TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

Transcription

1 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ORISSA COMMUNITY TANK MANAGEMENT PROJECT Prepared by for Orissa Community Tank Development & Management Society, Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa Dated the 7 th of December 2007 IPP255 v2

2 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan ACRONYMS AE ATDC CARM CBMS CEO DTDP DRDA DPU DLIC EE GIS GAP HYV HHI IPNM ITDA IPM IPC ITI IB JE KBK LAO MI MIS ME & L MDM MADA NTFP OCTMP OP O & M OCTDMS OTELP PRI PAF PTG PESA PP RI R & R RAP RLTAP Assistant Engineer Academy of Tribal Dialects & Culture Community Agriculture Resource Management Community Based Monitoring System Chief Executive Officer Dispersed Tribal Development Programme District Rural Development Agency District Project Unit District Level Implementation Committee Executives Engineer Geographic Information System Gender Action Plan High Yielding Variety Household Industry Integrated Plant Nutrient Management Integrated Tribal Development Agencies Integrated Pest Management Indian Penal Code Industrial Training Institute Institution building Junior Engineer Kalahandi Bolangir Koraput Land Acquisition Officer Minor irrigation Management Information Systems Monitoring Evaluation and Learning Mid day Meal Modified Area Development Approach Non-Timber Forest Produce Orissa Community Tank Management Project Operational Policy Operations and Maintenance Orissa Community based Tank Development and Management Society Orissa Tribal Empowerment and Livelihoods Programme Panchayati Raj Institution Project Affected Families Primitive Tribal Group Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas Act Pani Panchayat Revenue Inspector Resettlement and rehabilitation Rehabilitation Action Plan Revised Long Term Action Plan 2

3 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan SPU ST SA SC SCP SCA SO SHG SA SMPT TDP TAC TSP TIMP TD TOR VO WPR WTCER WALMI WUA WR State Project Unit Scheduled Tribes Social assessment Scheduled Castes Special Component Plan Special Central Assistance Support Organizations Self Help Group Social Assessment Special Multi Purpose Tribal Block Tribal Development Plan Tribes Advisory Councils Tribal Sub-plan Tank Improvement Management Plan Tribal Development Terms Of Reference Voluntary Organization Work Participation Rate Water Technology Centre for Eastern Region Water and Land Management Institute Water User s Association Water Resources 3

4 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan Contents Sl. No. Subject Page 1 Introduction 5 12 Tribal scenario in Orissa 61 3 Legal and institutional framework 8 4 Baseline information 12 5 Stakeholder consultations 15 6 Inferences from the social assessment study 16 7 Implementation action plan - TDP 18 8 Cost estimates and financing plan 29 9 Consultation mechanism during implementation Redressal of grievances Mechanism and institutional 30 arrangements 11 Monitoring and Evaluation framework 32 Annexure-1 Scheduled Tribes of Orissa and Primitive Tribes of Orissa Annexure-2 District wise population of Scheduled Tribes (2001 census) Annexure-3 Programs and schemes for tribal development Annexure-4 Tanks in Scheduled and Non-Scheduled area Annexure-5 Tribal Sub-plan Blocks Annexure-6 Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) Blocks Annexure-7 Micro Projects Annexure-8 Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) Pockets Annexure-9 Cluster Pockets 4

5 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan Tribal Development Plan Introduction 1. The Orissa Community Tank Management Project (OCTMP) proposes to rehabilitate about 1572 tanks in Orissa covering a command area of about 1.32 lakh hectares in 11 river basins in the state, with an objective of enhancing the productivity and performance of the existing irrigation infrastructure through rehabilitation. The project aims at improving tank based livelihood systems and strengthening community management of selected tank systems in Orissa. The proposed project takes a participatory approach to tank rehabilitation in which the users are the managers and the government agencies are the service providers, for efficient tank management and ownership. The project would cover 237 blocks spread across 29 districts of the state. The proposed project focuses mainly on restoring the existing tank irrigation systems through rehabilitation works with the aim of improving irrigation service delivery system, strengthening participatory irrigation management, and providing agricultural support services. 2. The project components proposed are: Institutional Strengthening: to enable community-based institutions assume greater responsibility for tank system management and for improvement of tank-based agricultural livelihoods. Tank Systems Improvements: to (i) improve the physical and operational performance of selected tank systems through a range of interventions identified and executed in partnership with tank WUAs; (ii) secure the safety of the tank structure; and (iii) improve on-farm water management and water use efficiency. Agricultural Livelihoods Support Services (Base Cost US$ 16.6 million): to enhance tankbased livelihoods by increasing production, productivity and profitability of agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, livestock and other significant productive activities. 3. As a part of the efforts at preparing the project, several studies had been initiated by the Government of Orissa. Some of them are Social Assessment (SA), Environment Assessment, Hydrological Assessment and a study on Pani Pnachayats in Orissa. Of these, Social Assessment study was initiated chiefly to identify key social development issues, and to ensure accomplishing the outcomes inclusion, cohesion, equity, security, decentralization and accountability. A summary of the results of the SA study are presented in a later section. In the process, the SA study highlighted the need to devote special attention to issues: one, land requirement issues and two, tribal development issues. Accordingly and in compliance with the Bank s respective Operational Policies (OPs), as an off-shoot, two detailed sub-investigations were undertaken and reports were prepared: (i) Resettlement Policy Framework; and (ii) Tribal Development Plan (TDP) 1. This report reflects in brief about the broad contours of the TDP. 4. Structure of the Report: Section 1 viz., this section served as introduction. In Section 2, details about the tribal scenario in Orissa is presented and a case is made as to why they require separate and dedicated attention. Governance related legislative and other administrative arrangements which are of importance to the project are presented in Section 3. Some baseline information along with details about 1 has conducted the Social Assessment (SA) study and prepared the Tribal Development Plan as part of the SA study for the Department of Water Resources, Government of Orissa. 5

