vegetation is the transition zone between two ecosystems, land and water, and is more diverse and therefore more productive than either of the two it separates. Riparian vegetation offers shade, shelter, nesting and spawning sites and acts as a buffer for water quality. The Department 86

89

90 The priority in terms of threatened indigenous fish is protection and enhancement of their habitat -especially for known giant and short-jawed kokopu sites, to advocate strongly for fish passage on Southland Plains rivers; to map and survey Southland Plains estuaries commencing with the New River Estuary; and to survey catchments adjoining Otago for the presence of rare Taieri galaxiids. All fish passage structures from the Waiau River mouth to Waikawa Harbour (in the coastal areas) should be surveyed to check for fish passage. Harvested species (mainly whitebait and eels) are important because of their cultural, recreational and commercial significance. The main issues affecting these species are the same as those discussed under fish passage and habitat loss. The harvesting of these species is an additional pressure. Within the natural freshwater ecosystem eels are an important component, being the top predator. Their removal alters the balance of the ecosystem. The biological, habitat and migration requirements of the species are very poorly known. To Maori people eels have particular cultural significance. The commercial removal of large eels is of particular concern to Maori. Management of the eel fishery is discussed in section 5.4. Whitebait fishing is a popular recreational activity on many of Southland's rivers. The whitebait fishery includes the juveniles of five species of galaxiid, including four threatened species. A combination of habitat loss (particularly coastal spawning sites), restricted fish passage for migration to and from the sea, and fishing have caused extensive declines in the whitebait fishery in most parts of New Zealand. The Department's focus is on whitebait habitat and spawning site protection and administering the Whitebait Fishing Regulations 1994 and Whitebait Fishing Policy (West Coast) Regulations 1994 (a small part of this CMS area is covered by these regulations). This is discussed further in section 5.3 Options for protection if freshwater fisheries should be investigated. Fisheries management experts have listed six criteria that would be appropriate for identifying and selecting fish reserves: Naturalness of habitat; Size; Permanence of water; Access to the sea; Absence of exotic species, and Absence from exploitation. Should freshwater systems within this CMS area fit these criteria, protecting them as faunistic reserves under the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations 1983 should be investigated. There is a general lack of information on freshwater fish and their habitats in some parts of Mainland Southland/West Otago. Objectives 1. To protect indigenous freshwater fish and their habitats including fish passage and the marine interface. 2. To restore wherever possible freshwater fish habitats. 3. To improve knowledge on the distribution and habitat requirements of indigenous freshwater fish in this CMS area. 4. To raise awareness of the importance of freshwater fish and their habitats with local communities. Implementation 1. Survey rivers and streams to identify artificial barriers to fish passage in consultation with other agencies and landowners. 2. Advocate to the Regional Council and consult with other agencies and landowners the need for maintaining fish passage. The removal or instigation of an opening regime on some structures which restrict fish passage will be sought. Priority will be given to addressing problems with fish passage at the Manapouri Hydro Electric Power Scheme. 88

91 3. Seek to ensure fish passage is provided where dams, culverts, roads, bridges and water diversion works are developed through consultation, RMA processes and the Freshwater Fisheries Regulations where necessary, except where this will result in detrimental effects (e.g. allowing access of exotic fish where they have not previously occurred). 4. Advocate the conservation of indigenous freshwater fisheries habitat through Resource Management Act processes. Priority areas for advocacy are fish passage requirements, minimum flows, protection of whitebait spawning habitat, protection of riparian vegetation and improved water quality through integrated land and water management. 5. Continue to advocate for the preservation, protection, enhancement and creation of wetlands (refer to Part 6 and ). 6. Survey potential whitebait spawning sites on the Waiau, Titiroa, Aparima, Mataura and Oreti Rivers. Advocate for protection of whitebait habitat, particularly spawning grounds. 7. Commence estuary habitat mapping surveys. Priority areas include New River Estuary, Jacobs River Estuary and Bluff Harbour. 8. Investigate the potential of taking a catchment management approach at Waituna Lagoon to address the issues of fish passage, invertebrate habitat, riparian vegetation, pest management and habitat enhancement (refer 6.8). 9. Investigate the possibility of habitat restoration on the Lower Waiau River, including whitebait spawning sites, and implement if found practicable (refer , 6.5). 10. Survey riparian vegetation and marginal strips to identify potential areas for restoration. 11. Advocate a joint approach with Regional Councils, farmer groups and the Fish and Game Council regarding river works, and advocate that plant species other than crack willow be used for riparian planting in such schemes. 12. Survey waterways likely to be habitat for threatened freshwater fish species. Priority will be given to coastal areas, followed by the river systems of the Takitimu Mountains, Southland Hills, catchments adjoining Otago Conservancy, Longwoods streams and the streams and lakes of the Western Catlins. 13. Restrict the release of nuisance fish into waters in which they are not already present. 14. Support the NZ Fish and Game Council's policy of not introducing sportfish into areas where they do not already occur. 15. Liaise with the public through publications, conservation programmes and general public awareness to convey the importance of maintaining and enhancing freshwater indigenous fishery habitats. 16. Support and encourage the Southland Regional Council in its implementation of a regional water quantity and quality monitoring programme. 17. Investigate options for protecting freshwater fisheries, and seek implementation if an acceptable proposal is developed. 89

