SECTION 1 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS. ADVISORY ROUTE A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available.

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 1 - DEFINITIONS A SECTION 1 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADVISORY ROUTE A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available. AERODROME (AIRFIELD) A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. AERODROME REFERENCE POINT The designated geographical location of the Aerodrome. AERODROME TRAFFIC All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome, within the CTR. AERODROME TRAFFIC CIRCUIT The specified path to be flown by aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome, inside the CTR. The picture below indicates a left hand circuit. A right hand circuit is exactly the same except all turns are now to the right. AERODROME TRAFFIC ZONE An airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic. AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION REGULATION AND CONTROL (AIRAC) A system aimed at advance notification based on common effective dates, of circumstances that necessitate significant changes in operating procedures, i.e. navigation, airspaces & operations. Page 1 of 29

2 AIRWAY A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor equipped with radio navigation aids. Its name is starts with a letter, usually A, R, W followed by a number. If the name is preceded by a U it is an Upper airway. If the route name is followed by a D it is an Advisory route. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICE A service provided for the purpose of: a) Preventing collisions between aircraft: i) in the air, ii) on the manoeuvring area, iii) and obstructions on the manoeuvring area, and b) Expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. AIR TRAFFIC SERVICE UNIT An unit consisting of 1 or more ATCs established for the provision of an Air Traffic Control service. ALTERNATE AERODROME An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. ALTITUDE An aircraft s vertical distance above MSL where the distance is related to the local pressure at the aerodrome. Used below the Transition Altitude, within 25nm from an aerodrome. APPROACH CONTROL An ATC service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes. Approach control is responsible for all aircraft inside a TMA and sometimes the CTA depending on the airspace design. APRON A defined area, on a land aerodrome intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. AREA CONTROL An ATC service to controlled flights in controlled airspace and advice and information to other flights under its jurisdiction. The control service is provided to aircraft en-route between the departure and destination aerodrome and during the latter part of the climb and initial part of descent. The Area controller also does the initial sequencing of aircraft inbound to the same TMA for the Approach controller(s). ATC CLEARANCE Authorisation for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an ATSU. ATIS (Automatic Terminal Information Service) A system providing current, routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcasts throughout the day or a specified portion of the day. E.g. current weather conditions, runway-in-use, etc. ATS Route A specific route designed for channelling the flow of air traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. The term is used to mean variously SID, STAR, Airway or RNAV. Page 2 of 29

3 B BLIND TRANSMISSION A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where 2-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission. BROADCAST A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations. Page 3 of 29

4 C CLEARANCE DELIVERY An ATC service providing aircraft, wanting to depart, with departure clearances. Established when Ground Control communications is too congested to provide departure clearances as well. CLEARANCE LIMIT The point to which an aircraft is granted an Air Traffic Control Clearance. CLEARWAY A defined rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the Appropriate Authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height. CODE (SSR CODE) The number assigned to a particular multiple pulse reply signal transmitted by a transponder. CONTROLLED AIRSPACE An airspace of defined dimensions within which an air traffic control service is provided to IFR and VFR flights in accordance with the airspace s classification. E.g. CTRs, TMAs, CTAs, UTAs, RNAV routes & Airways. CONTROL AREA A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth. Usually found above a TMA and usually controlled by an Area Control unit. CONTROL ZONE A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. Established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic. Do not confuse with Center (_CTR), a term used for the callsign of an Area unit. Page 4 of 29

5 D DANGER AREAS An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. In South Africa all danger areas area indicated on aviation maps as follows FADxxx. FA is the ICAO indicator for South Africa, D indicating a Danger area and then followed by 3 numbers to identify each one. DECISION ALTITUDE/HEIGHT A height/altitude above the highest elevation in the touchdown zone, specified for a glide slope approach, at which a missed-approach procedure must be initiated if the required visual reference has not been established. DEPARTURE CONTROL An ATC service to controlled flights departing from an aerodrome. Not used in RSA at the moment. This service is provided by Approach Control. This unit is responsible for aircraft departing from an aerodrome. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT A facility usually found with a VOR or ILS. It responds to radio waves from an aircraft s onboard DME equipment. The onboard equipment thus determines the distance between an aircraft and that facility. Measured in nautical miles. Page 5 of 29

