Archaeology of the Mongolian Steppe 2013

Transcription

1 Archaeology of the Mongolian Steppe 2013

2 Dear Earthwatchers, I am very pleased to welcome you to our project at Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in Mongolia. My Mongolian colleagues and I will pass on to each of you the extraordinary chance to be pioneers in the discovery, understanding, protection, and preservation of the cultural resources in the reserve. Earthwatch teams have been working with the natural resources within this extensive reserve for the past seven years, but no previous systematic study of the archaeology had been carried out. Our work will be the basis upon which archaeological management and investigations will be planned. Your team will learn basic principles of archaeological survey and recording at the beginning of our adventure. We will learn how to recognize artifacts and cultural features, as well as a bit of archaeological terminology, both in English and in Mongolian. There will be plenty of opportunity for discussions and questions. Most of our learning will be hands-on in the field. I find that dealing with an actual situation is the best way to teach for different situations call for different approaches. I look forward to meeting each of you in Mongolia. We will have an experience to remember as well as assisting the staff of Ikh Nart in understanding, protecting, and preserving the cultural heritage of the Mongolian people. Best regards, Dr. Joan Schneider

3 Table of Contents General Information The Research Your Destination Daily Life in the Field Accommodations and Food Travel Planning Travel Tips Project Conditions Safety Project Staff Recommended Reading Participant Rights and Responsibilities Communications Message from Earthwatch Images Earthwatch, Dr. Richard Reading, Dave Kenny, Andrew Miller, Des Gould 1

4 General Information Archaeology of the Mongolian Steppe Earthwatch Scientists: Dr. Joan Schneider, Gana Wingard Research Site: Ikh Nart Nature Reserve, Ikh Nartiin Chuluun Region, Dalanjargalan Soum, Dornogobi Aimag, Mongolia Expedition Dates: Team 2: June 2 June 15, 2013 Team 3: June 23 July 6, 2013 Note: Both teams will run in parallel with Wildlife of the Mongolian Steppe teams. Rendezvous and departure information is available in the print version of the briefing only. 2

5 trip planner To do immediately Book an appointment with a doctor; you ll need him or her to sign the Health section of your Earthwatch Participation Form. Make sure you understand and agree to Earthwatch Participant Rights and Responsibilities (see pg. 28). 90 days prior to expedition Complete and return your volunteer forms. Below are the specific forms required for this expedition: Earthwatch Participation Form for Adults Earthwatch Travel Form European volunteers can download forms on: www. earthwatch.org/europe/volunteerforms U.S./North American volunteers can download forms at: Australian volunteers can download forms on: volunteer_forms/ Japanese volunteers can download forms on: formdownload-i.html Note: If you have signed up for an expedition within 90 days of the start date, you must return your fully completed volunteer forms as soon as possible. Pay any outstanding balance for your expedition. Book travel arrangements (see the Travel Planning section, pg. 14, for details). If you plan to purchase additional travel insurance, note that some policies require purchase when your expedition is booked (see the Insurance section, pg. 25, for more information). If traveling internationally, make sure your passport is current and obtain a visa for your destination country, if necessary (see the Passports and Visas section, pg. 18, for more details). Make sure you have all the necessary vaccinations for your project site (see the Health Information section, pg. 24). Bring your level of fitness up to the standards required (see the Project Conditions section, pg. 20). 60 days prior to expedition Review the packing list (pg. 4) to make sure you have all the clothing, personal supplies, and equipment needed. 30 days prior to expedition leave the Earthwatch 24-hour helpline number with a friend or relative (see the inside back cover). leave copies of your passport, visa, and airline tickets with a friend or relative. confirm your travel arrangements. Read this expedition briefing thoroughly. It provides the most accurate information available at the time of your Earthwatch scientist s project planning, and will likely answer any questions you have about the project. However, please also keep in mind that research requires improvisation, and you may need to be flexible. Research plans evolve in response to new findings, as well as to unpredictable factors such as weather, equipment failure, and travel challenges. To enjoy your expedition to the fullest, remember to expect the unexpected, be tolerant of repetitive tasks, and try to find humor in difficult situations. If there are any major changes in the research plan or field logistics, Earthwatch will make every effort to keep you well informed before you go into the field. 3