6 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan the consultations held during the study are provided in Sections 4 and 5 respectively. This is followed by a summary of the results of the SA in Section 6. Subsequently, drawing on the information so generated, a TDP is prepared. Its strategy, institutional arrangements and implementation process/map cycle are presented in the Section 7. The financing plan for TDP components is presented in Section 8. A strategy for consultation during TDP implementation and grievance redressal mechanisms are presented in Sections 9 and 10 respectively. The last section of this report deals with the arrangements for monitoring and evaluation of implementation of TDP. II. Tribal Scenario in Orissa 5. In the ethnographic map of India, Orissa occupies an important place, for it is inhabited by the largest number of tribal communities as compared to the other States and Union Territories and it also has the largest concentration of tribal people next only to Maharashtra. The tribal communities, in varying concentrations, are found almost in all the districts of Orissa. Each tribe has a cultural identity of its own. The distinctiveness of each tribe is manifested in its language, social organization, and rituals and festivals, and also in their dress pattern, adornments and art and craft. Tribes in general live in a close relationship with nature and depend on it for their survival. Following the Indian Constitutional provision (Article 342), in Orissa, as many as 62 groups have been categorized / scheduled viz., Scheduled Tribes 2. Of these, 13 are declared as Primitive Tribal Groups 3 (the list of the 62 tribal communities in Orissa and the 13 PTGs has been provided in Annexure 1). Except the Ho, Kondh, Santal and Saora who have in recent years developed their scripts, all other tribes do not have scripts of their own and thus possesses only spoken languages in the unwritten form. From the World Bank s Operational Policy (OP) 4.12, perspective, these 62 groups constitute indigenous peoples. It may be noted that in this report, the terms tribals and scheduled tribes are used synonymously. 6. The tribal population of the State of Orissa stands at 8.15 million (2001 Census). This constitutes 22.1% of the total population of the State and 9.7% of the total tribal population of the country. State wide distribution reveals that tribals inhabitate predominately in as many as 13 districts (out of a total of 30) (Annex 2). Given this significant tribal presence and to safeguard their interests, certain areas enjoy special administrative privileges under the Fifth Schedule of the Indian constitution. Accordingly, Orissa has 7 districts (full) and 6 districts (partial) designated as Scheduled Areas Since Independence, many efforts have been made to bring about an all round development of the tribes. How to integrate them into the mainstream of national life has been a major concern. According to the provisions of the Article 46 of the Constitution of India, various welfare measures are being implemented for their socio-economic and educational development. Besides, provision of protective legislation has been made in the Constitution to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. Till the end of the 4 th Five year plan period, tribal development schemes were implemented through Special Multi Purpose Tribal (SMPT) and Tribal Development (TD) Blocks. From the 5 th Five year plan onwards, tribal development gathered momentum with the introduction of a Tribal Sub-Plan 2 The term 'Scheduled Tribes' first appeared in the Constitution of India. Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this constitution". The criterion followed for specification of a community, as scheduled tribes are indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness. This criterion is not spelt out in the Constitution but has become well established. 3 The Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) have been identified by the Govt. of India in 15 states/union territories on the basis of (a) pre agricultural level of technology (b) extremely low level of literacy; and (c) small, stagnant or diminishing population. 4 Discussed in detail in a later section of this report. 6