6 E ELEVATION The vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of earth, measured from AGL. Measurements are always in feet. ESTIMATED ELAPSED TIME The estimated time required to proceed from one point to another. Used in a flight plan to indicate the duration of a flight or time from departure to crossing a FIR boundary. ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVAL For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids or aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. EXPECTED APPROACH TIME The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for landing. Page 6 of 29

7 F FINAL APPROACH That portion of the aerodrome circuit where the aircraft is positioned with the runway of intended landing directly ahead relative to the direction of flight. FINAL APPROACH FIX The point at which a published instrument approach begins. FLIGHT INFORMATION REGION An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service is provided. FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. FLIGHT LEVEL An aircraft s vertical distance above MSL where the distance is related to hPA. Used from the Transition Level and above, outside 25nm from an aerodrome or where the local air pressure is not known. Written as FLxxx / FL080. FLIGHT PLAN Specified information provided to an ATSU relative to the intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft. See Section 2 Page 7 of 29

8 G GLIDE PATH A descent profile defined for vertical guidance during a final approach. GROUND CONTROL This forms part of Aerodrome Control. A Ground controller controls all traffic on the manoeuvring area, excluding the active runway(s). Page 8 of 29

9 H HANDOFF The transfer of ATC service & communications with an aircraft from one controller to the next. HEADING The direction in which the nose of an aircraft is pointed. Always expressed in Magnetic degrees. HEIGHT The vertical distance of object or point measured from a specific datum, usually the ground. HOLDING POINT Visual holding point: A point on a taxiway intersecting with a runway approx. 50m from the runway. Indicated by means of yellow lines across the width of the taxiway. Can only be used when the CTR is VMC. CAT xx holding point: A point on a taxiway intersecting a runway approx. 100m from the runway. Indicated by yellow lines across the width of the taxiway. This is to position aircraft clear of the ILS sterile area. Must be used when the CTR is IMC, can be used during VMC conditions if necessary. HOLDING PROCEDURE A pre-determined manoeuvre which keeps an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting further clearance. Page 9 of 29

10 I INDICATED AIR SPEED The speed of an aircraft relative to the air around it. Measured in knots (kts). This value is very important to pilots as this determines when gear can go up or down, flap settings, stall speed, etc. INITIAL APPROACH FIX Instrument: That part of an instrument approach procedure in which the aircraft has departed an IAF or point and is manoeuvring to enter the intermediate or final approach. It ends at the IF or point or, where no intermediate segment is established, at the FAF or point. Visual: That part of a visual approach of an aircraft immediately prior to arrival over the airfield of destination, or over the reporting point from which the final approach to the airfield is commenced. INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES A flight where the pilot navigates the aircraft referring to instruments only, using land based navigation aids and satellites. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM A land based system to guide aircraft onto a runway. It consists of a localiser guiding the aircraft laterally (left/right) and a glide slope/path guiding the aircraft vertically. The localiser, placed at the opposite end of the runway, sends out a radio beam that aircraft s navigation equipment receives and indicates to the pilot where the aircraft is laterally relative to the runway. The glide slope, placed next to the touchdown point of the runway, also sends out a radio beam that the aircraft s navigation equipment receives and indicates to the pilot where the aircraft is vertically relative to the glide path for descend. A third component exists that indicates to the pilot the distance from the runway. It can either be a fixed navigation aid called an OM, which is usually an NDB. An OM is placed usually 4nm from the edge of the runway. More modern ILS systems are doing away with the OM and use a DME. The latter is much better as it gives the pilot a constant exact distance from the runway where as the OM can only give one fixed distance one time, only when the aircraft is overhead the OM. The ILS is usually only received by an aircraft from within approx. 20nm. The ILS frequency is a published frequency for the particular aerodrome s runway it serves. Each ILS within relative close proximity has a different frequency to prevent an aircraft from receiving 2 ILS systems at the same time. This frequency is set on an aircraft s NAV radio. The frequency range is within MHz to MHz. Page 10 of 29