6 expedition packing checklist Required Items General this expedition briefing Photocopies of your passport, flight itinerary, and credit cards in case the originals are lost or stolen; the copies should be packed separately from the original documents Passport and/or visa (if necessary) certification of vaccination (if necessary) Documentation for travel by minors (if necessary) (see Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age in the Travel Tips section, pg. 19) Clothing/Footwear for Fieldwork earthwatch T-shirt lightweight, quick-drying, long-sleeved shirts lightweight, quick-drying pants/trousers Short-sleeved shirts Shorts (June, July) heavy, warm long pants/trousers (June) hat with a broad brim to protect your head, neck, and face from sun, wind, and dust Sturdy hiking boots rain gear windbreaker Fleece/jumper/sweater warm jacket Gloves warm hat work gloves long underwear (June) Clothing/Footwear for Leisure At least one set of clothing to keep clean for end of expedition 4

7 comfortable footwear for camp Field Supplies Small daypack Drybag or plastic sealable bags (good for protecting equipment like cameras from dust, humidity, and water) Insect repellent spray two one-liter water bottles Pens or pencils Pocket-sized straight edge or ruler clipboard Five-meter (16-foot) tape measure, with both centimeter and inch scales Bedding and Bathing Sleeping bag (comfortable to about -7 C/20 F) towel Personal Supplies Personal toiletries (biodegradable soaps and shampoos are encouraged) Small roll of toilet paper or handy pack of tissues (paper is provided at the field site, but often not in public restrooms) Personal first-aid kit (e.g., anti-diarrhea pills, rehydration salts, antibiotics, antiseptic, itch-relief, pain reliever, bandages, moleskin/blister covers, etc.) and personal medications there will be first aid kits on site, but only limited supplies laundry soap for washing essential items by hand Antibacterial wipes or lotion (good for cleaning hands while in the field) Sunscreen lotion and lip balm with SPF 30 or higher Sunglasses (these are absolutely essential we suggest also bringing a spare pair) Miscellaneous Spending money Binoculars Flashlight or headlamp (preferred) with extra batteries and extra bulb (although the gers [yurts] have lights, the power is not 100% reliable, so it is useful to bring a small lantern-style flashlight as well) Optional Items Good-quality hiker s compass, such as Silva or Brunton, with mirror top (recommended: very useful. We will give compass-reading lessons.) camera, film or memory card(s), extra camera battery Sleeping pad hardware for sharing digital photographs at the end of the expedition travel guide Pocket-sized notepad for recording your own impressions in the field reading material, games, journal, art supplies, etc. for free time Small gifts for Mongolians (postcards from your hometown, etc.) Pillow (a pillow case and rolled-up sweater/jumper may suffice and saves on space) earplugs (very useful if you are a light sleeper) camp chair Playing cards Insulated cup Daily journal Sun shower GPS (Global Positioning System) unit Snack food Spare batteries Goggles and/or bandanas for dust storms walking poles for hiking Knee pads for kneeling on during excavation Note: Required and optional items lists are accurate to the best of Earthwatch s knowledge at the time of publication. 5

8 The Research Archaeology of the Mongolian Steppe The Story Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in eastern Mongolia is home to the remains of thousands of years of human activities. We need to know the kinds of archaeological sites, their locations, and their characteristics in order to develop a plan for conserving these fascinating remnants of human history. During our 2010, 2011, and 2012 field seasons in Ikh Nart, we have made great progress toward our goals. So far, we ve logged sites ranging from New Stone Age (Neolithic) about 6,000 years ago, an era marked by the domestication of herd animals, to sites from the Tibetan Buddhist period, from around the 13th century AD to Chronologically in between these are Bronze Age, Iron Age, Turkic, and Mongolian Empire sites. Sites vary from small to large and from simple to complex, and may represent more than one time period. We have recorded burial features, structures, rock art, living sites, a stone tool quarry and workshop, and Buddhist monastery communities. We ve also documented an array of artifacts: stone and metal arrowheads; ceramic vessel fragments from all periods; metal containers; horse trappings; a variety of stone cutting, piercing, and scraping tools; grinding implements; and metal tools and decorative items. We have already recorded 70 sites that will be 6

