FORTRESS Jajce Bosnia and Herzegovina

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1 FORTRESS Jajce Bosnia and Herzegovina

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3 INTEGRATED REHABILITATION PROJECT PLAN / SURVEY OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE (IRPP/SAAH) Regional Programme for Cultural and Natural Heritage in South East Europe PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE IN SOUTH EAST EUROPE Document adopted by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, Sarajevo, on 1 st November 2006 FORTRESS Jajce Bosnia and Herzegovina

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5 FOREWORD In the framework of the European Commission/Council of Europe Joint Programme on the Integrated Rehabilitation Project Plan /Survey of the Architectural and Archaeological Heritage (IRPP/SAAH), the present Preliminary Technical Assessment (PTA) was prepared by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments associates: Mr. Mirzah Fočo, Ms. Amra Šarančić headed by Ms.Mirela Mulalić Handan, Project Co-ordinator, in co-operation with the PTA expert group: Leader Dr. John Bold (United Kingdom); Experts: Ms. Emma Carmichael (United Kingdom), Mr. Giorgio Gianighian (Italy), Mr. Andreas Heymowski (Sweden), Mr. David Johnson (United Kingdom), Mr. Pedro Ponce de Leon (Spain), Mr. Alkis Prepis (Greece). The Preliminary Technical Assessment (PTA) was adopted on 1 st November 2006 by the Commission to Preserve National Monuments by following members: Amra Hadžimuhamedović, architect, historian of architecture; Dubravko Lovrenović, historian; Ljiljana Ševo historian of art; Zeynep Ahunbay, architect and Tina Wik, architect.

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7 1 1. Introductory page Site map Fortress Jajce 1.1 Country or Territory : Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.2 Name of organisation Commission to Preserve National compiling the information: Monuments 1.3 Contact name: Mirela Mulalić Handan 1.4 address: mirela.m.handan@aneks8komisija.com.ba 1.5 Name and address of building or site: The architectural ensemble of the Fortress in Jajce 1.6 Inventory reference number(s): Decision for designation of national monument Number: / Building/Monument/Site type: Architectural ensemble the fortress 1.8 Main dates: Date of construction XIV century 1.9 Current use(s) : None 2. Executive Summary: the site and its management The site has for centuries been a crossroads of the routes leading from the interior of the continent to the Mediterranean. The geological nature of the site of the town and fortress is characterised by various formations. The surrounding mountains consist of Mesozoic strata, and the valley in which the town is located is largely covered by diluvial and recent deposits of tufa as much as 60 metres thick in places. The entire complex with the fortress, town ramparts and towers lies on the southern slope of a large rocky pyramid, enclosed to the south-west by the bed of the river Pliva and to the south-east and east by the river Vrbas. The perimeter of the mediaeval town of Jajce is about 1300 metres, with an area of 112,000 square metres The fortress, often called the Castle or Citadel, existed before the first reference to the name of Jajce in written sources, which dates from Jajce was also the residence of the last Bosnian King Stjepan Tomašević, who was executed in 1463 near the city of Ključ, in the presence of Sultan Mehmed II el Fatih. The Ottoman army set siege to the town, but held it for only six months before it was seized by the Magyars in 1464, who established the banovina of Jajce. The town became a prominent strategic stronghold until the end of 1527 when, following the battle of Mohács, it finally fell to Ottoman rule and lost its strategic importance as a forward stronghold. The battle zone moved further to the north, and from then on a military garrison headed by a dizdar was based in Jajce. In the second half of the seventeenth century there is reference to the kapetan of the Jajce kapetanija. The architectural values of the fortress, its significance in the city townscape and in the context of the architectural heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its architectural, stylistic characteristics determine attitudes towards this structure as an architectural monument. Besides preserving a monument of national importance, the main aim of the project is to initiate sustainable development within the town and region through the development of cultural tourism as part of the cultural King s (Royal route) route through Bosnia and Herzegovina.

8 2 The municipality will be responsible for ensuring the maintenance of the integrity of the ensemble and its integration into the contemporary life of Jajce, using it as an example of an integrated approach towards town planning and architectural heritage. 3. Administrative information 3.1. Responsible Authorities The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is responsible for ensuring and providing the necessary measures to protect, conserve, display and rehabilitate the National Monument. The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its respective departments shall give their approval for the restoration and conservation works, under the expert supervision of the responsible heritage protection authority Authorities and institutions at all levels of governance shall collaborate with the Commission on issues of significance for the work of the Commission. Three-party agreement concluded with owner of the property, the Commission and donor shall stipulate rights and responsibilities in regard to the use of the property Building/Site, Name and Address, Map reference Name: The architectural ensemble of the Fortress in Jajce Administrative location: Bosnia and Herzegovina,. Federation of BiH, Municipality Jajce. Description of location: The entire complex with the fortress, town ramparts and towers lies on the southern slope of a large rocky pyramid, enclosed to the south-west by the bed of the river Pliva and to the south-east and east by the river Vrbas. The town stands on a narrow fault valley extending along the north-west edge of Hum Mountain at an altitude of 1162 metres above sea level. The monument is situated on cadastral plot 538, cadastral municipality Jajce I; Municipality Jajce, Federation of BiH, Bosnia and Herzegovina Map reference Latitude N Longitude E 3.4. Type of monument Architectural ensemble the fortress 3.5. Ownership Ownership: State Occupation: None Current use(s): None 3.6. Statutory Protection/Constraints At the Session of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments held from 21 to 27 January 2003 a decision to designate the architectural ensemble of the Fortress in Jajce as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted.

9 3 The following measures shall apply to the site of the national monument: Only such works shall be permitted on the national monument as are carried out for the purpose of its conservation and display; The fortress with its surrounding ramparts and steep northern and western slopes constitute Protection Zone I, situated on cadastral plot 538, cadastral municipality Jajce I, and require a detailed archaeological survey; The existing buildings beneath the ramparts are discordant with the city walls and their legality should be investigated. No construction or earth-moving in the immediate environs is permitted without the prior consent of the relevant administrative authorities issued on the basis of the terms stipulated by the relevant heritage protection authority of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (hereinafter: the relevant protection authority). The physical preservation of the monument shall be carried out in two stages: Stage I comprises measures to protect the fortress ensemble from further deterioration, clearing self-sown weeds, and the repair and structural consolidation of the ramparts; Stage II consists of drawing up and implementing a project to revitalise the monument for the purpose of transforming it into a multimedia and cultural centre. In Protection Zone II no construction, including alterations to the landscape, are permitted other than the restoration and rehabilitation of buildings forming an integral part of the wider protected ensemble, with the use of materials and building methods that are part of the recognisable landscape (pyramidal roofs with a pitch greater than 45 degrees, with dark roof covering, unpainted wooden window and door frames, plastered and whitewashed facades). In Protection Zone II no building dating from before 1945 may be demolished. The owner of the National Monument is required to remove all elements arising from inexpert interventions and to ensure that the building is restored to its condition prior to the start of the said works, based on approval from the relevant ministry and under the expert supervision of the heritage protection service. 4. Summary of condition 4.1. Summary of Physical Condition Poor the area is at risk of rapid deterioration due to lack of maintenance and failure to implement even a minimum set of protection measures; Self-sown vegetation inside and around the fortress Condition Risk Assessment B 4.3. Priority for intervention High.