7 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan (TSP) approach 5. Under this approach, Special Development Agencies like Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs) and Micro Projects were made to focus on the development of the tribal communities with 100% financial assistance from the Government of India. For development of the tribal concentrated pockets, which remained outside the TSP area, special projects such as, Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) and Cluster approaches were launched. At present, 21 ITDAs covering the entire TSP area, 17 Micro Projects for development of 13 PTGs, 46 MADA Pockets and 14 clusters are operating in the State (Annexure 3). Despite these efforts, tribals continue to remain poor and excluded. Highlights of the Socio-economic conditions of STs in Orissa: 8. The tribal population in the State is overwhelmingly rural, with STs constitutes 22.1% of the state s population 94.5% residing in villages. The 54.41% of the total tribal populations live in scheduled areas. overall literacy rate of the tribals has The literacy rate of STs was only 37.4% in 2001 increased from 22.3% in 1991 to Among the total workers, 57.4% were ST main workers where as 37.4% in Despite this the main workers for the whole state was accounted for 67.2%. improvement, the literacy rate Agricultural labourers (i.e. 46.9%) constitute the highest proportion among the tribals is considerably among the ST main workers. below the national average at 47.1% Nearly 63% are poor and 17% are very poor. About 70% of the ST and the state average at 63.08%. children are malnourished and 50% of the population have suffered some form of displacement. Male literacy has increased from 34.4% to 51.5% while female literacy has gone up from 10.2% in 1991 to 23.4% during The Work Participation Rate (WPR) of the tribal population is 49%, which is equal to that of all tribals at the national level (49.1%). There has been a slight decline of 0.4 per cent in the WPR of the tribes during While there has been a decline in male WPR from 58.9% to 54.8%, female WPR (43.2 per cent) has increased by 3.4% during Among the total workers, 57.4% are main workers and this proportion is much below the national average recorded for all tribals (68.9%). There are 4.1 million operational land holdings in Orissa with an area of 5.1 million hectares (Agricultural Census ). Farmers with small and marginal holdings account for 84% with total land area of 53%. The other categories of farmers account for 16% of the land holdings with total land area of 47%. Out of 4.1 million operational land holdings in Orissa, 42.22% belong to tribals. Agricultural Labourers constitute the highest proportion (47%) among the total workers. This figure is higher than that of the national average of 36.9%. Cultivators account for 33.3% and Other Workers constitute 15%. Tribal workers engaged in Household Industry (HHI) constitute 4.8%. Various poverty indicators and access indicators reveal that around 63% are poor and 17% are very poor. Nearly 70% of tribal children are malnourished and 50% of the populations have suffered some forms of displacement 6. Need for a Dedicated Attention to Tribals 10. It is clear that the project interventions will not affect adversely the tribals. However, they do require special attention from the view point of ensuring inclusion and equity. This apart, the following two reasons count high for imparting dedicated attention. (i) Poor socio-economic condition, prolonged vulnerability and marginalization- The tribals have a history of vulnerability and prolonged marginalization due to their poor socio-economic conditions in 5 Tribes of Orissa, SC & ST Research and Training Institute, Bhubaneswar, Internal Survey undertaken by Orissa Tribal Empowerment and Livelihood Program (OTELP), ST & SC Development Department 7

8 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan terms of work-participation, education and health preempting their inclusion and targeting in all developmental activities undertaken by the State. Isolation from the mainstream society, economic and social backwardness, poverty and its manifestations, low levels of literacy and health care, primitive system of production and social and political marginalization further adds to their desolation. (ii) Constitutional provisions and safeguards for tribals- The Constitution of India and the Government of Orissa have many protective legislations and safeguards for the welfare and development of the tribal people. These measures make it mandatory for any project/ program to pay special attention. 11. The above in view, the project has prepared a Tribal Development Plan (TDP). III. Legal and Institutional Framework 12. Being alive and sensitive to the needs of the tribal population of India the Supreme Court has aptly summed up the tribal situation in India, Tribal areas have their own problems. Tribals are historically weaker section of the society. They need the protection of the laws as they are gullible and fall prey to the tactics of unscrupulous people and are susceptible to exploitation on account of their innocence, poverty and backwardness extending over centuries. The constitution of India and the laws made there under treat Tribals and tribal areas separately wherever needed...the tribal need to be settled, need to be taken care of by the protective arm of the law and be saved from falling prey to unscrupulous device so that they may prosper and by an evolutionary process join the main stream of the society. The process would be slow yet it has to be initiated and kept moving. (Amarendra Pratap Singh V.Tejbahadur Prajapati AIR: 2004 SC3782) In this section an attempt has been made to review the various institutional and legal frameworks for Scheduled Tribes in India and the State of Orissa, in order to arrive at an understanding of the existing regulatory framework for governance and administration both at the national and state level. Constitutional Provisions and Governance System 14. The Constitution of India has provided many safeguards for the welfare and development of the tribals. The relevant articles can be classified under four major heads: (A) protective provisions (Arts. 15, 16, 19, 46, 146, 342, etc.); (B) developmental provisions (Arts. 46, 275, etc.); (C) administrative provisions (Arts. 244 & 275) and (D) reservation provisions (Arts. 330, 332, 334, 335, 340, etc.). The protective provisions safeguard tribal people from social injustices and all forms of exploitation, while the developmental provisions promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections like the tribals and SCs. The administrative provisions under the Fifth and Sixth Schedules give special powers to the state for the protection and governance of tribal areas and the reservation provisions ensure due representation of the tribals and SCs in legislative bodies and government jobs. 15. Provision of Scheduled Areas under 5 th Schedule of the Constitution: The tribal people live in contiguous areas unlike other communities. It is, therefore, much simpler to have an area approach for development activities as well as regulatory provisions to protect their interests. In order to protect their interests; with regard to land and other social issues, various provisions have been enshrined in the Fifth 7 Displacement of tribal people with land resources for development projects: Their rights and entitlements for rehabilitation, LK Mohapatra 8