9 registered at the Mongolian Institute of Archaeology in Ulaanbaatar, and we have found and noted the GPS locations on many more. As an Earthwatch volunteer, you will help us investigate and mark some of these for preservation. Research Aims It is not practical to look at the entirety of the reserve, so we have constructed a sample that should be a fairly accurate estimation of the whole. In 2010, we gained an understanding of the types of cultural sites; in 2011 and 2012, we started to survey our sample. As we did during those past two years, we also will carry out test excavations at selected sites to determine the presence, extent, and contents of subsurface components. Based on the project findings, archaeologists and Ikh Nart staff will develop an overall plan for a cultural resources protection program for Ikh Nart. It is crucial that we work together with Mongolian archaeological specialists so that the plans are both feasible and financially sustainable. The information gathered by your team will complement data collected by the Wildlife of the Mongolian Steppe teams (our sister Earthwatch project) to provide smart, holistic recommendations for the management of the reserve. How You Will Help On this expedition, you ll get the chance to work with a team of Mongolian and U.S. archaeologists. You will learn methods used by professional archaeologists and will help us locate, describe, record, and map archaeological sites. Your tasks will include: Learning archaeological survey methods Walking sample survey areas as part of a team Describing, drawing to scale, photographing, and mapping (using GPS technology) archaeological sites Compiling data on descriptive site forms and databases Contributing ideas for interpretive materials, such as informative exhibits, pamphlets, and signs, to encourage visitors and locals to help preserve the cultural heritage of the Mongolian people represented within Ikh Nart Encouraging Ikh Nart research staff, camp staff, and visitors to focus on preserving the cultural resources within the reserve Learning the rudiments of archaeological excavation 7

10 Your Destination About Mongolia The Research Site: Ikh Nart Nature Reserve Ikh Nart was established in 1996 to protect about 163,170 acres (66,000 hectares) of rocky outcrops in a region of northwestern Dornogobi Aimag known as Ikh Nartiin Chuluu (an aimag is like a province or state). The flora and fauna in the research area include a mix of desert and steppe species. Vegetation is sparse, with shrubs, scrub vegetation, and turf grasses dominating. Different plant communities can be found around oases and streams, on rocky outcrops, and in other areas. Large mammals in the region include argali (wild sheep), ibex, Mongolian and goitered gazelles, and wolves, several of which are locally or globally threatened. Common birds include cinereous vultures, saker falcons, steppe eagles, upland hawks, black kites, little owls, pied wheatears, white wagtails, horned larks, Guldenstadt s redstarts, red-billed choughs, and Daurian partridges. Mongolia Mongolia, a fascinating country, provides great cultural experiences for visitors. It remains largely undeveloped, with few paved roads, almost no fences, and most people outside of cities still living a nomadic existence. The main mode of transportation outside of the capital is by horseback. People in the countryside still live in gers (also known as yurts) and wear traditional clothing. If you have time prior to the team start, project staff highly recommends that you visit the Cultural Museum in Ulaanbaatar. A visit to the museum can lend perspective into the history and culture of Mongolia for visitors and may be particularly helpful in the context of this team. You might also want to take in the Natural History Museum, the Fine Art Museum, Winter Palace of Bogd Khan Museum, Manzushir Monastery Museum, Gandan Monastery, Sukhbaatar Square, or a performance by a traditional symphony or the Mongolian circus Mongolia was once the center of the world s largest empire, founded by Genghis Khan known as Chingiss Khan in Mongolia and ruled by Kublai Khan at its height. Mongolia became a communist nation in 1924, the second in the world. Before then, Mongolia was overwhelmingly Buddhist, and a strong Buddhist tradition of love and respect for nature continues among most Mongolians today. Although many people remain atheists, since the end of communism many are rediscovering their Buddhist past. Buddhist traditions from the Yellow Sect (Tibetan Buddhism) predominate. Associated with this style of Buddhism and the animist traditions that predate it are a multitude of customs, taboos, and what outsiders might see as superstitions. Most Mongolians are not offended if these are accidentally violated, especially by foreigners, but you should always remember to be a respectful guest. Mongolia is one of the world s poorest nations, with an average income of less than US$2 per day, yet there is little evidence of abject poverty. Most Mongolians are proud of their country and, naturally, react poorly to criticism of it. They frown on people taking photos of poor, dirty conditions and pollution, and meet any presumption of inferiority due to their nation s monetary poverty or for any other reason with a strong negative reaction. The Mongolian constitution guarantees everyone the right to a healthy environment, and the government has adopted a formal goal of protecting 30% of its land base. But Mongolia s transformation to a democracy and a free market economy in the early 1990s has led to several changes with ramifications for conservation. Lack of resources has led to lax law enforcement and little management for protected areas. In addition, in 8