10 4 5. Existing information 5.1. Documentary sources The main documentary sources for the fortress are libraries, the Archive of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Documentation from the Municipality of Jajce, Federal Institute for the protection of monuments and the register of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments. The register of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments is placed in the Office of the Commission and it is available to all interested parties. The register contains the following: - The Decision on the designation of the Fortress in Jajce as a national monument, with a description of location, historical information of the site as well as of the building, a detailed description of the building, information on the legal status to date, research, conservation and restoration works and information on the current state of the property; - Documentation on the location and current owner and user of the property (copy of cadastral plan); - Data on the previous condition and use of the property, including drawings, description and photographs, data on previous restoration or other works on the property, etc - Photographs on the current condition of the site and building Bibliography Ančić, M., Jajce: Portret srednjovjekovnog grada (Jajce, Portrait of a mediaeval town). Split, An elić, P.: Jedna faza izgradnje srednjovjekovnog Jajca (One stage of the construction of mediaeval Jajce). Collected papers of the regional museum II, Banja Luka, 1963/4., An elić, P.: Doba srednjovjekovne bosanske države (The period of the mediaeval Bosnian state) in: Kulturna istorija Bosne i Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do pada ovih zemalja pod osmansku vlast (Cultural History of Bosnia and Herzegovina from earliest times to the start of Ottoman rule) Sarajevo, 1984, Basler,.: Konzervacija južnog zida tvr ave u Jajcu (Conservation of the southern wall of the fortress in Jajce) Naše starine VI, Sarajevo, 1959, Basler,.: Klesarski majstori i radionice u srednjovjekovnom Jajcu (Master stonemasons and masons' yards in mediaeval Jajce). Collected papers of the regional museum I, Banja Luka, 1962, Basler,.: Sjeverni dio gradskih utvda u Jajcu (Northern part of the fortified town in Jajce) Naše starine XI, Sarajevo, 1967, Bodenstein, G.: Povijest naselja u Posavini (History of settlements in Posavina ). Journal of the Nationanl Museum XX, Sarajevo 1908, Çelebı., E.: Putopis (Bosnian translation of his travelogue). Sarajevo, Ćirković, S.: Istorija srednjovjekovne bosanske države (History of the mediaeval Bosnian state). Belgrade, Kojić Kovačević, D.: Gradska naselja srednjovjekovne bosanske države (Urban settlements of the mediaeval Bosnian state). Sarajevo, Kreševljaković, H.: Stari bosanski gradovi (Old Bosnian towns). Naše Starine I. Sarajevo, 1953, 7-47 Mazalić,.: Stari grad Jajce (the old town of Jajce). Journal of the National Museum, n.s. sv. VII. Sarajevo, Popović, M.: Zbornik za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine 1 (Collected papers for the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina). Belgrade, 1995,

11 5 Popović, M.: Vladarski i vlasteoski dvor u srednjovejoknoj Bosni (the ruling and land-owners court in mediaeval Bosnia). Collected Papers for the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2. Belgrade, 1997,1-33. Thallozy, L.: Povijest Jajca (History of Jajce). Zagreb, Truhelka, Ć., Kraljevski grad Jajce ( The Royal town of Jajce ). Sarajevo, Fieldwork already conducted In about 1890 Ćiro Truhelka conducted research and conservation work. He found the remains of the royal palace, later used as the ban s palace: two capitals, decorated with acanthus leaves, built into the southern ramparts at a height of 12 metres, two fragments of a moulded window frame, the capital of a pillar used to decorate a soldier s grave. All these items can be seen in the National Museum Conservation works on the bastions were conducted Conservation of the southern wall of the fortress. The King s Gate was excavated, and in the wall and in the earthwork in front of the wall the following items were found: the steel tip of an arrow, a stone cannon ball with a diameter of 12 centimetres, half a stone cannon ball of the same size, a stone cannon ball of 50 centimetres diameter, two ribs of a Gothic vault and two steel balls from the cannons of Omer-Paša Latas Excavation and conservation works on the ruins of the Church of St. Mary and the fortress were conducted. The works were conducted by P. An elić, I. Bojanovski and. Basler Conservation works on the northern bastion, between the great bastion and the castle Repairs to the western ramparts Continued works on the repair and reconstruction of the ramparts. The works were carried out by experts from the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments in RBiH Conservation of the old town ramparts, repairs to the western ramparts. All works on the ramparts from 1951 to 1971 were conducted by experts from the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments in RBiH, Sarajevo. A few findings from the fortress, as well as from other mediaeval buildings in Jajce, can be found in the National Museum: two capitals from columns or half columns, Inventory Number 6914, 6915, two capitals of mudstone, Inventory Number 6916 and 6917, one monolith pillar with base and capital, Inventory Number , and part of the lunette from a portal, Inventory Number 6923 (all research by Ć. Truhelka), as well as a sculpture of a lion and two parts of a ciborium or altar. All these items are on display as part of the permanent exhibit Mediaeval Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other findings from the excavation conducted by P. An elić in the Church of St. Mary in 1961, as well as those items found during conservation works, were left in Jajce, mostly in the Franciscan Monastery or in the Museum of the Second AVNOJ Session. The whereabouts of smaller items (arrows, cannon balls, etc.) are not known, and part of the stone material excavated from the Church of St. Mary is in the Franciscan Monastery. Many of these items, which were in Jajce until 1992, have probably disappeared. An inventory of the remaining materials would have to be carried out when circumstances allow. During the procedure for the designation of the property as a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina experts from the Commission to Preserve National Monuments inspected the monument, determined its condition and made technical assessments on the restoration/rehabilitation of the structure. In summary, they reported that the building was currently in poor condition. 1 D. Basler 1959, 126.

12 Project in progress None 5.5. Project already planned None 5.6. Financial estimates already made For the restoration of the national monument no financial estimates has been made. 6. Scope of PTA 6.1. Extent/Nature of assessment Architect expert, Mirzah Fočo, and archaeologist Lidija Fekeza, on behalf of the Secretariat to the Commission needed twenty days to collect all the necessary data and prepare the draft decision on the designation of the property as National Monument (a report). Members of the Commission, Zeynep Ahunbay, architect; Amra Hadžimuhamedović; architect, Dubravko Lovrenović, historian; Ljiljana Ševo, art historian; and Tina Wik, architect, adopted a decision on the designation of the National Monument. Members of the Commission, Amra Hadžimuhamedović, Dubravko Lovrenović and Ljiljana Ševo are local experts while Zeynep Ahunbay and Tina Wik are international experts. It took five days for cultural heritage associates, Mirzah Fočo and Lidija Fekeza of the Commission to fill in the PTA form. All associates on the collection of data, drawing conclusions and filling in the form are local experts Limitations of the study None 7. The PTA 7.1. Background Summary description of the building/site The fortress in Jajce has the shape of an irregular square, the result of the configuration of the terrain. At the north-western (Bastion I) and south-eastern corners (Bastion II) stand two strong four-sided towers, and there seems to have originally been another tower in the south-eastern corner. The perimeter of the fortress is 260 metres, and its surface area 4800 square metres. The outside walls of the fortress are from 1.75 to 2.05 metres thick. The entrance was originally from the west, which was difficult to access, at a point where the walls are up to 3 metres thick. The passage and entrance gate are barely one metre wide. Within the walls there is a well, which remains in the same place. The south wall of the fortress, 57 metres long and 8 to 13 metres high, is regarded as its most typical feature. In the lower reaches, up to a level of 3 metres, and at the corners, mudstone was used as building material, with the remainder largely of dripstone. Pieces of Roman brick are to be seen scattered here and there. The lower parts of the walls have a marked batter, while the upper parts are almost vertical. At a height of around 8 metres the ramparts turn into parapets 2.20 to 2.40 metres wide and 1.25 high, at intervals of 0.80 metres. The walls of the parapet are from 0.82 to 0.90 metres thick, while at the gate level they are 2 metres thick. Every other parapet has a narrow aperture. The crenulations of the western corner of the wall were removed and replaced by loopholes constructed in the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century. It is assumed that in the mid-fifteenth century the wall ended here in a small round tower or guard-house entered directly from the King s Gate, which was still open at that time. The King s Gate (measuring 2.25 x 1.77 metres) gave access from the expanding settlement outside the walls. The origins of the portal may be

