A Precise and clear concept and generally accepted scientific definition. of Tourism are necessary to any body that conducts Research or works in

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION A Precise and clear concept and generally accepted scientific definition of Tourism are necessary to any body that conducts Research or works in Tourism area. In order to understand tourism it is essential to describe and define what it covers, the phenomenon has to measure using the proper scientific method. Tourism is understood at the beginning as movement of people for Life, Religion, Sports, Excursion and Yatching. In the early 19 th century, the term Tourism assumed the meaning, with the results of Industrial Revolution, and advancement in the field of Science and Technology. It was traveling for recreation or for pleasure, or for enjoying the natural attractions. 2.2 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS. An Austrian Economist Herman V Schulled gave the earliest definition of tourism. In the year 1910,he defined tourism as the sum total of operation, mainly of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or region. 7 In the year 1942, the International Association of Scientific Experts on Tourism (AIEST) adopted the definition of tourism coined by Swiss professors Hunziker and Krapt. Tourism is the totality of the relationship and phenomenon arising from the travel and stay of strangers, provided the stay 7 Herman von schulleand qtd in Tourism Development, Principles and Practices by A.K. Bhatia,Sterling Publishers,Pvt Ltd 1995 p34

2 22 does not imply the establishment of a permanent residence and is not connected with the remunerated activity 8 Tourism denotes the temporary, short-term moment of people to destinations outside the place they normally live and work and their activities during their stay at these destinations. 9 Christopher, J.Holloway, defines the definition of Tourism. Tourism is an activity involving a complex mixture of material ones are accommodation, transportation, the attractions and the entertainment available. The psychological factors include a wide spectrum of attitude expectation. 10 The concept of Tourism is defined "Tourism is a stay of one or more nights away from home for holidays, visits to friends or relatives, business conferences or any other purpose, except such things as boarding, education or semi- permanent employment. 11 Tourism is an amalgamation of various industries, arising from origin to destination. Tourism is not an industry so much as a market. It does not produce goods but services. It is primarily a service industry and large 8 Foster,Douglas Travel and Tourism Management, Macmillan, London 1985,P.5. 9 A.J.Burkart and S.Medlik, Tourism Past,Present, and Future, Heinemann,London,1974,P Christopher, J.Holloway qtd in US study on Travel : The Business of Tourism, pitman, London, 1960, P Chris and Rayan, Recreational Tourism: A Social Science Perspective, Routledge, London, 1991,P.5.

3 23 proportion of those actively engaged in it finds employment in tertiary occupational, e.g. hotels catering transport, travel agency. 12 Conceptually, tourism, therefore distinguishes in particular form the related concept of leisure and recreation on the one hand from the travel and migration on the other. Thus tourism in the pure sense is essentially a pleasure activity in which money earned in one s Own normal domicile is spent in the places visited. It involves a discretionary use of time and money. Technically, tourism represents various types of short-term travel and visits and is variably defined for particular purpose of the travel, its duration and other criteria. Dr. Zivadin states the meaning of tourism It is a social movement with a view to rest diversion and satisfaction of cultural need Accommodation Accommodation provides a limited number of places for rent or without charge. Each accommodation unit (room, dwelling) is then independent and is occupied by tourists, usually by week, fortnight or month or by its owners as second or holiday home Attraction Any structure of building or landscape or hills or water reservoir, which motivates people to see. 12 S.Jagmohan Negi, International Tourism and Travel concepts and principles, S.Chand Company Ltd,New Delhi,2004,p Dr.Zivadin Jovinnce: Article on Tourism and Geography in the International Travel and Recreation Journal.No3.p, 23.

4 Tourist (Overnight Visitor) A Visitor or Person who stays at least one night in collective or private accommodation in the place of visit Domestic Tourist; attractions. A person who makes his travel within their country for various tourism Same day visitor A visitor who does not spend the night in a collective or private accommodation in the place of visit. It includes the local resident who visitis the place of attraction Camping Site A simple type of accommodation providing to the tourist, inexpensive facilities to the tourists Carrier A public transportation company which consists of Air, Steamship, Roadways, etc Package A type of travel plan, which includes all most all elements of a vacation, such as accommodation, Accessibility and Attractions.