11 Map of Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in Mongolia. (Note: Gun Galuut is a locally designated nature reserve, while Ikh Nart is a federally designated nature reserve.) an attempt to survive, many people from cities and towns have returned to pastoral nomadism, and former constraints on livestock herds have been lifted, resulting in a huge increase in the national herd and growing degradation of pasturelands. Solutions are difficult, as many local people live a marginal existence, barely able to feed and clothe their families. Many Mongolians are shy and often will say little, especially when they are just getting to know someone, and few Mongolians speak English (although the number grows each year). However, they are generally friendly and extremely hospitable you can walk into any ger without knocking and the residents will serve you milktea and snacks, if not a complete meal. Mongolians also tend to share gifts with visitors you may wish to bring small items to give in return (something that represents you or where you come from is most appreciated you can be creative). If you effusively praise an item you see, your Mongolian hosts may present it to you as a gift (even with costly items that are difficult to replace). Still, once a gift is offered, it usually should be accepted. The same is true of food and drink, although just a small taste (or even pretending to taste) usually suffices. To make the most of your experience, we encourage you to get to know the Mongolian staff and students and persuade them to practice their English skills. Do not hesitate to ask questions of your new Mongolian friends and colleagues. Overall, the atmosphere in Mongolia is quite relaxed. Indeed, things are occasionally more relaxed than the research team would like! Delays are common (don t expect the train to be on time) and should be accepted with a Zen-like attitude. Most people will try to help someone in need of assistance, especially in the countryside, and are likely to be curious (local people will surround you and actually press their noses to your windows to look into your vehicle). A simple smile and wave is usually met with a smile. There is generally a strong team spirit among participants in this expedition. Mongolians love taking team photos each time a new team works in the study area. Project staff members encourage such activities and try to develop camaraderie by sharing almost all tasks, including serving meals (prepared by a hired cook), cleaning, getting water, rotating groups of people that work as small field teams for data collection, holding Mongolian barbeques, and more. In the evenings there are usually games of Mongolian cards that can get quite spirited. The teams also sometimes visit local herders, and herders often stop by to visit the research site. 9