11 An ILS is classified according to its accuracy, backup power, approach lighting and various other facilities. For virtual simulation we are only concerned with its accuracy. These are the categories: Category Vertical visibility (ft) Horizontal visibility (m) I II IIIa IIIb 0 50 IIIc 0 0 INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION Meteorological conditions expressed i.t.o. visibility, distance from cloud and ceiling, less than the minima specified for VMC. Exists when horizontal visibility is 5000m or below OR cloud ceiling is 1500ft or below. INTERMEDIATE FIX That part of an instrument approach procedure in which aircraft configuration, speed, and positioning adjustments are made. It blends the initial approach segment into the final approach segment. It begins at the IF or point and ends at the FAF or point. INTERSECTION An intersection is a fictional navigational fix. Its name consists of 5 characters. The position of an intersection is determined given by latitude and longitude. It is also referred to as a fix or position. Page 11 of 29

12 L LATITUDE Latitude is an angular measurement ranging from 0 at the Equator to 90 at the poles. Each degree of latitude is further sub-divided into 60 minutes, each of which divided into 60 seconds. A latitude is thus specified as " N or S. E.g "S. For high accuracy, the seconds are specified with a decimal fraction. LOCALISER A localiser is one component of an ILS. The localiser usually provides runway centreline guidance to aircraft. In some cases a localiser is at an angle to the runway usually due to obstructions around the airport. Localisers also exist in stand alone instrument approach installations and are not always part of an ILS or Instrument Landing System. LONGITUDE Longitude, describes the location of a place on Earth East or West of a North-South line called the Prime Meridian. Longitude is given as an angular measurement ranging from 0 at the Prime Meridian to +180 eastward and 180 westward. Each degree of longitude is further sub-divided into 60 minutes, each of which divided into 60 seconds. A longitude is thus specified as E or W. E.g "E Page 12 of 29

13 M MANOEUVRING AREA That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons. MEAN SEA LEVEL A reference datum used to calculate altitude, height or elevation. Measured from the average level of the sea. METEOROLOGICAL REPORT This is a report formulated by the weather office. It is distributed usually half hour or possibly hour depending on the aerodrome which is intended for. Most aerodromes receive a METAR every half hour. Wind on a station s METAR is always in True degrees, thus the station s magnetic variation must be added or subtracted to obtain magnetic degrees. MISSED APPROACH POINT The point of a published ILS approach expressed in time and distance from the FAF, or as an altitude on the glide slope, at which the missed approach procedure must be initiated if the runway or approach lights are not clearly in sight. MOVEMENT AREA That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, including aprons. Page 13 of 29

14 N NAVIGATION AIDS Navigation aids are terrestrial (ground based) or celestial (airborne) facilities to assist aircraft with determining the aircrafts position. The aids can either be a VOR, NDB, ILS or a intersection. The celestial facilities being satellites providing a position with latitude/longitude to aircraft. NON-DIRECTIONAL BEACON A radio beacon transmitting non-directional signals whereby the pilot of an aircraft equipped with direction-finding equipment can determine his or her bearing to or from the radio beacon and home on or track to or from the station. When the NDB is installed in conjunction with an ILS marker, it is normally called a marker beacon, e.g. an OM. An aircraft needs to be fitted with an ADF. The frequency range is approximately & khz. NOTICE TO AIRMEN A notice distributed by means of telecommunications containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. Page 14 of 29

15 O OBSTACLE CLEARANCE ALTITUDE/HEIGHT The lowest height/altitude above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or above the aerodrome elevation, as applicable, used in establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria. ONWARD CLEARANCE TIME An OCT is the time at which it is expected that an aircraft which has been instructed to hold during the en-route phase of flight will be cleared to resume its flight. OUTER MARKER Most ILS and localiser approaches incorporate at least one marker and as many as three. What is referenced as the "Outer Marker" is anywhere from four to ten miles from the threshold of the runway and normally provides the IAF. When flying overhead the OM, the OM lamp should be lit and coloured blue. Page 15 of 29

16 P PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR A device consisting of 2 (APAPI) or 4 (PAPI) lights positioned abeam the touchdown zone of the runway. Each light shows individually either red or white. The combination in which it is lit up, indicating to a pilot his position vertically from the ideal glide path or approach slope. In this example the PAPI is on the right hand side of the runway, thus the light closest to the runway is on the left. It works as follows: To see what the APAPI indicates just use the six lights in the middle. PROHIBITED AREA An airspace of defined dimensions, above land areas or territorial waters of a state, within which the flight of any aircraft is prohibited. In South Africa all prohibited areas area indicated on aviation maps as follows FAPxxx. FA is the ICAO indicator for South Africa, P indicating a Prohibited area and then followed by 3 numbers to identify each one. Page 16 of 29

