Stepping stones to the Neolithic? Islands, maritime connectivity and the western seaways of Britain, BC
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1 Stepping stones to the Neolithic? Islands, maritime connectivity and the western seaways of Britain, BC Duncan Garrow (Liverpool/Reading) & Fraser Sturt (Southampton)
2 Stepping stones to the Neolithic? Islands, maritime connectivity and the western seaways of Britain, BC 3 year project on the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition (funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council) Duncan Garrow (Liverpool) & Fraser Sturt (Southampton)
3 The Neolithic
4 10,000 BC 4,000 BC The transition: colonisation v indigenous adoption
5 The delay... c BC 22 miles c BC
6 The western seaways... key to understanding the transition Fox 1932 Callaghan & Scarre 2009 Sheridan 2010
7 The spread of the Neolithic across Britain and Ireland Whittle, Healy & Bayliss 2011
8 Western seaways: implicated but not really explored... Icons of 5 th M. contact: the Ferriter s Cove cow bones and the Acnacreebeag pot BC (?) cal BC (95%)
9 The western seaways themselves: islands
10 The western seaways themselves: the sea
11 Objectives Achieve a greater understanding of the processes behind and chronology of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition within the western seaways zone
12 Objectives Achieve a greater understanding of the processes behind and chronology of the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition within the western seaways zone Construct a database of all known Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic settlement sites within the western seaways zone + submit bid for radiocarbon dates Excavate three key sites (Guernsey, South Uist, Isles of Scilly) to enhance record Model the changing nature of Holocene coastline morphology and connecting seaways
13 Other stuff Conference in 2013 (Liverpool) on cross channel connections in prehistory Open days, public lectures, museum displays in each island group Project website: Past sea levels simulation (Google Earth) Western seaways navigation game (Google Earth)
14 Back to the archaeology...
15 5 th M. islands... Saville 2000 Orkney & Outer Hebrides Record v. patchy and only recently appreciated Sustained clearances (pollen) Sustained occupation? Inner Hebrides Regular island hopping Important highway (Hardy & Wickham-Jones 2002) Possibly similar on closer inspection
16 5 th M. islands... Isle of Man Connected to Ireland (through stone tools) Separate from Britain? Or signalling difference because of contact? (McCartan 2004) Early (possible) cereal pollen
17 5 th M. islands... Isles of Scilly Record very patchy/sparse But definite Mesolithic presence Possibly seasonal visits for hunting, fishing, etc.?
18 5 th M. islands... Channel Islands Neolithic arrives c (?) Strong connections with each other, and with mainland France Tomb types, pottery styles, stone axes, polished stone rings, etc. Similar picture in 4 th M.
19 Early 4 th M. islands... C. Johns pers. comm. Isles of Scilly Ephemeral occupation (pits, etc.) Possibly seasonal visits for hunting, fishing, etc.? Hembury Ware BC Isle of Man Patchy picture post-holes, pits Shouldered bowl / Mull Hill pottery BC
20 Early 4 th M. islands... Outer Hebrides Some fairly stone substantial buildings Unstan and Hebridean Ware pottery cal BC Orkney Several substantial buildings now Stone and timber built Unstan Ware pottery c cal BC
21 Summary... 5 th millennium archaeology Regular short-distance sea travel Definite long-distance voyages too - Channel Islands/France - Cornwall(?)/Isles of Scilly - Isle of Man /Scotland/Ireland - France/Ferriter s Cove - France /Achnacreebeag (?) Mesolithic and Neolithic people involved
22 Summary... Early 4 th millennium archaeology earliest Neolithic dates BC material culture local not long-distance if we are seeing 5 th M. continental mariners, they are not obviously colonising the islands Neolithic seems to have local and late origins... at least as far as we can tell now Lindsay Scott 1950 (Eilean an Tighe)
23 Whittle, Healy & Bayliss 2011
24 Stepping Stones project excavations...
25 L Eree
26 L Eree, Guernsey ( )
27 L Eree, Guernsey ( )
28 L Eree, Guernsey ( ) Material culture c BC (+ EBA) Features possibly throughout that period C14 date for hearth of cal BC Sporadic, ephemeral, repeated occupation
29 The arrival of the Neolithic in the Channel Islands Les Fouaillages, Guernsey (c.4800 BC) Royal Hotel, Guernsey (c BC)
30 Stepping Stones project excavations...
31 An Doirlinn, South Uist
32 An Doirlinn, South Uist
33 An Doirlinn, South Uist (2005) Investigated by Sharples et al. in 2005 Lots of flint and pottery (potentially Early Neolithic) Probable stone walls
34 An Doirlinn, South Uist (2012)
35 An Doirlinn, South Uist (2012)
36 Eilean Domhnuill, Loch Olabhat, North Uist (Armit 1980s/90s)
37 Stepping Stones project excavations...
38 Old Quay, St Martin s
39 Old Quay,St Martin s (2013)
40 Old Quay,St Martin s (2013)
41 Old Quay,St Martin s (2013) Series of test pits Larger open area excavation
42
43 Mesolithic microliths
44 Neolithic pit(s)
45 Old Quay,St Martin s (2013) Mesolithic flintwork Neolithic pits with pottery and quartz Date span c BC C. Johns pers. comm.
46 Old Quay,St Martin s (2013) Mesolithic flintwork Neolithic pits with pottery and quartz Date span c BC C. Johns pers. comm.
47 The sea and seafaring
48 Understanding seafaring
49 Understanding seafaring
50 Seafaring 3500 BC c. 1560BC?
51 Why are we interested in the sea? Reference: Case, H Neolithic Explanations. Antiquity XLIII pp
52 Texture: texture of past seascapes
53 Quantifying change
54 quantifying change: sea level h(t) = h(t o ) Δζ rsl (t) +σh Lambeck, K
55 quantifying change: Eustatic sea level
56 quantifying change: erosion and sedimentation σh
57 The Pleistocene story
58
59
60
61 The Holocene
62 quantifying change: GIA Models
63 11,000 BP
64 10,000 BP
65 9,000 BP
66 8,000 BP
67 7,000 BP
68 6,000 BP
69 5,000 BP
70 4,000 BP Google earth files of these models are free to download from es.org Or read the open access paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science (2013)
71 Citation: Crawford, OGS, Lyonesse, Antiquity I, 5-14 Image source: But a regionally variable story
72 Source: Charman, D, Bayliss, A, Camidge, K, Fyfe, R, Johns, C, Meadows, J, Mills, S, Mulville, J, Roberts, H M, and Stevens, T, in press. The Lyonesse Project: evolution of the coastal and marine environment of Scilly (Truro: HE Projects, Cornwall Council)
73
74
75
76
77
78 Source: Charman, D, Bayliss, A, Camidge, K, Fyfe, R, Johns, C, Meadows, J, Mills, S, Mulville, J, Roberts, H M, and Stevens, T, in press. The Lyonesse Project: evolution of the coastal and marine environment of Scilly (Truro: HE Projects, Cornwall Council)
79 The western seaways... key to understanding the transition
80 Open Day Saturday 21 st September 11am-4pm
81
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