12 Daily Life in the Field Plans and Policies When you arrive, project staff will present an introduction to archaeology, a list of common archaeological terms and their meanings in English and Mongolian, and an orientation to archaeological field survey methods. The first field days will start with practicing recording and survey methods, and opportunities for hands-on learning will continue throughout the expedition as we encounter different archaeological features. We will conduct fieldwork in morning and afternoon sessions, returning to the camp for lunch or eating in the field. We will walk up to 3.7 miles (6 kilometers) per day, carrying out test excavations at selected sites as we go. Each volunteer will maintain a field notebook as part of our work. Team leaders will give you this notebook at the start of the team and collect it at the end so that it can become part of the permanent record at Ikh Nart (the notebook suggested on the packing checklist would be for your own use, perhaps to record your impressions of your experiences in Mongolia or write down Mongolian words you would like to remember). Evenings will be spent updating our data, discussing the day s work, or planning. We might hear short talks about the research projects of others living at camp. Note: Your will run in parallel with the Wildlife of the Mongolian Steppe teams. Members of both teams will share the same accommodations but will participate in different activities and be briefed separately. You may have the chance to participate in some wildlife activities if you wish, so long as all the archaeology-related research tasks are covered. To help the project staff plan appropriately, please let Earthwatch know if you d like to participate in the archaeology fieldwork by clearly indicating so on your volunteer forms and by contacting Earthwatch via phone or . The extent to which you participate in the other team s tasks will depend on research needs, staffing, and scheduling. To decide if you d like to help with the wildlife research, please read the Wildlife of the Mongolian Steppe briefing available on the project s website: exped/wingard.html. You can find a description of these tasks in the Research section of the briefing (pg. 6). Please also pay special attention to the Project Conditions section (pg. 19) to make sure you meet the team s eligibility requirements. Recreational activities: We will likely take a half-day trip to the Soum Museum during the expedition. The exact day will be determined during the expedition. There may also be an opportunity to visit the southern Airag Soum Center. We plan to visit local families on Day 7. Additional policies: For safety reasons, participants may not ride motorcycles, horses, or camels during the expedition. If you wish to ride horses or other animals during your visit to Mongolia, please do so before or after the expedition. We strive to maintain an alcohol-free research camp. Most Mongolian men are genetically predisposed to alcoholism. Several rituals surround drinking traditional mildly alcoholic drinks in Mongolia, and project staff members will brief you on these traditions should the need arise. Please do not bring any alcohol with you. Earthwatch Recreational Time Policy Project staff will generally accompany participants from the rendezvous to the end of the expedition. For recreational days, when no research activities are scheduled, Earthwatch scientists will offer either a team activity or a range of recreational activities that comply with Earthwatch standards. Participants may also remain at project accommodations. Those who pursue other options must sign a release form. If there is a period of time during a regular research day when no research activities are scheduled, adult participants may leave the project site on their own; they will have to sign out first. Unless contacted for help, project staff will not search for a participant unless he or she fails to appear the following morning or for the next scheduled research activity. Earthwatch will assess the general risks of adult participants leaving the project site, but cannot guarantee participant safety or an awareness of all issues. In some cases, due to local conditions, adult participants may have to stay at the project site during recreational time, a requirement that will be clearly communicated on site. 10

13 ITINERARY AND DAILY SCHEDULE Weather and research needs can lead to changes in the daily schedule. We appreciate your cooperation and understanding. Overview Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Days 4 6 Day 7 Days 8 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Rendezvous at Zaya s Hostel in Ulaanbaatar, settle in; optional cultural activities; group dinner Train ride from Ulaanbaatar to Shivee-Gobi (approximately 7.5 hours) and drive (approximately one hour) to field site, settle in; get acquainted with camp Half-day orientation and training; second half of day spent on data collection Survey and data collection Data collection in the morning; visiting local families; traditional Mongolian barbeque in the afternoon or evening Survey and data collection; test excavations Survey and data collection; test excavations; pack in the evening, then leave for Shivee-Gobi to catch overnight train to Ulaanbaatar Arrive in Ulaanbaatar, settle into hotel; optional cultural activities; group dinner Breakfast and depart for airport to catch flight home Typical Daily Schedule 6:00 a.m. Rise and wash 6:30 a.m. Breakfast, lunch preparation, and clean-up 7:00 a.m. Collect gear, break into groups, receive a quick briefing on the day s tasks, and leave for field location 7:30 a.m. Fieldwork 9:30 a.m. Short break for a snack 11:30 a.m. Break for lunch and siesta during the heat of the day 3:00 p.m. Start of afternoon fieldwork session 4:30 p.m. Snack 7:00 p.m. Return from field and wash up 7:30 p.m. Dinner 8:30 9:30 p.m. Recreational time, showers, mapping, presentations, or discussions 11

14 Accommodations and Food About Your Home in the Field Ulaanbaatar Zaya s Guesthouse in Ulaanbaatar is comfortable, clean, and safe. We usually try to accommodate two volunteers of the same gender in each room. We also can house couples together, when possible, with advance notice to Earthwatch. Some rooms have their own bathrooms, although some guests must share. The guesthouse also has some apartments with kitchens, living rooms, bathrooms, and bedrooms that we rent. The guesthouse offers breakfast and has free Internet access on one computer and wireless access in Building #2. The guesthouse also offers transport to and from the airport for a reasonable fee, and can help arrange excursions at your own expense for before or after the Earthwatch team. Zaya s sits in the heart of Ulaanbaatar, within easy walking distance of tourist sites, restaurants, banks, and shopping. Ikh Nart The research camp lies in the heart of the project s study area. Although we sometimes use vehicles to access portions of the reserve, we often walk to our work. At the camp, you ll stay in tents or traditional Mongolian gers. There are currently seven gers at the research camp, three of which are for Earthwatcher lodging. One ger is the kitchen, and another serves as the dining hall and lounge area. 12