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93 Objective 1. To ensure that significant natural values of the islands in this CMS area are maintained and where applicable restored. Implementations 1. Manage the islands administered by the Department as listed in Tables 8 and Advocate for the management of islands not administered by the Department as listed in Tables 8 and Should the situation arise, reassess island classifications. 4. Permit research that will enhance scientific knowledge and effective management of lands administered by the Department while not conflicting with existing programmes. 91

94 TABLE 8 - CATEGORISATION OF ISLANDS AROUND MAINLAND SOUTHLAND ISLAND LOCATION LAND STATUS Minimum Impact Island Little Solander Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Refuge Island Big Solander Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Breaksea Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Centre Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Entry Island (Breaksea) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Nee Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Omaui Island Southland Coast Conservation area - CA62 Outer Gilbert Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Pig Island Southland Coast Scenic Reserve - vested DOC Rabbit Island Southland Coast General Purpose Reserve - vested Ministry of agriculture and fisheries Shelter Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Unnamed Island (south of Mary Island) Lake Hauroko Fiordland National Park Unnamed Island, Dusky Sound (E.R ) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Restoration Island Centre Island Southland Coast Lighthouse Reserve (Public Works Act)- vested Maritime Transport Chalky Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Dog Island Southland Coast Lighthouse Reserve - vested Ministry of Transport Nomans Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Outer Cording Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Passage Island (Dusky Sound) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Passage Islands (Chalky Inlet) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Prove Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Round Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Seal Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Small Craft Harbour Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Steep To Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Stop Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Thrum Cap Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Unnamed Island, south-west of Howells Point Southland Coast Unallocated Crown Land - DOSLI Weka Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Open Sanctuary Island Anchor Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Arran Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Bauza Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park 92

95 Belle Vue Island Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Buncrana Island Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Bute Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Catherine Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Coal Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Cooper Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Cumbrae Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Curlew Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Dot Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Doubtful Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Eleanor Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Elizabeth Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Entrance Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Entrance Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Erin Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Fanny Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Fergusen Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Garden Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Great Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Harbour Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Heron Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Holmwood Islands Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Indian Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Inner Cording Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Inner Glibert Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Isolde Island Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Joeys island Southland Coast Scenic Reserve - vested ICC John Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Lee Island Lake Te Anau Fiordland National Park Little Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Long Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Macdonnell Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Many Islands Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Mary Island Lake Hauroko Fiordland National Park Mhara Island Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Monkey Island Southland Coast Conservation area - CA62 Oke Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Only Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Parrot Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Petrel Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Pigeon Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Pomona Island Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Resolution Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Rona Island Lake Manapouri Fiordland National Park Secretary Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Seymore Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Shag Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Spit Island/Te Whare Beach Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Styles Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park 93

96 Unnamed Islands (Awarua Bay) Southland Coast Unallocated Crown Land - DOSLI Unnamed Islands (Cosy Nook) Southland Coast Unallocated Crown Land - DOSLI Unnamed Island (Cormorant Cove) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Unnamed Island (Earshell Cove) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Unnamed Island (south Pahia Point) Southland Coast Unallocated Crown Land - DOSLI Unnamed Island (S.W. Arm George Sound) Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Unnamed Island (Teal Bay) Lake Hauroko Fiordland National Park Useless Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Utah Island Fiordland Coast Fiordland National Park Multiple Use Islands Colyers Island Southland Coast Freehold Land, Invercargill City Council Tikore (Spencers) Island Southland Coast Freehold Land, Invercargill City Council 94