17 R RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) Used in REAL aviation to determine the position and altitude of an aircraft by means of radio waves. Two types of Radars exist, namely Primary and Secondary. Primary Radar emits a very high powered radio wave and listens (receives) echos of an aircraft s body. Thereby calculating the aircraft s distance and direction, NOT altitude. Secondary Radar emits a lower powered radio wave. All aircraft fitted with a transponder that receives this radio wave, responds with a code, namely the Squawk code if a Mode A transponder or a Squawk code and altitude if a Mode C transponder. The altitude is read from the aircraft s altimeter. A more advanced Mode S exists today, transmitting a lot more information about the aircraft back to the RADAR. For flight simulation purposes we do not make use of radar, but merely a form of positioning by Latitude and Longitude to determine aircraft position onto our virtual radar screens, IvAc. RADAR CONTACT The situation which exists when the radar blip or radar position symbol of a particular aircraft is seen and identified on a radar display. RADAR CONTROL Term used to indicate that radar-derived information is employed directly in the provision of air traffic control service. RADAR HANDOVER Transfer of responsibility for the control of an aircraft between two controllers using radar following identification of the aircraft by both controllers. RADAR IDENTIFICATION The process of correlating a particular radar blip or radar position symbol with a specific aircraft. RADIAL A magnetic bearing extending from a VOR/VORTAC/TACAN. REPORTING POINT A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported. RESTRICTED AREA An airspace of defined dimensions, above land areas or territorial waters of a state, within which the flight of any aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain conditions. In South Africa all restricted areas area indicated on aviation maps as follows FARxxx. FA is the ICAO indicator for South Africa, R indicating a Restricted area and then followed by 3 numbers to identify each one. RUNWAY A defined rectangular area, on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft. RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE The range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre line. Page 17 of 29

18 S SPECI A SPECI report replaces the last METAR reported for that station. It is published when there has been adverse weather changes to the last report. SPECIAL VFR A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone under meteorological conditions below the visual meteorological conditions. SQUAWK CODE It is a code consisting of 4 digits all from 0 to 7. This code is entered into a transponder and is broadcasted by the transponder when interrogated by a Secondary surveillance Radar. ATC uses this code to uniquely identify aircraft on a Radar screen. STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE A published procedure or route an departing IFR aircraft must fly when cleared to do so. A SID starts at the runway and terminates at a VOR, NDB or intersection. The name of the SID is the name of that termination facility followed by a number and letter, e.g. OKTED1C. It is used at busy airfields to lessen the workload for the ATC. STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE A published procedure or route an arriving IFR aircraft must fly when cleared to do so. A STAR starts at a VOR, NDB or intersection and terminates on final approach at the runway or close to it when RADAR vectors by ATC to final approach is required. The name of the STAR is the name of the facility where it starts followed by a number and letter, e.g. WOLSELEY4C. It is used at busy airfields to lessen the workload for the ATC. STOPWAY A defined rectangular area on the ground, at the end of the take-off run available, prepared as a suitable area in which an aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off. Page 18 of 29