15 Each ger can house up to eight people, but we usually limit them to five people each. We make every effort to house people of the same gender together, depending on team makeup. Gers are larger than standard tents (you can easily stand upright in them), they have storage space, water filters, and wash basins, and they tend to be warmer than tents at night. However, the camp s standard tents offer more privacy they sleep two people comfortably. The research site has three standard tents for team use, but you can bring your own tent if you wish. Most team members will sleep on cots (subject to availability), but you should bring a sleeping bag, as we have no linens. You ll get a sleeping pad (but can bring your own if you prefer). It can get cold at night, so please bring a warm bag and layers of clothing. Also bring your own towels (camp towels work great and are available at most outdoor stores). A few simple sun showers (insulated bags that hold water warmed by sunlight, or on stoves on the rare occasions when it is cold or overcast, with a nozzle attached) are available at camp, so you can wash regularly. You can bring your own sun shower (available at many outdoor stores) if you like. The research gets electricity from solar panels and windmills. We use much of this energy to recharge project equipment, but there s usually enough power to recharge your electrical items (project equipment has priority). Gers have lights for reading, etc. We have outlets for Americanand European-style plugs only. We have a solar-powered freezer and a root cellar to keep food cool. There are two outhouses with sit-down pit toilets (composted with soil and ash). In the field, you ll follow the nomadic tradition of using the great outdoors when nature calls. FOOD A cook will prepare most meals. We ll generally eat breakfast and dinner together, and you ll make your own lunch with food set out each morning to carry into the field and eat later. All Earthwatch participants and staff members will be expected to assist in serving and cleaning up after meals. Below are examples of the foods you might expect in the field. Please bear in mind that variety depends on availability. This list is intended to provide a general idea of food types, but it is very important that volunteers be flexible. Breakfast: Oatmeal, cold cereal (usually Muesli and Cornflakes), yogurt, hot rice or wheat porridge, rolls and jam, eggs and Mongolian sausage (rarely, for both of these), leftover dinner (a typical Mongolian breakfast) Lunch: Sandwiches with various fillings (peanut butter and jelly, tuna fish, cheese, tomato, salami), apples, cucumbers, cookies, crackers, and traditional Mongolian baked goods Dinner: Mixed vegetable and meat stew, pasta dish, soup, salad, traditional Mongolian meals with emphasis on meat (vegetarian and vegan options are generally possible with sufficient advance notice to Earthwatch) Snacks/Other: Chocolate, cookies, peanuts, Mongolian baked goods (you may want to bring protein bars or some other favorite snack to eat while in the field) Beverages: Juice, tea, instant coffee, spring water, some soda, airag (fermented mare s milk see below) Water: At the research camp, we get drinking water from a small spring nearby. All team members should assist in collecting water. Gers have both passive and active (which require pumping) water filters. The filters (especially the passive ones) clog frequently when heavily used and therefore need to be cleaned regularly (once every other day). We ll ask you to help clean the filters. If the passive filters are kept full, they provide more than enough water for the team. We usually also have a very limited supply of bottled water. Alcohol: As noted already, we try to maintain a dry camp. You will occasionally have the opportunity to drink airag (fermented mare s milk), though, which is only mildly alcoholic (less alcohol content by volume than beer) and is often used ceremonially. It often causes cause diarrhea, especially in first-time consumers. Additionally, project staffers will endeavor to hold one traditional Mongolian barbeque for each team. This entails the ceremonial killing of a goat (sometimes a sheep) and heating up of hot rocks. The rocks and meat are placed in a kind of pressure cooker. The meat is consumed off the bone and the rocks are passed around; supposedly they are great for your health and should be handled while still hot. You are not required to watch or participate in the ceremonial barbeque. Special Dietary Requirements Please alert Earthwatch to any special dietary requirements (e.g., vegetarian or vegan diets, diabetes, lactose intolerance, nut or other serious food allergies) as soon as possible, and note them in the space provided on your volunteer forms. Accommodating special diets is not guaranteed and can be very difficult due to availability of food, location of field sites, and other local conditions. 13