97 TABLE 9 - ISLAND MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES Minimum Impact Refuge Restoration Open Sanctuary Multiple Use1 Primary Conservation Function Criteria For Recognition Protective Action For Species And Biotic Communities Protective and Restorative Action For Archaeological Sites Restorative Action For Biotic Communities Protection of indigenous species and communities, particularly those distinct from mainland communities Presence of island s; freedom from introduced mammals; significant areas of indigenous habitat; high vulnerability to human interference; all sizes of islands, both modified and largely unmodified Special precautions against establishment of introduced plants and animals and against illegal visits and fires3 Protection restricted to sites of outstanding archaeological value. Restricted to reestablishment of a few species in a few small areas Protection of indigenous species and communities, both those of islands and those of the mainland Presence of mainland s as island survivors; introduced mammals sometimes present; significant areas indigenous habitat; moderate vulnerability to human interference; all sizes of islands; all degrees of modification except those largely unmodified. Consistent precautions against establishment of introduced plants and animals (excepting certain threatened species, see below) and against illegal visits and fires Protection restricted to sites of outstanding archaeological value. Restricted to minor areas relative to size of island. Recovery of viable Protection and populations of interpretation to the threatened species and public of indigenous restoration of species and habitats, particular communities including those threatened by extinction or destruction Opportunities for Opportunities for restoring habitats of threatened species and for restoring threatened communities, both those of islands and those of the mainland; modified and extremely modified islands of all sizes. Consistent precautions against establishment of introduced plants and animals (with certain exceptions, see below) and against illegal visits and fires Sites of archaeological value protected with restoration of selected sites5 Restoration of island communities formerly present and extension of some still existing; Restoration of mainland communities where appropriate on islands free of limiting factors of the mainland providing habitats for rare and threatened species; opportunities for public education; medium and large islands, both modified and extremely modified. Consistent precautions against some species of alien plants and animals4. Special precautions against fires. Protection and interpretation of archaeological and historic sites; major restoration of such sites where appropriate. Restoration of island or mainland communities according to requirements of native plant/animal species of interest. Protection and enhancement of selected conservation values Conservation values secondary to other uses such as farming, forestry and recreation. Mostly extremely modified islands that are sometimes farm parks or privately owned. Variable approach depending on kind and extent of conservation use. Sites of archaeological and historic value protected whenever possible. Restoration of island or mainland communities when identified as a conservation objective for the island Translocation of Species Not Natural To The Island Excluded except as an extreme short-term measure. Permitted for selected species of nationally endangered animals and plants7. Excluded for other plants except in special circumstances6. Island Communities: as for refuge islands excepting use of certain introduced plants as temporary cover.; Mainland communities (on islands): permitted for appropriate mainland species and, in special cases, for animal taxa from the Pacific or Australia8. Permitted according to ecological appropriateness, educational and species conservation needs, and risk to other biota in the region. Undertaken according to particular conservation objectives adopted and risk to other biota in the region. 95