9 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan Schedule of the Constitution. The Fifth Schedule under Article 244 (1) of the Constitution defines Scheduled Areas as such areas as the President may by order declare to be Scheduled Areas after consultation with the Governor of that State. 16. The criteria for declaring any area as a Scheduled Area under the Fifth Schedule are; Preponderance of tribal population, Compactness and reasonable size of the area, A viable administrative entity such as a district, block or taluk, and Economic backwardness of the area as compared to the neighbouring areas. 17. Around 44.21% of land area of Orissa has been declared as Scheduled Area, which includes 7 districts declared as fully scheduled and 6 districts declared as partially scheduled. 18. Purpose and advantage of Scheduled Areas: Scheduled Areas have certain distinct provisions meant to protect and benefit tribal people in a State: (a) The Governor of a State, which has Scheduled Areas, is empowered to make regulations in respect of the following: i) Scheduled Areas in Orissa Districts completely declared as Scheduled Area: 1. Mayurbhanj, 2. Sundargarh, 3. Koraput, 4. Rayagara, 5. Nabarangpur, 6. Malkangiri, and 7. Kandhmal Districts Districts partially declared as Scheduled Area: 1. Kuchinda Tahsil in Sambalpur District; 2. Keonjhar and Telkoi Tahsil of Keonjhar Sub-division and Champua and Barbil Tahsils of Champua Sub-division in Keonjhar district; 3. R Udayagiri Tahsil, and Guma and Rayagada Blocks of Paralakhemundi Tahsil of Paralakhemundi Sub-division (now the Gajapati district except Kashipur and Gosani Blocks); 4. Suruda Tahsil excluding Gazalbadi and Gochha Gram Panchayats in Ghumsur Sub-division of Ganjam district; 5. Thuamul Rampur Block of Kalahandi Tahsil and Lanjiagarh Blocks falling in Lanjiagarh and Kalahandi Tahsils in Bhawanipatna Subdivision of Kalahandi district; and 6. Nilgiri Block of Nilgiri Tahsil in Nilgiri Sub-divison in Balasore district. Prohibit or restrict transfer of land from tribals; and ii) Regulate the business of money lending to the members of Scheduled Tribes. In making any such regulation, the Governor may repeal or amend any Act of Parliament or the Legislature of the State, which is applicable to the area in question. (b) The Governor may by public notification direct that any particular Act of Parliament or of the Legislature of the State shall not apply to a Scheduled Area or any part thereof in the State or shall apply to such area subject to such exceptions and modifications as he may specify. (c) The Governor of a State having Scheduled Areas therein, shall annually, or whenever so required by the President of India, make a report to the President regarding the administration of the Scheduled Areas in that State and the executive power of the Union shall extend to the giving of directions to the State as to the administration of the said area. (d) The provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, vide which the provisions of Panchayats, contained in Part IX of the Constitution, were extended to Scheduled Areas, contain special provisions for the benefit of Scheduled Tribes. 19. Devolution of power and emergence of system of local self governance: Towards strengthening the democratic institutions at the grassroots level and make them vibrant, the Government of India, in 1992, enacted the Constitution s 73rd and 74th Amendment Acts, empowering the people for effective participation in local governance. Under the Act, a three tier PRI system has been introduced viz. Zilla Parishad at the district level, Panchayat Samiti at the Block level and Gram Sabha at the Gram 9

10 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan Panchayat level. For further decentralization under the Panchayati Raj System, under the Orissa Act, the Palli Sabha was constituted at the village level. Level PRI Body Constitution District Level Zilla Parishad The Zilla Parishad is the apex body of the three-tier PRI structure at the district level. The constituencies for election of Zilla Parishad members are demarcated with a rural population of 40,000. Representatives from each constituency, Panchayat Samiti chair persons, MPs and MLAs representing the area are members of the Zilla Parishad. Block level Panchayat Samiti A Panchayat Samiti is at the intermediate level. It consists of all elected members, of the Gram Panchayats, Sarpanchs and local MLAs and MPs representing the area. Elected representatives of the Samiti elect the chairman and vice-chairman. Gram level Gram Sasan For every Gram there is a Gram Sasan composed of all persons registered (by virtue of the Representation of the People Act, 1950) in the electoral roll for any Assembly Constituency for the time being in force as relates to the Gram and the said portion of the roll is deemed to be the electoral roll in respect of the concerned Gram. The Grama Sasan shall be a body corporate by the name of the Grama to which it relates.. Gram Panchayat The Gram Panchayat is the executive body/wing of Grama Sasan. Gram Sabha Ordinarily Gram Sabha gives the impression of meeting of villagers of a revenue village. According to the Orissa Gram Panchayat Act,1964 all the voters of all the revenue villages under a Gram Panchayat are the members of Grama Sabha. The meeting of the members is known as Grama Sabha meeting. Village level Palli Sabha For further decentralization under the Panchayat Raj System, under the Orissa Act, the Palli Sabha was constituted at the village level. Palli Sabha is the meeting of all the electorates of a revenue village. Such revenue village may comprise one ward or more than one ward Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act: The 73rd and 74 th Constitutional (Amendments of 1992), accommodate special powers to PRIs, were later extended, with separate provisions to the Scheduled Areas as well through the Panchayat (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act of With the strength and support of PESA Act, 1996 the PRI bodies at the district and village level have been endowed with special functional powers and responsibilities to ensure effective participation of the tribal people in their own development. The Central Act of the Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act 1996 was adopted in Orissa by amending the Orissa Zilla Parishad Act, 1961 in December This would also help preserve/ conserve their traditional rights over natural resources. 21. A brief summary of powers given to PRIs in Orissa through amendments (December 22 nd 1997) under PESA Act is given below: Table 1 Powers of PRIs (as per PESA) Powers of Palli Sabha (village level) Listing of development projects for execution through Gram Panchayats. Annual budget proposal (for respective villages) for approval of Gram Sabha. Powers of Gram Sasan( Gram level) Any proposal/plan presented by the Gram Panchayat needs prior consultation and approval with the Gram Sasan. Identification of beneficiaries under Powers of Gram Panchayat (Gram level) Enforcement of prohibition of regulation or restriction of the sale and consumption of any intoxicant. Identification and recommendation of poverty alleviation schemes. The ownership of Minor Forest 10