13 7 dated broadly to a time between the reign of Tvrtko II to that of Stjepan Tomašević, who finally moved the court to Jajce ( ). In view of the basic design of the portal, with the royal coat of arms in the late Gothic style, and on the basis of heraldic analysis, it is very similar to the portal in Bobovac. The workmanship of the relief above the portal is in the rustic Gothic style. The craftsman was not very familiar with heraldry. The coat of arms is back to front. The fourfold twist of the inner edge of the main arch next to the coat of arms suggests late Gothic. The threshold of the portal is 30 centimetres high. There was a step in front of it, 33 centimetres wide and 14 centimetres high, and a small terrace of uneven slabs. Traces of fire and soot, as well as the jumbling of the layers, suggest later repairs. The south-eastern tower (Bastion II) was probably 25 metres high excluding its roof. On this tower there is also a biphora (width of the terrace 2.15 metres, depth 117 metres). The shape of the biphora is basically similar to that of Bobovac. At the level of the biphora, on the inner side, several coats of plaster have been identified. Each level of this tower had a usable space measuring 12 x 18 metres. Some of the architectural remains found inside the fortress or within the mediaeval ramparts suggest that a palace was built here in the midfifteenth century (Dalmatian late Gothic school). Evliya Çelebi writes in the second half of the seventeenth century about the impressive remains of a court palace within the fortress. 2. It is only with more detailed archaeological excavation within the citadel walls that the location and size of the palace or royal court could be determined more accurately. Opinions differ as to the date when the fortress was built. All agree that it was certainly built prior to Hrvoje s rule. Some say that it dates from the thirteenth century but some believe it was as late as the second half of the fourteenth. After major damage and hasty repairs following the six-month Ottoman siege, the Magyar garrison did some repairs within the town, as can be seen from the plan of the fortress. Following these repairs there were no longer any parapets on the south wall of the fortress. The Magyars either repaired an existing building or built a new palace. Under Ottoman rule, buttresses were built to strengthen the walls of the fortress, and another gate was pierced east of the King s Gate. In the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century the King s Gate was walled up, when bastions and loopholes were built in the fortress by filling in the towers and reinforcing the walls. 3 Inside the walls of the fortress, there were a mosque and powder magazine, basically square in shape, measuring 10 x 10 metres. At ground level, the walls are 2 metres thick. This part is vaulted, and lit indirectly across the stairway, through a small aperture in the wall. The walls of the upper floor are 0.90 metre thick, with the exception of the west wall which is disproportionately thicker, approximately 2.50 metres The upper floor is domed. Above the entrance of the powder magazine is a built-in moulded console. Under Austro-Hungarian rule, a water reservoir was built beside the powder magazine Summary historic development of building/site The first reference to Jajce in written sources dates from 1396, when Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić was titled conte di Jajcze. In his day, when the great Duke and Herzog Spljetski was a periodical resident in the town and issued charters there, in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, the town underwent remarkable political and cultural development, and later, in the last years of the Bosnian state, it became the permanent seat of the last kings of Bosnia. In Hrvoje s times, an intramural district was built on the east side of the fortress, and gradually, during the fifteenth and the early decades of the sixteenth century, the entire defence system was constructed, surviving to this day almost unaltered, despite various repairs and additions. Jajce was also the residence of the last Bosnian King Stjepan Tomašević, who was executed in 1463 near the city of Ključ, in the presence of Sultan Mehmed II el Fatih. The Ottoman army set siege to the town, but held it for only six months before it was seized by the Magyars in 1464, who established the banovina of Jajce. The 2 E. Çelebıö 1979, p Mazalić, 1952, pp.70-72, believed that the Magyars built the Great Bastion on the west wall of the citadel, the earthworks on the inner side of the other walls, turned the towers into bastions, and built the buttresses on the exterior. In conservation works during the 1960s, these works were linked with the Ottomans.

14 8 town became a prominent strategic stronghold until the end of 1527 when, following the battle of Mohács, it finally fell to Ottoman rule and lost its strategic importance as a forward stronghold. The battle zone moved further to the north, and from then on a military garrison headed by a dizdar was based in Jajce. In the second half of the seventeenth century there is reference to the kapetan of the Jajce kapetanija. E. Çelebı notes that there were a dizdar, a janissary commander and 300 soldiers in the town. A fire in 1658 badly damaged both the fortress and the town. That year the citizens complained to the valija (district administrator) that the city was in such a ruinous state that it was dangerous to go through the town gates and alongside the ramparts. In the eighteenth century a spy wrote that the town had not been repaired since its occupation in 1526 and that it had a small garrison with little artillery. The last kapetan of Jajce was Sulejman-Beg Kulenović until 1832, a follower of Huseinkapetan Gradaščević. The Bosnian vizier Mahmut Hamdi-Paša brought in new nizams and Arnauts who lived here from 1832 to 1833, when, due to their negligence, the Sulejmanija mosque (the church of St. Mary with St Luke s tower) was damaged. There were twelve cannon and four mortars. There was fighting around the town between Krajina (frontier) rebels and Omer-Paša Latas in 1851, as well as when Bosnia was annexed by Austria- Hungary in The complex of the fortress and defence walls of the town was constructed in several stages. Stage I includes the fortress, which stands on the very summit of the hill, above the confluence of the Pliva and the Vrbas. Although there is no available evidence of its original date, it is clear that the fortress, now the central element of a more recent defensive system, existed as early as the thirteenth century. It appears originally to have had three four-sided towers: two on the south wall and one in the north-western corner, suggesting that the fortress was built prior to the fourteenth century. Stage II belongs to the period of Hrvoje s rule, at the turn of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. It was probably then that the corner towers were altered, the walls raised in height, and an intramural district built east of the fortress (on the plan, running from the southern corner of the citadel to tower II; from tower II to bastion IV; from the north-eastern corner of the citadel to bastion IV). Jajce was still a minor fortress at this time. The Church of St Mary and St Luke s bell tower, and the catacombs that were hollowed out at the same time as the intramural district was built, were still outside the town walls at this time (. Mazalić, 1952, pp ; M. Ančić, 1999, p. 98). Stage III began with the death of Hrvoje Vukčić in 1416 and the transfer of the royal residence to Jajce, roughly from the mid-fifteenth century to The walls now ran down to the natural barrier of the limestone cliffs and river banks. Within the ramparts there was a Franciscan monastery, and a new church of St Catherine was built. The defence system of the mediaeval town took in an area of almost two hectares. The transfer of the court to Jajce, as an established urban centre surrounded by ramparts, meant adapting to the contemporary European model, when advanced urban centres were gaining in importance. It was then that the Medvjed tower was built, and the line of the northern ramparts around the Papaz gate (tower III) to bastion V, the Samića bastion. The church of St Catherine was probably close to the main town square (around the hammam and the Sultana Esma mosque) (M. Ančić, 1999, p. 99). Stage IV belongs to the period of Magyar rule, during the time when the Jajce banovina was in existence, from 1464 to At this time the entire defences of the town were repaired and enhanced Mazalić believes that the alterations inside the fortress walls by the addition of earthworks against the walls on the inner side, as well as the filling in of the towers to turn them into bastions, took place between 1464 and 1527 (. Mazalić 1952, pp 72 and 71, illus. 5). In the light of the assumption that the Magyars resided in the fortress, and in the court of the Bosnian kings, as well as the fact that no archaeological research whatsoever has been conducted, Mazalić s claim can be doubted. E. Çelebı, during his visit to Jajce in the 1670s, saw a ruined capital, which supports. Basler s hypothesis that the court was inside the city walls (E. Çelebı 1979, 209;. Basler 1959, 122).

15 9 Stage V, the period of the Ottoman Empire ( ), was when the city acquired its final appearance. Inside the fortress, the towers were turned into bastions and embankments were raised within the old mediaeval walls (. Basler, 1959, p. 124); a powder magazine was also built. Bastion III was built, along with the tower on Džikovac, and a mosque inside the fortress. The church of St Mary was turned into the Suleyman II mosque Significance Summary statement of significance/historical and heritage importance To grasp the role and significance of the area and town of Jajce, certain basic details must be given of the wider region with common features, in other words of the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town is associated with important historical events from different periods of the history of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Yugoslavia. Two elements were central to the formation of the historical and cultural physiognomy of Bosnia: its natural isolation, and its geographical position between the two great cultural domains of East and West. These powerful influences at times clashed violently, but at times intermingled to generate a third, indigenous stamp. The only easy access to the town is along a narrow ridge leading into the town from the north-west. Here the steep slopes above the Pliva and Vrbas give way to an almost horizontal plateau before again rising to terminate in a round hilltop, an ideal natural site for the development of the settlement and fortress. In the area extending from the Jajce citadel to the Catacombs and the Banja Luka gatehouse are or were a large number of houses with steep wooden roofs in harmony with the architecture of the old town. All of them are typical examples of Jajce s residential architecture, buildings endowed with considerable townscape value, and their value also lies in the fact that their remains can be used for a study of the residential architecture of the town of Jajce Historical 3 (high) Artistic/Aesthetic 3 (high) Technological 3 (high) Religious/Spiritual 3 (high) Symbolic/Identity 3 (high) Scientific/Research 3 (high) Social/Civic 3 (high) Natural 3 (high) Economic 3 (high) Category of significance: Of outstanding national importance.