98 Habitat Manipulation For Particular Species Scientific Activity Restricted to minor manipulation. Monitoring of changes; identification of biological values. For threatened species: restricted to modified areas; should exclude major changes in composition of community. Monitoring of changes; identification of biological values; process studies not possible elsewhere. Island Communities: choice of communities to be restored sometimes influenced by habitat requirements of threatened species. Mainland communities (on islands): major manipulation of habitats sometimes needed. Experimentation using carefully monitored trials to measure progress of programme. Major manipulation of plant and animal habitats. Experimentation using carefully monitored trials to measure progress of programme. Major or minor manipulation of plant and animal habitats according to particular conservation objectives adopted. Monitoring of enhancement programme; identification of biological values. Visitors, Education and Interpretation Minimal activity that can only be carried out on the island and that allows people to appreciate island values through books, radio, film etc. i) Low impact activities that cannot be done on a restoration or open sanctuary island (see min. impact islands); ii) permitted visitors to a few selected islands with interpretation/supervisi on by Departmental staff. Refer 4.14 i) low impact activities not possible in an open sanctuary; ii) permitted visitors to a few selected islands with interpretation/ supervision; iii) volunteer help with restoration work on some islands. Refer Major function of island: open access with interpretation programmes; supervision when necessary. Visitation and visitor movements dependent on permission from owners. Footnotes 1. Other islands, where there is no conservation use, as excluded from this classification 2. Only terrestrial criteria have been used. Allocation of an island to a functional category is often partly a value judgement. The criteria given can be used as a guide but it is not essential that all criteria listed for each category need to be met. 3. Introduced plants and animals include those native to New Zealand though not natural to the island in question. 4. Alien plants and animals are introduced species foreign to new Zealand (exotics). 5. Site selection would give preference to extremely modified parts of the island thus minimising disruption to existing or restored communities. 6. Special circumstances could include planting of temporary food sources in already greatly modified parts of an island in order to secure survival of a species of nationally endangered animal. However, in these circumstances, control of the introduced plant may be necessary to ensure it did not spread to other parts of the island. 7. This assumes that a proper case for the introduction of a nationally threatened animal and plant has been made and the likely impact assessed. 8. Introduction and establishment of animal taxa from other parts of New Zealand region, or from Australia or the Pacific, could be attempted where the forms are related to the taxa now extinct on the mainland (Atkinson 1988) such attempts at replacing extinct species should be restricted to substantially modified islands and should be carried out as controlled experiments to measure the impact of the new introduction on the islands biota. The new introduction must be removable from the island at any time if the need should arise. Adapted from: Ecological Restoration of New Zealand Islands (1990), Atkinson and Towns. 96

99 2.3.6 Information Management, Survey And Monitoring Rationale One of the major problems for effective ecological management in this region is the lack of accessible information, survey, monitoring and research programmes. It is essential that information to guide priorities and work programmes becomes available. Hence, a high priority is to establish a survey and monitoring programme to allow for more effective ecosystem management. Within Mainland Southland/West Otago a number of priority areas have been identified for survey. These are identified in the relevant sections elsewhere in this CMS. Although these are specifically associated with an issue or topic there is also a need for general survey requirements to be identified. There is little information on the condition of all lands administered by the Department. The focus often tends to be on the more threatened species and ecosystems. Although this is understandable, the common or ordinary species and ecosystems have an important role to play in the regions biodiversity and knowledge of these is necessary to gaining an understanding of the system as a whole. Survey and monitoring has been a low priority in the past, and development of a comprehensive programme will take time and increased resources to implement. Priority will be given to areas where information is most urgently required (e.g., effects of browsing animals on forest condition). In time, other factors such as soil condition, water quality and the like will be investigated. Survey and monitoring should not be confined to those areas where there is active management. It should be extended to areas not managed by the Department to get a more balanced view of overall conditions and trends. This type of monitoring is necessary to trigger a prompt response should it be needed. Long-term surveillance of key communities will require a level of survey and monitoring which is more detailed than normal performance monitoring or rapid survey. This level of detail is essential to give an impression of changes in estate condition. For example, a forest survey and subsequent monitoring would sample distribution and abundance of vascular and non vascular plants, invertebrate and vertebrate animal species, or selected groups of these, and would identify threats to these ecosystems - physical or biological. Monitoring observes trends as well as issues at specific sites. Any management activity should have some monitoring function associated with it so that an assessment can be made on the effects of management operations and to ensure that conservation objectives are being met. For example, any pest eradication or control programme should monitor two things: firstly, how effective the actual eradication or control has been with regard to population numbers; and secondly, the effect this control or eradication has had on the natural values of the area. Monitoring needs and opportunities have been outlined in other sections of this CMS. There are a variety of existing databases at a national and regional level, but these have not been integrated. They include Sites of Special Wildlife Importance (SSWI), Wetlands of Ecological and Representative Importance (WERI), Oceania Wetland Inventory, Coastal Resource Inventory (CRI), Protected Natural Areas Programme (PNAP), Biological Survey of Reserves Series (BSRS), Geopreservation and Biosite. Species databases exist for kiwi, kaka, kea, falcon, blue duck and rock wren. Local databases include the Island database, Sub-antarctic Islands database, and the Southland Resource Inventory (SRI). There is a need to identify the Department's current information needs and rationalise information systems. National databases will be used to the fullest extent possible, and systems will be developed locally to fill any gaps in national databases. Where possible, links to external databases will be created (e.g., Regional Council Geographic Information System). The Department should endeavour to make information available to interested parties, either free of charge or at a nominal cost. 97