5 Travel agency An agency that makes travel arrangements for tourists or other travelers, and acting as an intermediately between the providers of services and the tourist Hotel Building that provides lodging, meals, and other services to the traveling public on a commercial basis. The modern hotel was largely the result of the railroads; when traveling for pleasure became widely popular, large hotels were often built near railroad stations. Another landmark, catered to the growing class of business travelers. After World War II, new hotels tended to be larger and were often built near airports. Hotel chains became common, making purchasing, sales, and reservations more efficient. Hotels fall into three categories: transient hotels; resort hotels, intended primarily for vacationers; and residential hotels, essentially apartment buildings offering room and meal service. INN Inns have existed since ancient times (e.g., along the Roman road system during the Roman Empire) to serve merchants and other travelers. Medieval European monasteries operated inns to guarantee haven for travelers in dangerous regions. The spread of travel by stagecoach in the 18th century stimulated the development of inns, as Hotel designed for persons traveling by automobile, with convenient parking space provided.

6 26 Motel Originally usually consisting of a series of separate or attached roadside cabins, motels serve commercial and business travelers and persons attending conventions and business meetings as well as vacationers and tourists. By 1950 the automobile was the principal mode of travel in the U.S., and motels were built near large highways, just as hotels had been built near railroad stations. Entrepreneur Entrepreneur to undertake--more at enterprise (1852): one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Tour escort A person or group of persons accompanying another to give protection or as a courtesy. Passenger Wayfarer or a traveler in a public or private conveyance. 2.3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A Comprehensive study of published literature and also works already completed by the Researcher on the area of Tourism reveals that no work of much significance has been undertaken and completed by the researchers in the past except a few number of articles. Studies on tourism are in many dimensions. This paragraph provides an account on the review of studies made on the aspects of tourism that are connected directly and indirectly with tourism

7 27 studies. The review endows with a clear exposure to the researcher as it indicated the research gap in the area of Tourism. Review of Literature and studies in connection with the tourism helps the researcher in understanding what has been done so far and what is yet to be done particularly it is useful for research in identification and formulation of a research problem methodology, which is to be used in analysis of data and application of statistical tools. Hence the researcher has made a small attempt to analyze the problems and prospects of tourism industry in particular and entrepreneurial dimension in Tamilnadu in general. There are few studies on tourism and its allied activities. Here a brief review of such literature is made. Parkash Adrun has analyzed the issues and problems involved in promoting tourism in an integrated manner and various dimensions of tourism industry particularly the demand side also. 14 The study by M.Selvam, entitled: Tourism Industry in India. A study of growth and its developmental needs (a study with special reference to Tamilnadu) deals with the functional aspects of tourism like attraction,accommodation and transport facilities. The role of the guide services in the promotion of tourism is discussed in general. The researcher covered almost all aspects of infrastructure facilities available in India; he failed to make an in 14 Adrun Prakash Integrated Tourism Development Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, 1981.

8 28 depth study of the tourism industry with an entrepreneurial dimension towards problems and prospects. 15 S.C.Davar and Mrs. Viritin Davar in their study entitled; Marketing of Tourism services A study of Haryana Tourism Light lights the working of Haryana Tourism corporation Ltd, on the basis of the annual reports of Haryana Tourism Corporation; In their study they focus the activities only on the boarding and lodging services of Haryana Tourism Corporation. 16 Myriam Jansen Verbeke in the study entitled Leisure shopping. A magic concept for the Tourism Industry stated that the relationship between tourism leisure and shopping is based on a series of aspects and assumptions inspired by a literature study and to some extent supported by empirical findings. In his analysis a set of criteria is taken into consideration. 17 Maneet Kumar made an attempt to bring out the socio - economic aspects of tourism and its problems. He suggests the ideals and realities of Tourism for its promotion. 18 The study Tourism Marketing in Tamilnadu A study of tourist attitude by N. Murugesan analyses the concepts of Tourism marketing and its 15 M.Selvam, Tourism Industry in India, Himalaya publishing house, New Delhi, S.C.Davar and Viritin Devar, Marketing of Tourism services A study of Haryana Tourism, Manorama Year Book, Myriam Jansen Verbeke Leisure Shopping A magic concept for the Tourism Industry, Tourism management, March Maneet Kumar Tourism Today An Indian Perspective Kanishka Publishing house, New Delhi, 1992.