16 Vulnerability The Fortress in Jajce was either directly or indirectly endangered by the following: Insufficient support of the responsible institution, Architectural heritage buildings, as the area as a whole, that are not covered by rehabilitation projects are at risk of rapid deterioration from the lack of regular maintenance Self-sown vegetation inside and around the building. The penetration of rain and consequent penetration of humidity into the structure of the walls; Residential buildings renovated by the humanitarian organisation UMCOR have not been renovated in accordance with the principles of protection, which has caused permanent degradation of the ensemble as a whole The historic area is at risk from inappropriate new building and inexpert interventions on old buildings The area is directly at risk from air pollution from the Elektrobosna factory 7.4. Technical condition The ensemble is in poor technical condition. During the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina the town suffered major damage. In the post-war years, there has been further damage to the urban area, both to their remains and to the sites on which they stood. This has been partly due to the activities of certain humanitarian organisations that failed, when carrying out reconstruction works on housing, to take into consideration the significance of the cultural and historical heritage Outline summary of required repairs Stage 1 comprises urgent measures: - Clearing the walls to remove self sown vegetation and other material - A technical survey analysis of the stability of the existing structure of the walls and towers - Repair damage on northern and eastern walls - To remove the water from the wall construction Stage 2 comprises restoration and other works: - A technical survey of the National Monument. Conduct an analysis of the stability of the existing structure of the walls and towers - Project for restoration - Drafting and revising Project Documentation for restoration - Define the zone of archaeological excavations - Carry out works - Supervision - Prevent extensions to residential buildings by the walls of the fortifications by introducing a protection zone 1.50 metres wide around each building Note: Original materials should be preserved as much as possible Conservation policy and proposals Broad summary of the vision for the site at this preliminary stage The main reasons for conservation and restoration of the Fortress would be: To enable development of the city by increasing knowledge and understanding of the values of the past To promote and enhance the tourist attractions of town and environs, an area with a rich cultural, historical and natural heritage. The integration of the cultural, historical and natural heritage into the development programme of Jajce primarily tourism. Restoration of the Fortress will continue the process and contribute to the systematic, long-term protection, presentation and revitalisation of the cultural, historical and natural heritage, and contribute towards protecting the built heritage from further deterioration.

17 Conservation philosophy Treatment strategy through required restoration and conservation interventions guarantee that the authenticity and cultural values of the ensemble are preserved. Conservation philosophy implies reconciling conservation requirements of the building and the town planning objectives. Based on the significance of the building and physical situation given above, the following aims, levels and types of appropriate interventions have been proposed: 1. The Fortress in Jajce should be restored. 2. Missing parts of the fortress (part of the window) and parts which were destroyed or missing shall be reconstructed in their original form, of the same size, using the same or similar type of material and building techniques wherever possible, on the basis of documentation on its original appearance. 3. All building materials should be preserved and consolidated where deteriorating or replaced by the same or similar type of material. 4. All interventions and methods used must respect all the typological and architectural features of the building in question. 5. All methods used and degrees of intervention must be recorded. The above proposed works can be carried out in phases. Public services that secure the building s historic continuity function and allow for guided public visits, should respect the historic criteria, respond to the local community needs and provide income for maintenance. Using legislative instruments, such as the Law on Implementation of Decisions to Designate National Monuments and the Decision itself, will secure success in the long term Level of interventions The Fortress in Jajce will be restored. Following the technical documentation and old photographs it will be possible to determine the extent and type of any repairs required. Repairs and renovation are essential. Structural repair and the restoration of the building's authentic appearance on the basis of technical documentation are essential Preliminary proposals for appropriate uses Cultural (open air cinema, theatre, art exhibitions) Opportunities for social uses and sustainable development The Fortress could be used to illustrate the process of restoration of the Monument to the townspeople through the restoration of the monument, and giving an appropriate use would mean the creation of work places and the promotion of the building as an architectural and heritage monument of outstanding value Broad assessment of priorities for consolidation/covering, repair, conservation, restoration, rehabilitation Priorities can be set out to be undertaken in the following order: - Drafting Project Task for Conservation-Restoration Programme - Drafting Programme - Carrying out research and drafting appropriate studies in line with the Programme. Research would include a technical survey of the Monument Conducting an analysis of the stability of the existing structure of the walls and towers. - Drawing up an outline bill of quantities and bill of costs - Repairing damage resulting from many years' lack of maintenance and damage resulting from mechanical impact. - Preventing unchecked new construction in the area below the fortifications. - Defining the zone of archaeological excavations.

18 Finance Public access It is necessary to prepare a Programme for tourism development of the Jajce Municipality in the context of the region. The principle of the programme should establish a balance between the development of tourism and the conservation of historical resources for their mutual benefits. The Fortress will be opened to public. The management plan for the site will state the visitor service objectives. With the objective to acknowledge its historical value and educational role, the Fortress will be opened for guided tourist visits. Target groups are students, visiting experts, conference delegates and tourists. In that way the fortress and its significance would be brought closer to the public. In order to include the monument in the future touristic route, it is necessary to repair the access road Other benefits Benefits from the restoration of the ensemble, in relation to the community are as follows: o Promotion of the cultural heritage as a basic point of educational policies; o Preservation of the environment Broad assessment of budgetary need and phasing A. Urgent interventions - Clearing the walls to remove self sown vegetation and other ,00 material - A technical survey analysis of the stability of the existing structure of the walls and towers 7500,00 - Repairing damages on northern and eastern walls ,00 TOTAL A ,00 B. Restoration works - Drafting Project Task for Restoration Programme 2500,00 - Drafting Programme including the Project for restoration 2500,00 - Drafting and revising Project Documentation for restoration ,00 - Carry out restoration works ,00 - Supervision of works 7000,00 TOTAL B ,00 TOTAL , Assessment of possibilities for attracting investments The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is legally responsible to provide financial means for the protection of the National Monuments. Other possible investors in the restoration works on the property might be from the private sector, a local authority and investment organisations. Methods to attract possible investors and the procedure of the conservation of the building have not been specified Assessment of possibilities for recovering investments Collective cost-benefit approach through tourism revenues will provide resources for the maintenance; through entry fees and sales of cultural souvenirs and guidebooks. Assessments of possibilities for recovering investments have not been done.

19 Have you already tried to raise funds for this site or monument? The Commission to Preserve National Monuments launched in 2003 the Campaign for Heritage at Risk, with an aim to raise funds for the monuments listed on the heritage-at-risk list. The fortress in Jajce is one of the monuments on the Commission s List for endangered monuments Have you already received funds for this site or monument? Cultural Heritage without Borders (CHwB) Sweden Government of Federation Recommendations The Building or Site The basic purpose of a project for the fortress would be the conservation and restoration of the monument, itself of outstanding value Requirement for further assessment/further documentation/survey works Further work required: Detailed survey to complete existing documentation Detailed survey and analyses of structure and current condition Research and evaluation of the constructive repair needed for the fortress, its conservation and restoration and more cost certainty. Further work required for completing/creating documentation and evaluation of the building include the following: 1. Preparation of the documentation needed for the design of the research project 2. Collection and detailed analysis of the existing documentation (archives, libraries, Institutes, etc) 3. Geodesic survey of the current condition, 4. Architectural survey of the current condition 5. Research on materials and condition of the construction 6. Geodesic and geo-mechanic survey on materials Experts required for all above mentioned works are: - architect conservator - landscape architect - civil engineer - structural engineer - archaeologist - art historian - geodesic engineer A time limit for the preparation of documentation and research is approximately six months Management The provisions relating to protection and rehabilitation measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, established pursuant to Annex 8 of the General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina shall apply to the National Monument Fortress in Jajce. In particular: - The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina shall be responsible for ensuring and providing the legal, scientific, technical, administrative and financial measures necessary to protect, conserve, display and rehabilitate the National Monument. - Everyone, and in particular the competent authorities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and urban and municipal authorities, shall refrain from any action that

20 14 might damage the National Monument or jeopardise the preservation and rehabilitation thereof. - The owner of the building s obligation is to manage the building in accordance with the provisions relating to protection and rehabilitation measures set forth by the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments. - Pursuant to the Decision of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Commission to Preserve National Monuments is authorised to perform activities of international cooperation in the field of heritage. The Commission is responsible to implement the project in accordance to the Rules for the implementation of donor funds earmarked for the renovation or protection of the endangered cultural and historical heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina. - As needed for the implementation of the Project, the Commission shall engage other institutions, organisations or experts and contractors through tendering and shall enter into a contract with them, as stipulated by the Rules Summary of Recommendations The Fortress in Jajce is a monument that should be preserved as a monument of a place and history. Management layout: The Commission is responsible for drawing up the protection measures of the National Monument. The Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is responsible for providing the financial, technical, legal and administrative conditions for the implementation of the Decision to designate the Fortress in Jajce as a National Monument. The Ministry for Regional Planning of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is responsible for issuing a rehabilitation approval and for safeguarding the Monument. The Commission is responsible for implementing the project. The Municipality of Jajce as owner is responsible to manage and maintain the building in accordance with the legal provisions relating to protection and rehabilitation measures. 9. Feasibility Studies The current condition of the fortress could be described as poor. Restoration of the building's authentic appearance on the basis of existing photographic and technical documentation is essential. There is considerable damage to walls. Works include: - Creating a geodetic basis - Technical survey of existing condition of the building - Recording and classification of all damage to the building - Drafting a project for the repair and restoration of the fortress including all stages with costs The basic philosophy is a minimum of interventions. It is governmental property and responsible authorities, as set in the Law on the Implementation of the Decisions of the Commission to Preserve National Monuments, are the Government of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Ministry responsible for regional planning of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the heritage protection authority. All the above-mentioned authorities guarantee that conservation and restoration works will be carried out in the most appropriate manner.