11 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan beneficiaries under poverty alleviation programmes for approval of Gram Sabha. Powers of the Gram Sabha (Gram level) Approval of annual budget of gram Panchayat (recommendation of panchayat officers is essential) Prior approval for collection of taxes Wherever necessary asking for information from gram panchayat Intervene in conflict resolution through traditional and customary traditional methods if required. I.P.C. and Cr. P.C. however have precedence over conflict resolution by Gram Sasan Powers of Panchayat Samiti (intermediate level) Produce. Prevention of alienation of land and restoration of any unlawful land of a Scheduled Tribe. Control over the money lending to the Scheduled Tribe. Gram Panchayats in Scheduled Areas shall exercise control and supervise Gram Sasans. Powers of Zilla Parishad (district level) Gram Sabha has power to safeguard the cultural identity, community resources and dispute resolution per traditional customs and regulations. Control and supervision of functions and powers of Gram Panchayat. The powers of control and supervision of activities of various organizations and individuals and their office bearers engaged in social work Consulting the Gram Sasan wherever necessary Approval to obtain concession for raising minor minerals, lease and licenses for mining activities or auctioning of minor mineral products Prior approval of Zilla Parishad, for land acquisition or rehabilitation of affected people with or without consultation with the Gram Sabha Planning and management of minor water bodies Other important legislative measures The other important legislative measures related to the tribal interests are: 22. The Orissa Scheduled Areas Transfer of Immovable Property (By Scheduled Tribes) Regulation, 1956 (as amended in 2000): The tone, tenor and texture of the Orissa Scheduled area transfer of Immovable property (By Scheduled Tribes) Regulation 1956, hereinafter called Orissa Regulation, is similar to that of Andhra Pradesh Regulation in many respects. Section 3 (1) of Orissa Regulation prohibits the transfer of tribal immovable property to a non-tribal. However, the Orissa Regulation does in fact provide enough safeguard to immovable property but it does not go ahead with the real job of securing to the tribals their due in their own habitat as is the case with Andhra Pradesh Regulation which tries to give a participative share in the exploitation of natural resources to tribal populace, through cooperative societies comprising of tribal people. 23. Orissa Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy 2006 (Amendments dated 4th June, 2007): The policy says that the resettlement plans would respect the socio-cultural norms of indigenous and primitive tribal groups will be respected; preferential allotment of land to each displaced family in the indigenous category; resettlement of indigenous communities in a compact area close to their natural habitat as far as practicable, and 25% higher R&R benefits in monetary terms to Indigenous displaced families resettled outside the district. 11

12 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan IV. Baseline Information 24. For the baseline study under the social assessment, 25 minor - irrigation tanks and diversion weirs, spread over 10 agro-climatic zones, across 21 districts in the State were selected as the sample. As a whole, 113 tribal households were covered in the 25 sample tanks visited. 61 tribal households were covered in the scheduled area and 52 tribal households in the non-scheduled area. These households were selected by Stratified Proportionate Random Sampling method. Some preliminary background information like size and location of land holding with respect to the tank command area, number of villages/hamlets covered under the tank system, caste / ethnic composition of farmers, etc., also provided a base to this selection. The analysis of the information collected has been done on the basis of households distributed in scheduled and non-scheduled areas. Inferences and conclusions from the analysis are presented below. Settlement Pattern 25. Topography, socio-cultural characteristics, livelihood systems and to some extent, historical factors have shaped the settlement patterns in the study area. In terms of size and density, the settlements may be characterized as (i) small and scattered (only 10 to 15 houses), (ii) medium sized compact or dispersed (up to 100 houses in 1 to 3 or 4 hamlets) and (iii) larger usually more compact settlements. The more compact and larger settlements tend to be in the plains and are inhabited by the more agriculturally advanced tribes. Small and scattered settlements are seen in relatively isolated hills, close to forests. 26. Pattern of houses: The variation amongst the tribes of Orissa, at the surface level is resplendent with the variations between hill dwelling tribes and the plain dwelling tribes. An individual tribe has its hill dwelling division which is relatively different from the plain dwelling or those inhabiting the foothills. This variation has an important bearing upon the social, cultural and linguistic variations between tribes.similarly, geographic location, physiographic conditions of living, degree of isolation and exposure to the mainstream society are other factors important for understanding variations among tribes. In the pattern of settlements and house types each tribe exhibits its uniqueness of identity. The Kondh (Dravidian) settlement structure is linear, arranged in rows of houses. All the sections of the Kondh, like the Dongria, Kutia, Malia, Pango do have a linear pattern. The alignment and orientation of any Kondh village in relation to the shrine of the earth goddess and sun god is same everywhere. The shrines dedicated to the deities are found centrally located within the settlement. All the sections of the Kondh follow one basic model with little variations. All other tribes of Orissa have scattered settlement patterns where the houses are found scattered with a distance in between. This is characteristic of the Mundas especially. Saoras build their houses in the slopes or foot hills. They live in small concentration of about 200 households. In case of big villages, a series of hamlets scattered here and there. The terraced field exhibiting Saura s skill in contour bonding, revetment and water management, are located close to the settlements at one corner. However their villages do not conform to any specific type of settlement pattern. Houses are built in row leaving a street in between. In many cases the houses are jumbled up and there are narrow lanes and small openings to which the doors of the houses are fixed. The houses are rectangular in shape and are fairly high. The plinth is very high in proportion to roof. The walls of the houses are made of stone and mud with a high verandah. In some cases houses are built of bamboo and wood plastered with mud. The walls are coloured red with red earth. There is an elevated store to keep household items. The open space is used for husking rice. The hearth is found near a wall in one side. 27. Arrangement of habitations/cluster of houses: The tribal habitations and hamlets are generally small in size with households in a habitation/hamlet. These hamlets/habitations form the microcosm of community life. Villages generally comprise several hamlets, often inhabited by different 12