9 29 application attitudes of Tourist towards the products strategy of tourism. Products distribution channels and the promotional techniques of tourism services in Tamilnadu. 19 E.Thirumalai Kumarasami in the study entitled Role of Boarding and Lodging sector of Thirunelveli Kattabomman District in Tamilnadu focused on the importance in role of accommodation sector in the promotion of tourism in Thirunelveli Kattabomman District and also analyzed the growth and development functioning style, general features, and quality standard of the boarding and lodging sector in Thirunelveli District. 20 J.E.M ArputhaMoorthy stated in his work entitled An Economic study of Hotel Industry in Kodaikanal A tourist hill resort in Tamilnadu Accommodation as the important & Prime component to increase the tourist traffic to any destination. This study mainly focused on the linkage between tourist traffic and the growth of hotels in Kodaikannal and also find out the demand and supply of hotel rooms in season wise, tourist wise, and evaluated the problems faced by the hoteliers as well as the tourist. 21 J.Roger Calontone and Josef Mazanec in their Work entitled Marketing Management and Tourism presented an overview about the importance of 19 S.N.Murugesan, Tourism Marketing in Tamilnadu A study of tourism attitude, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Thirumalai Kumarasamy, Role of Boarding and lodging Sector of Trunelveli Kattabomman District in Tamilnadu Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, JEM. Arputhamoorthy, An economic study of Hotel Industry in Kodaikanal A tourist Hill Resort in Tamilnadu, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai kamaraj University, 1994.

10 30 proper management in tourism. This study mainly focused on the management information system of the private business and the government organizations within a marketing context and also the study pluses in the micro level of marketing science and marketing research context of tourism. 22 V.Samuel Lankford and R.Dennis Howand in their work entitled Developing A Tourism Attitude Scale stated a multiple item of tourism impact attitude scale in response to measure the attitudes of residents towards tourism development. Development of the scale and method of testing the scale are described in their study. 23 Beena George in the study entitled Elements of Marketing for Tourism and Travel Industry examined the importance of tourism publicity, public relation techniques, the role of publicity by the public sectors, travel agents and the tour operators in tourism promotion in Kerala State. 24 Geeth Sethi in the study entitled Key success factors A New comas view in the Indian Travel Agent role Role performance professionalism examined the factors, which are promoting tourism such as communication, 22 J. Roger Calontone and Joseph Mazanec, Marketing Management and Tourism Annals of Tourism Research vol. 18, pp V.Samuel Lankford and R.Dennis, Howard, Developing a Tourism Impact attitude scale Annals of Tourism Research vol. 21, pp Beena George, Element of Marketing for Tourism and Travel industry Unpublished Project Report, KITTS, Trivandrum, Kerala, 1994.

11 31 financial resources and foresight, composition of clients and diversification of services of travel agent. 25 Ratandeep Singh in the study entitled Infrastructure of Tourism in India assessed the status of tourism in India. He has also made an attempt to discuss about the infrastructure; human resource development and what are the steps to be taken to promote India s tourism in the global market. 26 S.M.Jha in the study entitled Tourism Marketing stated that the salient features of tourism product and its planning to accomplished organizational goals bringing in qualitative improvements, increasing the employment opportunities,harmonizing the good relationship with the international tourist bringing in high professionalism in the industry and the ways and means to optimize the supply of superstructure and infrastructure. 27 Martin Selby and Nigel J Morgan in their study entitled Reconstructing Place Iimage stated that development of theory of place image and its impact on tourism marketers. The work reviewed the relevant theories of place image. And also difference between naive and reevaluated images of place. The article examined the value of place image in market research and how it assists in formulating the tourism policy. It concludes that the adoption of more 25 Geeth Sethi, Key Success factors A New Comas view in the Indian Travel Agent Role performance professionalism, Ed. Harrish Malit & Asion Chatterjee, Himalayan Books, New Delhi, pp Ratandeep Singh, Infrastructure of Tourism in India, Kanishka publishing House, New Delhi, S.M.Jha, Tourism Marketing, Himalayan Publishing house, New Delhi, 1998.