21 15 PTA carried out by: Commission to Preserve National Monuments Local experts: Mirzah Fočo, Architect, Associate for Ensembles, Historical, Urban and Cultural Landscapes, Slobodanka Nikolić, Ethnologist, Associate for Movable Heritage headed by Mirela Mulalić Handan, Project Coordinator, in cooperation with the Council of Europe expert David Johnson. Sarajevo, 10 April 2006.

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23 17 APPENDIX A HISTORY To grasp the role and significance of the area and town of Jajce, certain basic details must be given of the wider region with common features, in other words of the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two elements were central to the formation of the historical and cultural physiognomy of Bosnia: its natural isolation, and its geographical position between the two great cultural domains of East and West. These powerful influences at times clashed violently, but at times intermingled to generate a third, indigenous stamp (Jadrić, 1970). In the town of Jajce, there has been much building but also much demolition and destruction over the centuries. The town here is taken to mean the area within the mediaeval walls, which has been in existence from the mediaeval through the Ottoman period to the present day. There are few documents on the town's past, and no major archaeological excavations have been carried out. Our knowledge of the more distant past of the town thus remains fragmentary. Almost all archaeological finds have been accidental, usually in the course of digging the foundations for a new building, when carrying out conservation works, or as spolia built into later structures. The most ancient traces of human habitation on the urban area of Jajce date from the Eneolithic age (locality Varošnice). Throughout the town, there are Bronze Age remains in deep tufa cuttings, and also material traces of the later Iron Age (La Tene) (Bojanovski, 1988, 294; Marijanović, 1988, 179). Prehistoric pottery has been found in tufa cuttings by the Museum of the 2nd Session of AVNOJ. These finds suggest the existence of a prehistoric settlement nearby, the location and chronological context of which have yet to be determined. When the foundations for the Social Centre were being dug, shards of prehistoric pottery dating from the late Bronze age ( BCE) were also found, washed down from higher land. It is not yet known whether there was a prehistoric settlement on the site of the Jajce fortress, but its hilltop position and the pottery washed down to lower levels suggest this as a possibility. The present extent of research is not sufficient to clarify whether there was continuous settlement in the transition from prehistoric times to antiquity. The oldest antique remains date from the third century and later, to the end of the sixth century. Antique bricks were found in Pijavice, opposite the former railway station, and a Mithraic temple below Volukja in the Bare residential area. When the five-storey block north of the Banja Luka gatehouse was being built, two late antique tombs and one vaulted sepulchre were found (4th to 6th century). To this should be added spolia of antique provenance built into the east wall of the fortress and the wall of St Mary's Church, and finds on the site of the Post Office (Basler, 1963., 40-43) The Mithraeum, bricks and sepulchre were on the edge of a late antique-era settlement in the valley at the confluence of the Pliva and the Vrbas, in the late mediaeval area outside the ramparts, on the plateau between the two town gates. Antique pottery was also found by the present-day police station, but this site was outside the settlement of that time. In the antique era the site of present-day Jajce probably had a settlement with a customs post and an observation post for surveillance of the crossing over of the Vrbas (Bojanovski, 1988, ). The settlement was inhabited not only by the indigenous population but also by the Romanised descendants of the Pannonian tribe of Maezaei (Mezei) and foreigners, among whom were incomers from the eastern provinces of the Empire, whose community to judge from the Mithraeum and the length of time it was in use was a powerful one. The Romanised inhabitants respected cults, as far as is currently known from monuments to Jupiter Dolichenus and Silvanus (Pan). The surroundings of Jajce are rich in antique monuments, mostly discovered accidentally (Škegro, 2000, 14-15). Sixteen grain pits or granaries were found on the site of the Social Centre. Based on similar finds elsewhere in Bosnia and Herzegovina, these pits were dated to the 4th to 7th century, but the absence of archaeological material means that they cannot be reliably dated. It is known that such grain pits were still in use in the late mediaeval era in the region inhabited by Slav tribes and peoples. On the edge of this site a miniature 14th-15th century Stećak tombstone was found (Basler, 1963, 48; An elić, 1963, 38-40).

24 18 The early mediaeval history of Jajce is poorly known. It was in the early mediaeval župa or county of Pliva, which is referred to as part of the then Croatian state by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his De administrando imperio in the mid-tenth century. The next reference to Pliva county in historical sources is not until 1366, when the Bosnian ban or ruler Tvrtko bestowed it on the Hrvatinić line, in the person of duke Vukac Hrvatinić, for his services in the defence of the town of Sokol three years early. This action, in 1363, halted the military campaign of the Croato-Hungarian king Ludovic against Bosnia (Ančić, 1999, 12-13, n.21-24). Pliva County was in Donji Kraji, which is referred to in historical sources as a distinct administrative district in From ban Stjepan Kotromanić s reign ( ) on, Donji Kraji was constantly associated with the rule of the Bosnian rulers. The history of Jajce is associated with the son of Duke Vukac, Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić, who in 1380 had already succeeded his father in the post of Bosnian Grand Duke, and who first appears in historical sources some ten years earlier. From 1396 he gained the title of Count of Jajce. This is also the earliest reference to the town; but to judge from this title, the town must have borne the name even before the end of the 15th century. The fortress was already in existence in Hrvoje's time, as was St Mary's church beneath the ramparts. Hrvoje reached the acme of his power in 1403 when Ladislav of Anjou, the newly-crowned Hungarian king, bestowed on him the title of Herzeg of Split. He remained the most influential figure in Bosnia from the turn of the 14th-15th century until his death in During those twenty or so years, Hrvoje resided at times in Jajce, in which he also issued a charter. This was also a time of rapid growth in the importance of Jajce, which suddenly flourished. With the marriage of Hrvoje's widow Jelena to King Ostoja in 1416, the town became royal property, but it actually became the royal town only during the reign of Tvrtko II. Towards the end of the Bosnian state, it became the capital of the Bosnian rulers. The earliest reference to the royal court in Jajce in historical sources dates from 1457, during the reign of King Stjepan Tomaš. Four years later, the last Bosnian king, Stjepan Tomašević, was crowned there; he resided there for two years and was killed there, probably on Carevo polje (Emperor's field) in the presence of Sultan Mehmed el Fatih in 1463 (D. Kojić-Kovačević, 1978, 127, S. Ćirković, 1964, 324). In the 15th century Jajce became an important commercial centre of western Bosnia and the political centre or state capital. Towards the end of the first half of the 15th century, there were merchants from Venice, Split, Ston and Dubrovnik living in Jajce. The exchange of goods and people was two-way. As well as merchants, various craftsmen (a cannon caster, stone masons) also lived or stayed temporarily in Jajce (Šunjić, 2000, 54-59). The relocation of the court to Jajce, in the urban centre that had already taken shape within the ramparts, meant that it matched the contemporary European model. Ottoman troops occupied the town in 1463, but held it for only six months, being forced to yield to the Hungarian army, which occupied Jajce that same year. 5 The Jajce banovina (banate) was founded in Battles were waged around Jajce, and in 1527, after the battle of Mohács, it finally fell to Ottoman rule and lost its strategic importance as a forward stronghold as the battle zone moved further to the north. From then on a military garrison headed by a dizdar was based in Jajce. The Ottomans conquered Jajce in December 1527, but the nahija of Jajce is not referred to until The assumption is that it existed immediately after the conquest of Jajce and that it first belonged to the Brod kadiluk and later, when the Ottomans crossed the Sava, to the Kobaš kadiluk from 1540 onwards (Šabanović, 1982, ). Sarhoš Ibrahimpaša Memibegović, who surveyed the fortresses of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1620, states that Jajce was the most important fortress in Bosnia 6 (Mazalić, 1952, 79). In the second half of the 17th century there is reference to the kapetan of the Jajce captaincy. The travel writers Evliya Çelebi recounts that the town had a dizdar, a Janissary commander and 300 troops. There 5 On 24 December 1463 the Hungarian army crushed the resistance of 7,000 Turkish troops and liberated the town. 6 This report includes the fact that there were 400 houses within the city walls and that the fort was equipped with medium-weight artillery, and that it had a dizdar, kapetan and kadija (fortress commander, captain and judge).