19 T TAXIING Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off and landing, but including, in the case of helicopters, operation over the surface of an aerodrome within a height band associated with ground effect and at speeds associated with taxiing, i.e. air-taxiing. TAXIWAY A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another. E.g. Between the aprons and runways. TERMINAL CONTROL AREA A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes. The TMA is controlled by the Approach and/or the Departure controller(s). TIME UTC (Universal Time Constant) and the 24-hour clock will be used at all times. UTC is the same time as GMT (Greenwich Mean Time). The world is divided into 24 time zones (for 24 hours) and a letter indicating a specific time zone, letters J and N not used. UTC time is zone Zulu. Thus we refer too 1800Z time. If you have to refer to local South African time, it s indicated followed by Bravo, 2000B. Aviation always uses Zulu time around the world to simplify things. TOUCHDOWN The point where the nominal glide path intercepts the runway. TOWER CONTROL This forms part of Aerodrome Control. A Tower controller controls all traffic on the active runway(s) and all airborne aircraft within the CTR. TRACK The projection on the earth s surface of the path of an aircraft, direction of which the path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid) TRAFFIC INFORMATION Information issued by an Air Traffic Services unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to the position or intended route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision. TRANSITION ALTITUDE This is a fixed, published altitude for every aerodrome. It is published on the SID, STAR and other charts for that aerodrome. The Transition Altitude is the altitude at which a climbing aircraft s altimeter setting (barometric pressure) is changed from the local QNH to QNE (1013.2hPa). At or below the TA the pilot flies at altitude indicated in thousands of feet. When given climb or descend to an altitude, ATC must provide the local QNH. TRANSITION LEVEL This is a level calculated according to the local QNH, usually provided by ATC or via the ATIS. The Transition Level is the Level at which a descending aircraft s altimeter setting (barometric pressure) is changed from QNE (1013.2hPA) to the local QNH. At or above the TL the pilot flies at Flight Levels. Page 19 of 29

20 TRANSPONDER A receiver/transmitter which will generate a reply signal upon proper interrogation (the interrogation and reply being on different frequencies). Page 20 of 29

21 U UPPER CONTROL AREA A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth. Usually found above a CTA and controlled by an Area Control unit. This airspace will always be only Class A. Page 21 of 29

22 V VFR FLIGHT A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules. VISIBILITY Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of :- a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognised when observed against a bright background; b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background. VISUAL APPROACH An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed with visual reference to terrain. VISUAL FLIGHT RULES A flight where the pilot navigates the aircraft with reference to the terrain, using mountains, roads, railway tracks, etc and aviation maps. Inside controlled airspace VFR aircraft can be cleared to altitudes or Flight Levels but any other navigation must be done by referring to positions on the ground or the aerodrome circuit. VISUAL METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, horizontal and vertical distance from cloud ceiling, equal to or better than the specified minima. When horizontal visibility is at or above 5000m and or cloud ceiling is at or above 1500ft the zone is VMC. VHF OMNI-DIRECTIONAL RADIO-RANGE A type of radio navigation beacon for aircraft. VORs broadcast a VHF radio signal encoding both the identity of the station and the angle to it, telling the pilot in what direction he lies from the VOR station, referred to as the radial. Comparing two such measurements on a chart allows for a fix. In many cases the VOR stations have a colocated DME to provide distance measurement allowing for a one-station fix. Most aircraft are fitted with a navigation radio that can tune onto the VOR frequency. VOR frequency range is MHz. to MHz. Page 22 of 29

23 W WAYPOINT A specified geographical location used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation. Page 23 of 29

24 CHAPTER 2 - ABBREVIATIONS ACC ACAS Airborne ADR ADS AFB AFIS AFISU AFTN AGL A/G AIP AIS ALERFA AMSL AP APP ARR ASDA ATC ATD ATIS ATS ATSU ATZ AWY CAA C/L CPDLC CTA CTR DA/H DEP DETRESFA DLA DME DR EAT ETA ETD FAF FAP FIR FL FPL ft GP HF hpa Area Control Centre or Area Control Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) Advisory Route Automatic Dependent Surveillance Air Force Base Aeronautical Flight Information Service AFIS Unit Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network Above Ground Level Air-to-ground Aeronautical Information Publication Aeronautical Information Service Alert Phase Above Mean Sea Level Airport Approach Control Centre Arrive, Arrival or Arrived Accelerated Stopping Distance Available Air Traffic Control Actual Time of Departure Automatic Terminal Information Service Air Traffic Services Air Traffic Service Unit Aerodrome Traffic Zone Airway Civil Aviation Authority Centre Line Controller Pilot Data Link Communications Control Area Control Zone Decision Altitude / Height Depart, Departure or Departed Distress Phase Delay or Delayed Distance Measuring Equipment Dead Reckoning (Navigation) Expected Approach Time Expected Time of Arrival Expected Time of Departure Final Approach Fix Final Approach Point Flight Information Region Flight Level Flight Plan Feet Glide Path High Frequency (Radio) Hectopascals Page 24 of 29