12 32 integrated approach to place marketing is a valuable exercise for any destination. 28 Gottfried Langer in the study Traffic Noise and Hotel profits Is there a relationship stated that decision making of selecting the destination is influenced by different elements such as hotels which are located amidst of scenery and environment, area, hotels which have the facilities of sporting, shopping, parking, and other facilities have played important roles in the choice of destination. The environmental concerns are getting more important. An exploratory study in Switzerland, Austria and Bavaria proved that the high occupancy rate in the traffic free mountain holiday resorts than the hotels is located in the traffic area. These findings concerning the location and facilities of a hotel are important elements to choice of the destination. 29 Perver Korea in the study entitled Resident Attitudes Toward Tourism Impacts focused on measurement of the most positive and negative impact of Tourism as perceived by local residents. It identified some of the variables that are important in differentiating resident attitudes towards tourism. 28 Martin Selby & Nigel.J Morgan, Reconstructing place image, Tourism Management, Vol.17 No.4, pp Golffried Langer, Traffic Noise and Hotel profits Is there a relationship Tourism management, Vol.17, no.4, 1996, pp

13 33 The outcome of the study showed a strong perception of the economic impacts of tourism such as an increase of the price of land and housing an increase in prices for products and the services and more job opportunities for local people. The positive impact of tourism and their agreement on tourism development resulted to show more interest towards the maintenance and preservation of historical sites, buildings and archaeological monuments, conservation of all tourism destinations. 30 Shalini Singh in the study entitled Developing Human Resource for Tourism Industry with reference to India considers the contribution of education and training institute s world over on their status in a developing country like India where conditions are more complex. The rapid growth of international tourism requires the trained manpower to meet out the demand of quality to fulfill the needs of the global customer. Demand of skilled and efficient manpower posted a serious threat to the future competitiveness of the service Industry. Lack of professionalism could probably be the root-cause for their present statuses were identified. Finally an attempt was made to suggest the viable measures for ascertaining success in quality of Human Resource Development Efforts Perver Korea, Resident Attitude Ttoward Tourism Impacts, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.23, No.3, 1996, pp Shalini Singh, Developing Human resource for Tourism Industry with reference to India, Tourism management, Vol.1, No.5, 1997, pp

14 34 C. Sarkar identified the impact of image of India in his article entitled India s Image Poor stated that Indian Tourism has been facing the problems of not attracting the international tourist up to the mark despite of extensive efforts in tourism marketing. The term India has not been sending the correct signals to travel enthusiasts across the globe. India is regarded highly than it deserves to be to the outside world. The image of India portrayed was illiteracy, poverty, mysticism, terrorism, unemployment, social inequality, communal discard, political instability, lack of social service and conception. 32 Rakesh Kappor in his work Tourism Policy Organization and Management analyze, the resource areas for the development of Himachal Pradesh Tourism and also its constraints for its social cultural ecology and environmental economic political, administrative and organizational. Development. 33 Prem Nath Dhar in his work on International Tourism discusses the issues and options related with tourism before the developing countries. He has reviewed the Indian tourism policy- its problems and prospects. 34 Simon Wong Chak Keung in the study entitled The study on Tourists Perceptions of Hotel Frontline Employee s questionable Job-related Behavior asked the respondents to indicate their perception on hotel employees in three 32 C.Sarkar, India s Image Poor, The Tribune rd August, p Rakesh Kapoor, Tourism policy Organisation and Management, Kanishka Publishing house, New Delhi, Prem Nath Dhar, International Tourism Emerging Challenge and Future Prospets, Kanishka Publishing House, New Delhi, 2000.

15 35 service counters. From the response four dimensions were identified by factor analysis; they were 1) Infringement of guests privacy2) Unethical behaviour 3) Benefiting at the expense of guest supplementary services and 4) Working against company work rules. From the study he recommended that hotel practitioners were given training in the areas of protecting guests privacy with ethical education disciplinary rules and equitable rewards for catering to tourists needs. 35 Nirmal Kumar, in his book, entitled Tourism and Economic Development (New Delhi: 1996), portrays the status of Tourism Potentialities of Himachal Pradesh, which is an instrument of economic improvement in that state. The book clearly makes an evaluation of the Problems faced by the tourists, by the Tourism Agencies, by the local people, and the General Problem. There are ample sets of suggestions for each category identified. 36 B.S. Badan, in his work entitled Impact of Tourism in South India (New Delhi: 1997), gives a detailed list of Tourism attractions in the state of Kerala and Tamilnadu. The author suggests a representation approach to Tourism so that the cultural heritage of the Southern India is both preserved and promoted 35 Simon Wong Chak Keving, The Study on Tourist - Perceptions of hotel Frontline Employee s questionable Job related Behavour Tourism management, Vol.21, 2000, pp Nirmal Kumar, Tourism and Economic Development, APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi

16 36 through Tourism for the benefit of the practitioners of traditional art and for the benefit of state government in the form of revenue. 37 Ratandeep Singh s, Tourist India: Hospitality Services (New Delhi: 1996), categorizes the Nation into many zones of geography and provides the tourism attractions of India in the framework of attractions, accommodations, transports, entertainments, cuisine, shopping and specialties in specific, capsules so that the tourists are able to visit the country according to their geographical taste and in their own liking of things. 38 Pushpinder S. Gill, in his book, entitled Tourism Planning and Management stated that the interests of the government in Tourism stem only over its economic meaning and sources of revenue. He urges governments to create positive climate for investment in tourism. 39 Shalini Singh, makes an assessment in the study of Cultural tourism and Heritage Management - how the culture of mankind is being utilize as an attraction of Tourism with the Awadh region of Madhya Pradesh State and present a focal point on the city of Lucknow as a major destination. She makes 37 Badan. B.S., Impact of Tourism in South India, Commonwealth Publishers Private Ltd., Darya Ganj, New Delhi , Ratandeep Singh, Tourist India : Hospitality Services, Kanishka Publishers, Distributors, New Delhi , Pushpinder S. Gill, Tourism Planning and Management, Anmol Publications Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi

17 37 a case upon the significance for a systematic research before making any region as a tourism attraction; otherwise it may create cultural shock and damage. 40 Bijender K. Punia, in his book, Tourism Management Problems and Prospects (New Delhi: 1997), tries to examine the Tourism potentialities of the state of Haryana. In India, the performance of Haryana tourism is explored with a survey to identify the problems of tourists. And also certain remedial procedures are also suggested. The studies devise a clear profile of the socioeconomic position of the respondents, motivations factors of the tourists to choose the state, and also make certain suggestions for the development of tourism. in the state of Haryana. 41 The study entitled Indian Tourism Beyond the Millennium (New Delhi: 1999), of M.P.Bezbaruah provides the information about Tourism in the Global Scenario and the developments that have taken place in India since independence. His observation on the future of Tourism in India is that there should be a co-ordinate and co-operated development to fulfill the necessities of both foreign and domestic tourists, in order to achieve a top position in the list of International Revenue Earning Countries through Tourism. 42 Rob Davidson, in his book, Tourism (London: 1993), presents the basic structure of Tourism in England and details its development and the 40 Shalini Singh, Cultural Tourism and Heritage Management, Rawat Publications, Jaipur , Rajasthan, India, BijenderK. Punia, Tourism Management Problems and Prospects, Ashish Publishing House, Punjabi Bagh, New Delhi , Bezbaruah. M.P., Indian Tourism Beyond the Millennium, Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi, 1999.

18 38 impacts of it on the Nation. He cites various cases to drive home, the point that Tourism establishes wonderful International Understanding among Nations between the Europe and the Asian regions. 43 Adrian Bull, in his book, The Economics of Travel and Tourism (Melbourne: 1995), talk about the economic significance of Tourism s contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a Nation. He recommends the ways and means to progress the role of tourism in the aspect of Balance of Payment for a Nation. 44 P.C. Sinha, in his work entitled Tourism Impact Assessment (New Delhi: 1998), states that tourism is the study of people away from their normal habitation. Therefore, there is always a danger that the tourists disturb the world s habitat, as there may not be any concern for the tourists in the newer destinations. He presents various case studies and methodologies so as to develop tourism with preservation of the environment by applying Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in an appropriate way. 45 Premnath Dhar, in his book entitled, Development of Tourism and Travel Industry: An Indian Perspective (New Delhi: 1998), investigates the problems that have blocked Tourism prospects in India. He criticized the tourism policies of India, which are not clear and consistent because tourism 43 Rob Davidson, Tourism, ELBS Pitman Publishers, Pvt., Ltd., London., U.K., Adrian Bull, The Economics of Travel and Tourism, Longman Publishers Pvt., Ltd., Melbourne, Australia(2nd edition), Sinha. P.C., Tourism Impact Assessment, Anmol Publications, Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi , 1998.