25 19 were no houses in the fortress other than the building the dizdar lived in, a masjid and the ruins of the court. He recounts that there were various Greek inscriptions over the old gatehouse to the fortress (probably also with the coat of arms in mind). He refers to two broken-down iron gates in the north wall, meaning the Mračna and Banja Luka gatehouses. According to him, the gate opened towards the south-east, which is the case with the Travnik gate. 7 It is clear from a complaint by the citizens of Jajce to the valija in 1658 that the fortifications were in a state of ruin and that it was dangerous to go through the town gates and along the ramparts (Truhelka, 1918, 158). An Austrian secret service report dating from the early 18th century (1717) notes that the fort had not been repaired since it was taken in 1527, and that it had a small garrison with little artillery (Bodenstein, 1908, 100). The last kapetan of Jajce, until 1832, was Sulejman beg Kulenović, a supporter of Husein-kapetan Gradašćević. The Bosnian vezir Mahmut Hamdi-pasha brought in new troops from the nizam (the new regular Ottoman army established in 1826) and Albanians, who were based in Jajce from 1832 to Their carelessness led to the Sulejmanija mosque (St Mary's Church), in which they were stationed, burning down. 8 Battles were waged around the town between Krajina (frontiersmen) rebels and Omer pasha Latas, and again when Bosnia was occupied by Austro-Hungary in It is of interest that until 1878 there was no kasaba or town outside the ramparts (Mazalić, 1952, 62 ). In the mid-nineteenth century it was the stronghold of opponents to reform in Bosnia, and mounted a strong resistance to the punitive expedition of Omer pasha Latas in The Austrian army occupied it on 7 August 1878, the start of the period of Austro-Hungarian occupation for Jajce. Although the law on the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was enacted in February 1889, the new administration established a government in which the military and civilian components were never kept separate. 9 The natural wealth around the town was a solid base for the development of industry, forestry, transport and other branches of the economy. The aim was to exploit the natural wealth, above all timber and mineral ores At that time, according to Çelebi, there were 1000 houses within the ramparts, and 80 shops on the main street leading from the Banja Luka to the Travnik gate. He says that in 1658, during the governorship of Melik Ahmed pasha, the varoš or town within the ramparts burned down and that the pasha himself built it with his army. Every aga built one imare (home), and Ahmed pasha himself built a medresa, and renovated the tekke, baths, mekteb and han. There is no trace of any of these buildings today. He also refers to the mills on the Pliva, by the ramparts, of which there were still remains in the early 1950s. There was a bridge over the Pliva from the Travnik gatehouse, and a Christian settlement with 500 houses on the right bank of the Pliva. There was another settlement outside the Banja Luka gatehouse, the present-day Haddanan mahala (Kovačka mahala). On the right bank of the Vrbas there was a settlement in Kozluk (Çelebi, 1979, ). Three fires were recorded in Jajce between 1463 and A census of weapons in the town taken in 1833 records that there were twelve cannon and four mortars (Kreševljaković, 1951, ). 9 Austria-Hungary retained the administrative territorial divisions into local areas as it found them, i.e. as it was at the end of Ottoman rule. Bosnia and Herzegovina was divided into six districts and 54 kotars or counties. Four cities had the status of kotar, and larger kotars had branch offices. There were ten kotars in the Travnik district, including Jajce, which had the status of an urban municipality within the Jajce kotar. State officials were mainly foreigners. In 1908 there were 68% foreigners and 32% locals employed, with Germans and Czechs the most numerous foreigners at 12.22% and 11.26% respectively, mostly engaged as inspectors and finance officers, since the Austro-Hungarian authorities had no confidence in the locals, particularly where combating the smuggling of tobacco and other goods was concerned. 10 A total of 83% of all BiH's exports consisted of raw materials. In the Pliva and Vrbas valleys, significant quantities of coal, iron ore, copper ore and other non-ferrous metals were discovered. The raw materials base for the timber industry was the extensive woodlands. The hydro potential of the Pliva and Vrbas was sufficient to generate energy for the chemicals industry and every other branch of the economy. The raw materials base, energy supply and good communications routes, together with the cheap labour force, were the decisive factors that encouraged foreign capitalists to locate industrial chemicals plant in Jajce. The new authorities used low tax rates and other concessions to attract private capital. Foreign capital constituted 90% of total investments.

26 20 After the Austro-Hungarian period, Jajce's economy stagnated. As in other urban centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there was less new building and what there was of poorer quality. The only significant development was that in 1930 the Association for the Preservation of the Antiquities and Historic Society of Jajce was founded. During World War II, however, Jajce became of great importance for the whole of the region, as the centre of a large swathe of free territory. 11 On 29 and 30 November 1943, the 2nd session of the Anti-fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) was held in Jajce, where representatives of BiH, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Slovenia, renouncing part of their sovereignty, established a federal state. At the same session the Decision to build Yugoslavia on federal principles, with the full equality of its nations and minorities, was adopted, marking the completion of the establishment of Yugoslavia's state institutions. After the country's liberation, the development of Jajce had two main bases: tourism and industry. In the recent war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the town suffered extensive damage. The construction of communications, in this case the railway, in Bosnia and Herzegovina was of economic, political and strategic importance. It was worth opening up the rich natural resources for exploitation, linking newly built industrial plant, military garrisons and administrative centres with fast, safe communications. In planning, design and project implementation, this area Travnik, Bugojno and Jajce, and their association with Banja Luka was the focus of interest. Soon it became necessary to link the area with the Adriatic Sea and to build a land route through Banja Luka to link it with the interior of the Monarchy. Particular emphasis was laid on the construction of the route from Sisak via Banja Luka and Jajce to Sarajevo. Bernard Singer, adviser to the Vienna Chamber of Commerce and Trade, drew attention to the strategic interest of this route and its significance and strategic value for the economic development both of Austria and of the Monarchy as a whole. The Vienna Chamber of Commerce and Trade proposed the immediate construction of a rail link between Banja Luka and Sarajevo via Jajce and Travnik. In early 1891 Finance Minister Kállay raised the issue of a narrow-gauge railway to run from the Bosna river valley through the Lašva valley to the border with Dalmatia, which would have a branch line leading from Bugojno to Jajce. Soon after this, the Minister reported that the Government was interested in extending the railway line from Jajce as far as Prijedor. This demonstrated that the construction of the railway would create one of the essential conditions for the exploitation of natural resources. The rail track ran from Donji Vakuf to Jajce along the left bank of the Vrbas. In Jajce itself, a bridge was built over the river Pliva. This section of track was opened on 1 May After Belgrade was attacked on 6 April 1941 and the almost immediate capitulation of the Yugoslav Army, armed insurrection in BiH began on 27 July 1941, and had an impact on this municipality as elsewhere. The town of Šipovo was quickly liberated, followed by the first liberation of Jajce on 25 September 1942; the town remained free only until 6 October 1942, however. The second liberation took place on 26 November The battle for the town lasted two days, following which German troops again occupied the town on 5 December The third liberation was on 17 August Immediately after the town was taken, the Supreme Command and Josip Broz Tito came to the town. Jajce became the centre of the liberated territory, the headquarters of all the Communist Party of Yugoslavia's institutions, the headquarters of allied military missions and other military and civilian services. On 7 January 1944 Jajce was again occupied; the occupation lasted until 12 August 1944, when it was liberated for the last time.