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101 Implementation 1. Identify current information bases and information needs. 2. Rationalise information systems to achieve efficiency of information retrieval. 3. Establish links for information sharing with external agencies such as iwi, local authorities, other interested parties and the public. 4. Determine survey requirements for all natural resources for which the Department is responsible. 5. Develop a survey and monitoring plan that identifies specific survey and monitoring activities. 6. Identify research priorities for ecological management and establish a research programme. 7. Establish and maintain an integrated information management system compatible with national methodologies and/or guidelines. 8. Implement and integrate research findings into management practices. 99

102 2.3.7 Facilities And Access For Ecosystems Management At times it is necessary to be able to provide facilities and use air access to areas to achieve ecological management objectives where this may not be allowed for other purposes such as recreation or tourism activities. This does not remove requirements for resource and building consents. Objective 1. To allow appropriate facilities and access for ecosystems management purposes. Implementations 1. From time to time facilities such as huts are essential to support ecological management activities. Any buildings or structures must be located with minimum impact to the environment, although some may need to be highly visible for safety reasons; they should generally be of a re-locatable design so they can be removed on completion of operations. In assessing the environmental impacts of any proposed new facility they should follow these criteria: The form and design of the building, structure or facility will be such that impact on vegetation, topography and other natural features, and disturbance to wildlife will be minimal. Materials must be sensitive to the natural surroundings, and in keeping with the nearby or associated buildings, structures or facilities retained. Facilities must not degrade the visually unmodified landscape form, except where the development of boardwalk is consistent with the opportunity objectives in Part Six. 2. Aircraft or boats may be used for access to lands administered by the Department for approved ecological management purposes. Permission to do so is required, except for wild animal recovery operations (WARS) which are licensed under the Wild Animal Control Act Efforts will be made when considering applications for aircraft access (for ecosystem management purposes), to avoid or minimise disturbance to other users. Aircraft operators must have a concession. 100

103 2.3 Strategies for Ecosystem Management Extensive natural areas, remnant indigenous habitat areas, and freshwater and coastal/marine systems each require different styles of management. Extensive, largely natural areas are important to conservation because they are able to support a wider range of species and habitats, and should be managed to maintain their overall ecological integrity. Remnant habitats are important in order to maintain representatives of each of the indigenous habitat types within each ecological district, but must be managed with reference to their long-term viability. Freshwater systems depend on riparian, in-stream and water conditions from the headwaters to the sea, and their management demands consideration of ecological factors in areas of all tenures. Wildlife management, and the protection of threatened species in particular, also requires consideration of ecological factors both on and off lands directly managed by the Department of Conservation. The control of fire, plant and animal pests are statutory requirements which extend beyond the boundaries of lands administered by the Department. Part 2.3 outlines the mechanisms used to attain ecosystem protection. This section tends to focus on methods which achieve protection of natural values rather than the particular ecosystem types. Emphasis on protection of ecosystem types is discussed in Part 6 - Landscape Units Terrestrial Ecosystem Management Animal Pest Control Rationale The Department's responsibilities for animal pest control are derived from provisions in the Conservation Act 1987, National Parks Act 1980 and the Reserves Act The Wild Animal control Act 1977 enables the Department to control wild animals. The Wildlife Act 1953 also provides for control of animal pests and allows for control to be applied to some protected or partially protected species where they are causing damage to land. As a land manager the Department has obligations under the Biosecurity Act 1993 for the control of animal pests. Wild animals are defined under the Wild Animal Control Act 1977 and include deer, goats, chamois, thar, possums, wallaby and pigs. Special conditions apply to domestic animals such as sheep and horses. Animal pest is a generic term given to any introduced animal which contributes some sort of threat to lands administered by the Department. It is not a legally defined term. For the purposes of this CMS an animal pest is defined as any animal whose presence or activities result in significant detrimental effects on native plants and animals and ecological processes. Impacts can range from preventing regeneration of plant species, to preying on or competing with native animals for food. Animal pest control is undertaken to reduce the effects of these pests on natural or historic values, whether it be on a particular species or on an ecosystem under threat. Animal pests present within Mainland Southland/West Otago include rodents, rabbits, hares, possums, pigs, feral goats and sheep, a variety of deer, chamois, wapiti, wasps, mustelids, cats and hedgehogs (refer to Table 1). 32

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