19 39 appears to be a subject that anyone can handle; every new minister or secretary experiments with his own notion. He suggests the perspectives for a better development. 46 Philip L. Pearce, Gianna moscardo and Glenn F. Ross Suggests the relationship between the community and Tourism. They stressed the need to understand and manage the tourism, social representation, community participation in tourism planning, social representation and perspective and the future of the tourism 47 Stephen L.J Smith in their work Tourism Analysis analyse the concept and overview of Tourism research and its definition, segmentation of Tourism Market, forecasting tourism demand, and market trends, and impact and evaluation methods are discussed in their work in a detailed way. 48 Bruce Prideaux opens the discussion with a critical review of the link between Transport, and tourism past, present and future; he traces the development of transport from antiquity and identifies significant gaps in Transport studies and Tourism studies, nothing particularly the need to develop further understanding of casual links between Transport and Tourism. He tried 46 Premnath Dhar, Development of Tourism and Travel Industry: An Indian Perspective, Kanishka Publishers, Pvt, Ltd., New Delhi, Philip L. Pearce, Gianna moscardo and Glenn F. Ross, Tourism Community Relationships. James cook University of North Queensland,Australia,Pergamon, Elsevier Science Ltd, U.K, Stephen L.J Smith Tourism Analysis A Hand book,2 nd edition, longman groupltd, Malaysia.1995.

20 40 to explore and simplify the relationships of the two industries and the impacts of changing Transport technologies on the operation of the Tourism system. 49 Penata Tomljenovic and Bill Faulkner in their study entitled Tourism world peace; A Conundrum for the twenty first century states the changing nature of tourists and their social aspects and the world. One major new pattern of tourism has been that of the increasing diversities of travelers with many more countries becoming major sources of international tourists. Increasing cross-cultural contacts can bring issues of cultural sustainability to the fore, 50 Boris Vukonic in Tourism and Religions states the concept of spiritual life and leisure time, religion as a cause and result for migrations and motivations of tourist Journeys, and also states that religions role in pilgrimage and tourist determinants of pilgrimage and the future scenarios of religion and tourism. 51 Valene L.Smith in the article entitled Privatization in the Third world; Small-scale tourism enterprises suggests that successful privatization of small scale local accommodation depends upon factors not necessarily common to most third world countries including extensive capitalization apart from tourism, common language fluency and cultural orientation between tourist and 49 Bruce Prideaux, links between Transport & tourism past, present and future, Tourism in the Twenty First Century Reflections on Experience. part II, edited by Eric laws. Continum, London,2000 PP Penata Tomljenovic and Bill Faulkner Part I Edited by Gianna Moscardo, Tourism in the Twenty First Century Reflections on Experience. Continuum,London,2000,pp Boris Vukonic, Tourism and Religions, Elsevier Science ltd,pergamon,1996.

21 41 residents, broad travel organization affiliations, access to local and regional advertising media, and knowledge of business procedures. 52 This work proposes to throw light in new areas from the view point of tourism entrepreneurs such as airliners, travel agents, tour operators, guides, hoteliers, and other providers of services which have not been dealt so far in the Indian and South Asian universities for thus far much research as gone into the direction of its beneficiaries i.e., tourists, stressing their views on infrastructure from the eclectic point of view with regard to the services provided to them. This humble research deals largely with the troubles and tribulations of the service providers in the tourism industry with special emphasis on hoteliers and travel agents. The life-world of the tourism entrepreneurs is also taken into account in analyzing the huddles and suggestions are made in order to effectively overcome them encouraging private participation with the right modus operandi. The industry is seen as a system of operation which when rightly addressed by finding the root-causes for the problems rather than healing the symptoms could pave a new path in the arena of tourism sector. 52 Valene L.Smith Privatization in the Third world; Small-scale tourism enterprises Global Tourism,Ed. William F Theobald, Butterworth Heinemann,Oxford,1994.PP