13 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan clans. The tribal habitations represent small, close knit communities making possible close and direct interaction between community members. The small size of tribal habitations makes targeting for interventions relatively easier. 28. Family types: Out of 113 tribal households covered under the study, 65 households in total live in nuclear families.35 (57.4 %) households in scheduled areas live in nuclear families, whereas 30(46.2%) households in non-scheduled areas live in nuclear families. Out of the remaining 48, who live in joint families, 26(42.6%) households in scheduled areas live in joint families and 22(45.8%) in non-scheduled areas live in joint families. Nuclear families are characterized by individualism in contrast to kinship based organization in extended and joint families. The relative flexibility in nuclear families allows members to better align their decisions with their preferences regarding marriage, childbearing, investment and economic decisions, migration, and risks without interference by members of a larger kinship group. Extended families on the other hand provide greater social and emotional security. 29. Type of houses: Out of the 113 tribal households covered under the study, 82 families dwell in kuccha houses with no electricity. Out of these 44 households are in scheduled areas and 38 households are in non-scheduled areas. Only 12 households live in semi- pucca houses with electricity. Out of these 9 are in scheduled areas and 4 are in non-scheduled areas. Only 3 households dwell in pucca houses with electricity, out of which 2 are in non-scheduled areas and only 1 is in scheduled areas. Land holding pattern in sample tanks 30. Land Holdings: Tribal Households in the scheduled areas have higher percentage of own land holding (54.7%) as compared to the non-scheduled area (45.3%). Average landholding in the scheduled area is higher than the non-scheduled area. In term of s shared -in land the percentage of household practicing share cropping is same for both scheduled areas and non-scheduled areas (50%). 14 households each in scheduled and non-scheduled areas have 19.4 acres and acres of land respectively.11 households in total have 15 acres of encroached-in land. 10 households, in scheduled areas have 13 acres of land and only one household, in non-scheduled area has 2 acres of land. 31. Size of land-holdings of tribals: Little less than 2/3 rd of the households in the scheduled areas had land holding less than 2.5 acres and about one third have less than one acre. The land holding size is even smaller in the non-scheduled areas with more than 3/4 th of the households having land holding less than 2.5 acres. This shows the marginal nature of the community in terms of asset ownership in both scheduled and non-scheduled areas. 32. Land owned in command area: Little more than 50% of all tribal households in sample tanks have land in the command areas. 92 households in total own acres of land in the tank command area. 45.7% (42 households) in non-scheduled area own acres of land and 54.3% (50 households) own acres of land in scheduled area. 25 households have acres of shared in land within the command area, out of which acres belongs to 13 (52%) households in scheduled areas and acres belongs to 12(48%) households in non-scheduled areas.4.3 acres of land has been encroached upon by 4 households in total.3 households in scheduled areas have encroached 2.3 acres of land and 1 household has encroached 2 acres of land. 33. Size of land holdings in command area: 44 households in total own less than 1 acre of land, out of which 19(43.2%) are in non-scheduled areas and 25(41%) are in scheduled areas.21 households are landless, out of which 10 are in non-scheduled area and 11 are in scheduled area. This is not an insignificant land resource, and its mobilization for agricultural development may be challenging. 13