25 IAF ICAO IF IFR ILS IMC INCERFA ISA Khz km kts LAT LDA LLZ LONG LVP MAPt MDA/H MET MF Mhz MM MOC MSA MSL NDB nm OCA/H OCT OM OHD O/R OUBD PAPI QBI QDM QDR QFE QNE QNH Initial Approach Fix International Civil Aviation Organisation Intermediate Approach Fix Instrument Flight Rules Instrument Landing System Instrument MET Conditions Uncertainty Phase International Standard Atmosphere Kilohertz Kilometer(s) Knots Latitude Landing Distance Available Localiser Longitude Low Visibility Procedure Missed Approach Point Minimum Descent Altitude / Height Meteorological Medium Frequency Megahertz Middle Marker Minimum Obstacle Clearance Minimum Sector Altitude Mean Sea Level Non-Directional Radio Beacon Nautical Mile Obstacle Clearance Altitude / Height Onward Clearance Time Outer Marker Overhead On Request Outbound Precision Approach Path Indicator Compulsory IFR Flight Magnetic Heading (zero wind). Magnetic bearing to a direction-finding station. Magnetic bearing. Magnetic bearing from a direction-finding station. Atmospheric Pressure at Airfield Elevation (on runway threshold). This value is deducted from the QNH and aerodrome elevation. Used when you require your altitude above aerodrome elevation. Mostly used in the military. Shown in hpa Mb Altimeter Subscale Setting (International Standard Atmosphere). Used when flying at a FL. Altimeter Subscale Setting to Obtain Elevation When on the Ground. Atmospheric Pressure (Q) at Nautical Height. This value is supplied by the weather office and found on METARs, TAFs, etc. Used at or below the TA and/or within 25nm from the specified aerodrome. Shown in hpa. Page 25 of 29

26 RCC Rescue Co-ordination Centre RCF Radio Communication Failure RDH Reference Datum Height (for ILS) RDL Radial RNAV Random Navigation RSR En-route Surveillance Radar RT Radiotelephony (See Section 8) RTN Return or Returning RVR Runway Visual Range SAR SID SSR SST STAR TCAS TDZ THR TMA TODA TORA TWR UHF u/s UTC VDF VFR VHF VMC VOR WDI Wx Search and Rescue Standard Instrument Departure Secondary Surveillance Radar Supersonic Transport Standard Terminal Arrival Route Terminal Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) Touchdown Zone Threshold Terminal Control Area Take-off Distance Available Take-off Run Available Aerodrome Control Tower Ultra High Frequency Unserviceable Universal Time Constant (Co-ordinated Universal Time Constant) VHF Direction Finding Visual Flight Rules Very High Frequency (Radio) Visual MET Conditions VHF Omni-Range Wind Direction Indicator Weather Z In Time Groups Indicates UTC (Zulu) Page 26 of 29

27 CHAPTER 3 - UNITS OF MEASUREMENT Units The units of measurements to be used are:- Measurement of Distances used in navigation, generally in excess of 2 or 3 nautical miles. Relatively short distance such as those relating to an aerodrome. (e.g. runway lengths, distances of obstructions from runway or of facilities from aerodrome). Radar-position reporting and ranges from touch down. Altitudes, elevations and height. Depths of standing water, snow and slush. Horizontal speed including wind speed. Vertical speed. Wind direction for landing and taking off. Wind direction except for landing and taking off. Visibility Runway Visual Range Altimeter setting Temperature Weight Time Units used Nautical miles, spoken as miles Meters Nautical miles and/or fractions thereof, spoken as miles. Feet Millimeters Knots Feet per minute Degrees magnetic Degrees true Kilometers or meters Meters Hectopascal Degrees Celsius Metric tons or kilograms Hours and minutes, the day of 24 hours beginning at midnight UTC Page 27 of 29

28 CHAPTER 4 - CONVERSION TABLES Table for converting values from one unit to another appears below. METERS / FEET / METERS METERS FEET/METERS FEET Table for converting values from one unit to another appears below. NAUTICAL MILES / KILOMETRES / STATUTE MILES NM KM SM Page 28 of 29

29 STATUTE MILES / NAUTICAL MILES / KILOMETRES SM NM KM NAUTICAL MILES / STATUTE MILES / KILOMETRES NM SM KM LBS / KGS / LBS KGS LBS/KGS LBS ,000 Kgs = 1 metric ton Page 29 of 29