27 21 APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION OF THE MONUMENT APPEARANCE, STRUCTURE AND SHAPE OF THE TOWN The historic urban area of Jajce constitutes a self-contained spatial and topographical entity. There are two key factors in the appearance of Jajce. The first is the powerful impact of the morphology of the terrain and natural features such as rivers, cascades and waterfalls, the tufa cliffs of sculptural form, etc., and the interaction between the natural and the built environment. Here the natural environment is so potent a factor that everything that is built and set in that dramatic scenery acquires a specific local expression. Here, in fact, it is the natural features that constitute the genius loci. The most powerful feature of the town is thus the waterfall, which has become, over the centuries of evolution of the structure of the town, the place with the most powerful meaning in the town the focus of the town, as Kevin Linch calls such places. The other factor is the unbroken sequence of material expressions of human action of a high cultural level and historical significance over the long period from the Roman Empire to modern history and, which is even more significant, the long, unbroken trajectory of urban history, which makes this one of the oldest towns in Bosnia. The continuity, overlap and encounter of the different historical layers contribute to the complexity and richness of both the structure and the shape of the town. A large part of the present-day town came into being on the mediaeval layout, and stands on a slope terminating to the south-east in the vertical rocky banks of the Pliva and Vrbas, and to the north and west in the steep slopes of the surrounding mountains. The only easy access to the town is along a narrow ridge leading into the town from the north-west. Here the steep slopes above the Pliva and Vrbas give way to an almost horizontal plateau before again rising to terminate in a round hilltop, an ideal natural site for the development of the settlement and fortress. On the landward side, to the west and north, the town is surrounded by massive ramparts with a system of bastions and towers, and the summit of the hill at the end of the ridge is topped by a citadel. The town forms part of a group of mediaeval geomorphologically fortified towns, and is the only one of this kind with all the features of an urban centre, dating from the 15th century. Its architectural monuments provide persuasive evidence of mediaeval artistry and various different political circumstances. The system of the fortress and defensive walls was built in a number of stages. Although they have not been fully identified, and not every element can be dated with certainty, the basic chronology can nonetheless be determined. The basic features from which the different stages are differentiated are: building techniques, the form of the fortifications or individual components thereof, and the composition of the binder used lime mortar. The first stage was the erection of the citadel on the summit of the hill. During the second stage, the bailey to the east of the fortress was built (on the plan, running from the southern angle of the fortress to the Clock Tower; from the Clock to the tower on Džikovac; from the north-eastern angle of the fortress to the tower on Džikovac). All that is now visible of this original bailey is traces in the retaining walls extending along the edge of the road around the Clock Tower and from the Clock Tower to the tower on Džikovac. Mazalić assumed, from these retaining walls, that Hrvoje also ran the wall of the bailey from the Clock Tower to the bend above the Medvjed Tower, i.e. to the western wall (1952, p. 68). Jajce was still a minor fortress. St Mary s Church with St Luke s Tower, as well as the Catacombs, built at this time, were still outside the ramparts (. Mazalić, 1952, 65-66; M. Ančić, 1999, 98). Stage three began with the death of Hrvoje Vukčić and the transfer of the royal court to Jajce, roughly from the mid 15th century to The walls now ran down to the natural barrier of the tufa shores of the rivers. It was then that Medvjed Tower was built, along with the line of the north wall around Papaz Gatehouse to Šamić bastion. Within the walls there was also a Franciscan monastery, and the new church of St Catherine was built on the market plateau, which was probably somewhere around the site where the Esma Sultana mosque and hammam were later built (Ančić, ). This created a new centre in the valley, on the main road through the town, between the Travnik and Banja Luka Gatehouses. Typical of stages 2 and 3 was the use of mortar with tufa dust. The relocation of the court to Jajce, as an already formed urban centre surrounded by ramparts, meant fitting in with the contemporary European model at a time when welldeveloped urban centres in Bosnia and Herzegovina were increasingly gaining in importance. Stage four took place during the period of Hungarian rule, i.e. the period of the Jajce banate, from 1464 to The entire defensive system of the town was repaired rather than added to. Judging from certain archaeological finds of architectural elements, it may be assumed that the Hungarian commanders and King Matthias Corvinus resided, when in Jajce, in the fortress, where there was a palace the court of the Bosnian kings or that they

28 22 themselves built the palace within the fortress. When visiting Jajce in the 1660s, Evliya Çelebi found a ruined court (E. Çelebi 1979, 209;. Balser, 1969, 122). During Stage five, during the Ottoman Imperial period ( ), the town acquired its final form. Within the fortress, the towers were turned into bastions, and embankments were raised within the mediaeval walls (. Basler, 1959, 124). It was at this time that a powder magazine and masjid were built within the fortress. Velika tabija (Large bastion), the tower on Džikovac, and the Šabić bastion were built alongside the north perimeter rampart. St Mary's Church with St Luke's tower were turned into the Suleyman II mosque. The perimeter walls were reinforced to a thickness of two to five metres. The way the stones were laid is noticeably more regular, and lime with coarse gravel extracted from the Vrbas was used as binder. There is little reliable information on the mediaeval layout of Jajce, but on the basis of the present condition three zones with different features may be distinguished: The first and highest zone is that of the citadel, as the main fortification with a narrow residential area beneath forming an «amphitheatre», surrounded by a rampart. This was part of the feudal and royal court, which had some public functions as well as residential. Here fragments of the mature architectural achievements of Dalmatian and Danube valley or central European influence have been found. The second zone was on the south-western part of the plateau, with the church and bell tower of St Luke, burial ground and catacombs, and a separate tower for their defence. In the early days this zone was outside the town ramparts. The third zone is the area outside the ramparts, where houses were built around a market by peasants skilled in crafts or trade, mainly for the purpose of serving the feudals. The prime concern in the layout of the town, then, was strategic needs. Houses were largely of timber, and as a result of frequent fires evidence of their existence or of features from which certain assumptions could be made have vanished. The layout of the town and the area outside the ramparts is typical for the mediaeval period in this part of the world, where Jajce was one of the largest and most highly developed urban conglomerations. 12 After falling to the Turks, Jajce underwent a period of decline and, what with constant fires and grievances because of the town's difficult circumstances, no periods of progress can be identified. Further evidence of this lies in the fact that Jajce's most marked development was in fact in the final decades of Bosnian independence, when there were also strong cultural and trade links with Split and Dubrovnik and the existence of local stonemasons' yards. 13 The Ottoman conquest of Bosnia and Herzegovina not only meant that the ruling class was superseded by a new one, but also brought with it a complete social and economic reorganisation of society. The transformation of urban layouts took place in parallel with these changes. Towns began to develop in the new circumstances of a strongly centralised state administration, and became a solid base for the economy. Their defence function was taken over by a system of border fortifications against the enemy outside, while internal security was guaranteed by the state. The Turks occupied Bosnia at a time when their country had already acquired its own architectural and urban concept, which they imposed with their energy and level of development on the new environment. 12 The question of settlements outside the ramparts, and of mediaeval housing in Bosnia in general, has been very little studied in scholarly fashion. Until about twenty years ago the prevailing belief was that the residential architecture of the nobility and towns was very primitive and the building material used almost exclusively timber. More recently archaeological excavations in Bobovac, the previous capital of Bosnia, have shown, however, that mediaeval buildings represented a considerable architectural achievement as regards both style and workmanship, and that their relationship with the origins of the cultural influences upon them was significant. It was ascertained that prominent members of the aristocracy and merchants from Dubrovnik who spent long periods in Bosnia also built houses and manors, imitating Mediterranean models. Logically, therefore, more thorough investigations of the lower stone-built parts of some later buildings in Jajce could be expected to reveal the remains of mediaeval stone-built edifices. This is all the more likely since even a superficial examination could determine some specific methods of masonry on buildings showing building techniques at a time of flourishing economic and cultural growth. 13 Between 1455 and 1461 Martin Ostojić from Jezero studied the stonemason's craft with Juraj the Dalmatian.