14 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan 34. Location of land in command area: 42 households (out of 113 households) own land in the head reach region, out of which 23(54.8%) are in non-scheduled area and 19(45.2%) are in scheduled area.25 households own land in middle-reach region, out of which 10(40%) are in non-scheduled area and 15(60%) are in scheduled area.36 households own land in the tail-end region, out of which 17( 47.2) are in non-scheduled area and 19( 52.8%) are in scheduled area. 35. Encroachment within the tank bed: In the 25 sample tanks covered under the study, encroachers belonging to the tribal community were found in only one tank, MI Project in Daungia, District Kondhmal.5 encroachers were found in tanks within scheduled areas. No farmer belonging to the tribal community was found encroaching land within the tank bed in sample tanks in non-scheduled areas. Economic resources 36. Livestock: Raising livestock is an important component of the tribal culture and of the production systems and is fully integrated with crop production. All tribal households covered under the sample study in the programme districts own livestock excluding poultry (mainly cattle and pigs) and the proportion increases to over 90% if poultry is included. Livestock is mostly of local breeds. 37. Savings and loans Out of 61 households in scheduled areas, 39 have savings and 26 have taken loans from various sources.43 households in scheduled areas have a saving of less than rupees 2000 and only 3 have savings between 2000 to 5000 rupees. Out of 52 households covered in non-scheduled areas, 29 have savings and 17 have taken loans. Both in terms of savings and credit tribal households have higher percentage as compared to the non-scheduled areas. 38. Incidence of indebtedness - Owing to the subsistence level of living and the lack of savings, most of the tribal households need to borrow money for the purchase of food-grains during lean months and other items of immediate consumption and clothing during festive occasions. 90% of the households have no access to financial institutions in the scheduled area for savings and credit and little less than 3/4th of the households borrow from domestic sources or money lenders. Agricultural production systems 39. Historically, tribal subsist on different combinations of shifting cultivation, hunting and gathering of forest products: all activities closely linked with forests. o o Adoption of advanced agricultural technologies is largely conditioned by resource availability at the farmer level and is less suitable for resource-poor farmers. The lack of innovative-ness, lack of entrepreneurship, lack of adequate credit and paucity of enough wealth retards the process of mechanization Agricultural productivity in scheduled areas Majority of households have uneconomic landholdings of less than an acre. Yield per hectare of paddy in Rabi season is 13 quintals and that of vegetable sis 18 quintals. The yield per hectare of paddy in summer season is 8 quintals. A significant portion of this produce is consumed by the households and some portion is bartered. Limited market linkage hinders trading of agricultural produce for monetary gains. o Agricultural implements- The tribals mostly practice traditional method of agriculture with indigenous technology. 83 households out of 113 covered under the study possess a plough, out of which 42 are in scheduled areas and 41 are in non-scheduled areas.6 own a pump-set, 3 in 14

15 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan scheduled areas and 3 are in non-scheduled areas. Only 3 households in non-scheduled areas possessed a sprayer. None of the 113 households possessed a tractor or a power tiller. Local Markets 40. The tribal households prefer to sell their little surplus (agricultural produce or minor forest produce like roots, tubers, leaves, fruits and barks for their food, fuel, medicine, and many other purposes) in the nearest weekly markets called haats because of facility of selling their goods in bulk, getting ready cash or essential goods in barter for immediate consumption. Dominance of non-tribal traders and exploitation of middlemen was also observed in different marketing centers. V. Stakeholder consultations 41. As a part of the project preparation, while conducting social assessment study, extensive consultations were held with different stakeholders at different levels. A summary of the same is provided below: Community level consultations Consultations with members of the tribal community were conducted during visits to sample tanks. Inclusion of encroachers, share-croppers, landless, women, prominent members of the tribal community like the headman, priest etc was given priority. Detailed discussions were held with the village elders and knowledgeable persons about the tribal groups to understand their issues particularly those associated with community life, social organization and relationship with natural resources like tank systems. Discussions were also held with the village level government officials particularly from the MI Department and ITDA on issues relating to development of tribal communities. Detailed consultations were also held with local Panchayat representatives and officials of line departments on exploring the possibilities of dovetailing existing government schemes in the area for the over all socio-economic development of tribal groups. Attempts were also made to assess the vulnerability of the tribal groups particularly on their livelihoods and their dependence on the tank systems. Discussions also focused on the impacts of the proposed project and on the identification of measures required to enhance the participation of tribal groups in the project planning and implementation. District level consultation in a Scheduled Area (District) A district level stakeholder consultation was organized in district Mayurbhanj (a scheduled area district) was organized in order to understand implications of the project interventions in a scheduled area with respect to governance mechanisms under PESA, livelihood interventions and land acquisition. The most important objective of the consultation was to assess community willingness towards O&M. Members of Pani-Panchayats, community members, SHGs, community-based organizations and representatives of civil society and functionaries from the ITDA, MI Department, Agriculture, Fishery, Forest, Revenue, etc participated in the consultation. State level consultation A state-level stakeholder consultation was convened in the state capital of Bhubaneswar with representatives from various departments like Water Resources (Officials from the M.I. Department, OCTMP Team Members, Members of the Training and Support Group), WTCER, Fishery, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry & Animal Resources, WALMI, Revenue and Department of Planning, representatives from the Department of R & R and Department of S.C. & S.T. Development Department. Representing the WORLD BANK, were the Social Expert and the expert on institutional aspects, to provide insights. Representatives from Mission Shakti, Bhubaneswar; 15

16 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan Centre for World Solidarity, Bhubaneswar and ASHA, Gajapati were also present for the workshop. The objective of the consultation was to arrive at a greater understanding of issues of tribals to be covered under the project based on the findings of the social assessment study. Contributions from the community for O&M and alternatives for decreasing the contributions against cost of O & M from the community; diversification of livelihood options is crucial for sustainable means of sustenance; issues of encroachment, land acquisition and compensations with respect to land; gender mainstreaming, convergence between different departments, etc were discussed. VI. Inferences from the Social Assessment study 42. The socio-cultural and demographic characteristics of local populations, their social organization of productive activities and of social services, and the compatibility of initiatives with their needs are crucial concerns that affect many development activities. Identifying differentiated actors; conflict, negotiation and understanding power relations is important in designing interventions. The social assessment study was carried out in 25 sample tanks covering 113 tribal households, representing different agro-climatic zones and socio-economic features of the state. In order to collect required information/data, various methodologies were employed which included review of secondary data, household survey, interviews with individuals, groups and government functionaries, focus group discussions, participatory mapping, etc. Inclusion of encroachers, share-croppers, landless, women, prominent members of the tribal community like the headman, priest etc was given priority. Involvement of tribal communities is vital in planning and implementing project activities particularly in tribal areas to get their views and to ensure their acceptance of the proposed actions under the project. Consultation with tribals takes on added importance in formulation TDPs and planning for activities proposed to be undertaken to enhance their participation in the project. As part of tribal study under Social Assessment, extensive consultations were held with the local tribal communities, members of the general caste community, members of the PRIs and Government officials to understand issues of significance to the proposed project particularly those associated with community life, social organization and relationship with natural resources like tank systems. Issues of significance identified through consultation 43. The issues identified through consultations under the social assessment are overlapping across different communities, tribal and non-tribal. However, the following key issues identified have greater significance in relations to tribals and would be addressed under the project. Lack of awareness and poor access to informationo Awareness about existence and functioning of the Pani Panchayat in their community. o Awareness about operations and management of tank systems. o Awareness about existing Government schemes and welfare measures among the tribals o Unfamiliarity to diverse livelihood options, means to enhance the same o Limited awareness about market information, prices, enterprises, and services. Inability to manage and appropriately utilize; o income from various livelihood practices. o manage endowments, compensation, benefits in cash form provided under various schemes and programmes. Inadequate representation and participation in the decision making process related to their development owing to; o Lack of awareness and limited access to information. o Inability to demand for appropriate provisions and services related to their development. 16

17 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan o Weak leadership to mobilize support for action. Inadequate representation in Pani-Panchayat and other groups Small and uneconomic land-holdings and limited productive resources (natural, financial and productive assets). High incidence of landlessness and subsistence living conditions. Low productivity from agriculture due to; o Traditional practices of cultivation o Inadequate water availability-as better land in the control of socially powerful people o No crop diversification o Limited access to extension and support services Limited practice of alternative livelihoods owing to, o Limited knowledge on practice of alternate livelihood options such as pisci-culture, piggery, goatery, back-yard farming, poultry, duck-rearing, etc o Limited economic resources for investments in alternative livelihoods Inadequate access to advanced farm inputs and technical know-how. Limited access to institutional credit. Limited market exposure and absence of linkages. Limited ability to negotiate /bargain leading to exploitation at the hands of money-lenders, traders and middle-men. Dominance of other caste-groups over the tribals. Land Issues: o Likelihood of land-acquisition for distribution systems where non-existent and re-alignment wherever required. o Encroachments in the tank bed area and on the canal-systems (in branches or main structure) have been found and have to be dealt with. Inability to contribute in monetary form towards tank restoration and maintenance Capacity for project management: Planning, Implementation and Monitoring 17

18 Orissa Community Tank Management Project Tribal Development Plan VII. Implementation Action Plan - TDP 44. Social assessment study has revealed that the concentration of tribals is not uniform across the districts. Differences between the Scheduled and Non-scheduled areas are substantial. In the latter, tribals are more or less integrated into the main stream and delineating them is difficult. Hence, the tribals living in non-scheduled areas can not be treated as a distinct entity and in isolation to the mainstream society. Yet, the project s tank selection criteria accords significant attention to poverty as well as the SC / tribal population. Thus, tribals interests in Non-Scheduled Areas get reflected in the Tank Selection. These considerations in mind, the TDP is designed exclusively to the Scheduled Areas only. Scope 45. The project, as designed, proposes to cover all the 29 districts across the State. Out of this, 13 districts qualify as Scheduled Area. TDP s purview thus would relate to these districts mainly. Out of the 1572 tanks, 428 (27%) tanks belong to Scheduled areas. Sl. No. Number of tanks to be covered in Scheduled Areas under OCTM Project Name of the Districts in Scheduled Areas No. of tank projects to be rehabilitated in the Scheduled Areas of the District Completely Scheduled Districts 1 Koraput 33 2 Malkangiri 8 3 Rayagada 81 4 Nawarangpur 22 5 Mayurbhanj Sundergarh 83 7 Kandhmal 11 Partly Scheduled Districts 8 Balasore 11 9 Gajapati 6 10 Ganjam 8 11 Kalahandi 7 12 Keonjhar Sambalpur 7 Total: 428 Strategy 46. The following principles will underpin the implementation strategy for tribal development plan: (i) Discriminatory targeting: Specialized and dedicated attention will be paid to ensure participation of tribals in the project and allocation of benefits to them on a priority basis. Preponderance (above 60%) of potential tribal benefiting families will receive higher priority in selecting a tank. (ii) Flexibility in rules of engagement: There will be a special provision of flexibility for the tribals to be covered under the project. The rules of engagement at the individual tank level will have scope for considerations in order to accommodate the interests and concerns for tribals. 10% (5% before implementation and 5% during implementation) contributions from the community in the form of cash and labour has been fixed for the project implementation. Willingness of the community towards this contribution has been made a pre-condition to initiate project implementation in the selected tanks. However, relaxations in the capital cost contributions have been made for the tanks under TDP. They will need to contribute 2% of the capital costs upfront before the implementation stage. Remaining 8% of the contributions will be made either in cash or kind (in the form of labour) during implementation and as per their convenient schedule. 18