29 23 The different functions were clearly differentiated by zone in the town. Instead of the mediaeval market, a crafts and trade čaršija grew up with a row of wooden shops known as ćepenak from their horizontally opening front shutters, and with substantial public buildings gradually rising in volume towards the accent points of the domes and minarets of mosques. The slopes were used for housing, where micro-regions or mahalas took shape. In the composition of free-form roofs rising one above the other, the accent was again the vertical wooden minaret of the masjid, a small mosque where the normal daily prayers were performed. Public buildings were built to the established layout, with the appropriate type chosen depending on the importance of the town and the čaršija, in an exclusively oriental architecture which was carried out by Turkish master-craftsmen in the case of every major building. Local craftsmen were hired to build smaller public buildings and housing, and through them the oriental influence mingled with the indigenous, giving rise to the specific nature of the area or individual town. Particularly in the case of residential architecture, where the concept was that each family would build its own separate building, the oriental influence was so strong that it became part of the day-to-day life and habits of the inhabitants. In Jajce, too, a čaršija grew up on the site of the mediaeval market, with its rows of wooden shops used by the craftsmen and merchants, at first between the town gates and then gradually overflowing outside the north wall and taking in the crossroads outside the Banja Luka gatehouse. By 1660 the Turkish travel chronicler Evliya Çelebi was already able to refer to a large varoš or town with 300 houses outside the mediaeval ramparts by the Banja Luka gatehouse. Although Evliya often exaggerates in his descriptions, there is proof that the Christian population formed its own urban quarter there at a very early date. Here too was the only crossing over the Vrbas in the Jajce area Jadrić, 1970). The roads network, too, was taken over from mediaeval Jajce. The main skeleton was the road between the Travnik and Banja Luka gatehouses, which continued on towards Travnik, Banja Luka and Ključ over the Pliva and Vrbas bridges and the fork by the left bank of the Vrbas. At the midpoint of this street, in the centre of the town beneath the ramparts, it was joined by another, which had led in the mediaeval period to the church and burial ground of St Luke, later a mosque. The čaršija was linked to the citadel by a road running up the steep slopes through the residential area. Other side roads were also laid, of a size to ensure access to every building. The roads network came into being along the only possible and logical lines, and still survives, still in use, to this day as they were in the past. They were not the product of following a particular example or of the influence of mature urbanisation, but the spontaneous result of the utilitarian needs of the mediaeval and later inhabitants. Crossroads in the area outside the ramparts became prominent urban centres. Every oriental čaršija includes a group of buildings that meet various needs: religious (the mosque), educational (mekteb and medresa), health (the hammam), hostelry (han, musafirhana) and so on. These were substantial buildings erected to a standard pattern with a predetermined layout. In Bosnia this was true of Sarajevo, Mostar, Travnik, Banja Luka and other centres that had a thriving economy and that blossomed culturally and politically. Jajce, however, is one of the places where public needs were met with only the minimum of new buildings, and where existing ones were adapted to use for the remaining urban functions. St Mary s Church was turned into the central mosque, 14 and another into the hammam. The hammam was destroyed by fire 200 years ago, but its foundations were identified when a four-storey building was erected in the Jajce čaršija. As a result, the Jajce čaršija did not show the mature and sophisticated composition graduating from the low eaves of the ćepenka, to a human scale, via public buildings with more than one storey and their small domes to the main 14 In the first half of the 15th century, when Jajce was turned into the capital of the Bosnian kingdom, the older 12th to 13th century Romanesque church was altered into the Gothic style. Verified historical evidence reveals that after her marriage to the Bosnian heir to the throne, Stjepan Tomašević, on 1 April 1459, the daughter of the Serbian despot Lazar, Jelena Branković, brought to this church as her dowry a relic of St Luke the Evangelist, purchased in 1453 for the sum of 30,000 ducats by despot ura Branković from the Ottoman sultan. In November 1461 the coronation of the last Bosnian king, Stjepan Tomašević, was performed in this church by papal envoys. The members of several burger families of mediaeval Jajce are buried in the church. During the Ottoman period, in 1528, the church was turned into a mosque (annex 1.3) and given the name of Sultan Suleyman II. The mosque was damaged on several occasions by fire, most seriously in the fire of 1658, and most recently in 1832, when all that remained was the walls. The building has not been in use since the mid 19th century.

30 24 accent, the dome of the mosque with its minaret. Nor was the typical concentric layout particularly marked; rather, the composition arose quite spontaneously, encumbered by inherited buildings and their layout. Even the other accent point of the normal čaršija, the clock tower, was improvised on a mediaeval tower beneath the citadel. For all that, the overall picture lacked neither atmosphere nor picturesque charm. (Jadrić, 1970). From the mediaeval period to the start of Austro-Hungarian rule, Jajce evolved as the majority of other towns in Bosnia and Herzegovina within unchanging boundaries. The administrative centre was the čaršija, located in the area from the Travnik to the Banja Luka gatehouses. Every aspect of life was played out in the trade and crafts area, both commercial and administrative, educational, cultural and religious. The čaršija consisted of shops, artisans' workshops, small hotels, hans, and coffee shops, all close packed one against another. The 1910 population census revealed that there was a total of 17 mahalas in Jajce at that time. After the Austro-Hungarian occupation the so-called industrial zone arose, on the right bank of the river Pliva and left bank of the river Vrbas, which made its own contribution to the new appearance of the town and introduced certain new features into the urbanisation of Jajce. With the arrival of the new authorities, Jajce s future development was determined by a shift in its limits to the north-east and south-east of the town. The territorial divisions of the Ottoman period were abandoned, and a new use of time and space was introduced. Instead of the mahalas as the basic urban units, it was the street that became the basic unit. The gentle image of the feudal town, in which the hierarchy of architectural volumes provided a completely logical and easily identifiable picture of internal relations, was rapidly thrown into jeopardy by huge changes to the entire concept and layout of the town. Even these, however, though visually intrusive, did not wipe out the evidence of continuity of evolution. The principle of strict separation between business and residential zones and the organisation of groups of houses was completely contrary to the European system of concentric urban development. With the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1878, radical changes of a socio-economic nature came about that were substantially to alter the image of the feudal town. Building in Jajce had been somewhat stagnant since the time when the last major building (the Esma Sultana mosque) was erected. During this period, the era of erecting buildings associated with the environment came to an end, and features of the architecture of eclecticism were introduced, marking the start of a steady process of decline. For another twenty years or so, individual house building continued to be based on traditional postulates, but after this the formal elements of roof, roof cladding and facade so typical of the general image of Jajce were abandoned. The problem of transformation of the urban fabric after Austro-Hungarian rule was one of the conflicts between two concepts the oriental and the western European. While residential architecture was left to private initiative, major interventions were carried out to public building. The gradually increasing heights of the oriental čaršija in line with content, the importance and small scale of individual shops with their colourful and spatial impression, was replaced by new buildings of more than one storey. Although Jajce was far from major important or economically powerful centres, the new style could only be the pale provincial product of the spirit of Europeanisation. Given its particular interest in Bosnia, Austria tried hard to intervene in space more successfully, but the encounter with the country's heritage was a brutal one. Building of this kind in Jajce, gradually acquired a degree of townscape value, since in retaining the old layout of roads and small zones it did no offence to the dimensions of individual residential buildings. A complete disregard of urban proportions came about only with the most recent interventions which, under the slogan of progress, introduced contemporary architecture with elements of eclecticism, which had nothing to do with the specific scale of the environment. These interventions, particularly the Cultural Centre and the four-storey housing blocks at the foothills of Jajce, with a single building with its monolithic facade, dominates the area where there had previously been entire blocks of houses and groups of streets. The remaining small buildings around, stripped bare and isolated from the group, no longer have any raison d'être. Following the concept of these new interventions, there is no end to the demolitions required to recreate some kind of uniform composition. For now this disintegrated, disharmonious situation has occupied the level plateau of the urban centre above the Vrbas, between the gates. Transformations to the residential zone are typical of the trend towards Europeanisation, manifesting itself in changes primarily to the features of the facade and roof. In Jajce, steep-pitched, shingle-clad hipped roofs are a stylistic feature and, with the vertical differentiation of the buildings and white, light upper floor, are the most characteristic feature of the entire composition. Practical reasons of the use of space, the difficulty of acquiring wooden shingles, and imitating imported elements have led in this miserable situation to the

31 25 appearance of gabled roofs of lesser pitch and to roofs with bird wings. Another room is made in the roof gable. The number of inhabitants and houses in mediaeval Jajce has not been determined. Figures from the 1570s and later, in 1620, show that there were 400 houses. These sources indicate that the number fell following the Turkish conquest, which would make Jajce one of the largest mediaeval towns in Bosnia. Exact data on population numbers is to be found only from the mid 18th century, when Jajce had 600 houses within and outside the town ramparts. At the time of the Austro-Hungarian occupation in 1878 the town had a population of 3,250 in 650 households; in 1885, 3706 inhabitants with 759 households; in 1921, 4132 inhabitants and 855 households; in 1958, 5,005 inhabitants with 1,324 households; and in 1967, 7,800 inhabitants with 2,227 households. It may be of interest to note that in 1976 Bosnia had a population of 1,057,485, but in 1948 it had had 2,565,277 inhabitants. Present-day Jajce is developing primarily in the natural amphitheatre-like hollows downstream along the left bank of the Vrbas and to the west of the historic centre, on the right and left banks of the Pliva. The mainstay of the town is the old road running between the town gates and on to the north beyond the town walls. Here the present-day trade and cultural centre is still to be found on the site of the old čaršija, whereas the administrative centre has shifted to the north, outside the historic centre. In housing, too, there is a tendency to go beyond the town ramparts, particularly to the north. The dilapidated houses of the historic centre, lacking hygienic conditions and space, are an encumbrance to the impoverished population, and a great many buildings are gradually being abandoned or crude interventions are being carried out on them. The historic centre, which had a population of about 3,000 at the beginning of the last century, had 1,136 inhabitants before the war. New buildings are transforming the historic proportions of Jajce, with extensive demolitions and the introduction of large-scale buildings into the urban fabric.

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