16 Travel Planning Rendezvous and Departure Information The rendezvous and departure information for this project has been removed from this web version of the expedition briefing. It is only available in the printed version of the briefing. Please do not make any travel arrangements to join an expedition without having full and up-to-date travel information from Earthwatch. Full rendezvous details, including places and times are available from Earthwatch upon request prior to registration for an expedition. Please use the Contact Us button on the top right-hand corner of the website to get in touch with an Earthwatch representative, who will be very happy to help you. 14

17 Travel Tips Luggage Lost and delayed luggage: If your luggage goes astray, please give the airline this contact info: Ms. Selenge, phone number Lost luggage is not delivered in Mongolia; we will have to make arrangements to pick it up. General considerations: Do not bring more luggage than you can carry and handle on your own. If traveling by air and checking your luggage, we advise you to pack an extra set of field clothing and personal essentials in your carry-on bag in case your luggage is lost or delayed. Many airlines have strict baggage policies. Please check with your airline(s) on baggage weight limits, liquid restrictions, fees for checked baggage, etc. Transferring luggage: If you will be taking an international flight that has one or more connections within the country of your destination, you must collect any checked bags at the airport where you first arrive in the destination country. After proceeding through customs, you will have to recheck your luggage before flying on to your final destination. Money Matters Local currency: Tugrug (MNT). Personal funds: Please bring about US$200 to 500 or equivalent, depending on whether or not you intend to buy gifts, souvenirs, cashmere, etc. Cash in the newest possible US$100 bills is best, as these usually bring the highest exchange rate. Bills in poor condition may not be accepted. Cash machines/atms are located only in Ulaanbaatar and do not always function; many banks and the State Department Store (on Peace Avenue, two blocks from Zaya s, 5th floor) have ATMs. There is an ATM at the Chinggis Khaan-Ulaanbaatar airport. Visa and MasterCard credit cards are increasingly being accepted in restaurants and shops in Ulaanbaatar, but the majority of establishments still do not accept either. Traveler s checks are very difficult to spend in Mongolia and you will be charged a fee to use them (in addition to the fee you pay to acquire them). If you bring traveler s checks, you will have to change them in a bank in Ulaanbaatar as there is no way to cash a traveler s check, or use foreign currency, outside of Ulaanbaatar. The best place to change money 15

18 is in a money exchange shop in Ulaanbaatar, as they have the best rates. There are several in the city, including some just around the corner from the hotel to which volunteers can be directed upon arrival. Once in the field, there is no access to banks or cash machines, and only cash in the local currency will be accepted (often only small bills are accepted). Tipping: Mongolians generally do not tip. If service is good, you might want to leave 1,000 to 3,000 tugrugs, but generally no more. Your Destination: Language: Mongolian. The project will be conducted in English. Cultural considerations: Mongolians love to give and receive gifts, so you may wish to bring small, inexpensive gifts. Some suggestions for gifts include postcards of your hometown, calendars, pins or buttons, small flashlights, inexpensive pocket knives or tools, small puzzles, playing cards, tea, batteries, your own handmade crafts or trinkets, clothing (including used if it is clean and in very good shape), water bottles, pens and paper be creative, but keep luggage restrictions in mind. Of course, if you want to give more expensive items, such as leaving your pair of binoculars, your Swiss Army knife or Leatherman tool, or your hand-held GPS unit with a student, those gifts are greatly appreciated, too. No volunteers are expected by Earthwatch to give any gifts, and any such gestures are entirely voluntary on your part. Taxis: In Ulaanbaatar, any car will serve as a taxi, but be wary of theft. To be safe, only official or tourist taxis are recommended. Do not get in a taxi that already has people other than the driver in it, and avoid private cars with several young men in them. You can call a taxi to pick you up or have your hotel or hostel call one for you. Additional information: Exporting the following items from Mongolia is prohibited: any publications, records, films, or drawings critical of Mongolia; paleontological and archaeological findings, without special permission; collections of plants and seeds; birds and wild or domestic animals; and wool, raw skins, hides, and furs, without permission from the appropriate authorities. A receipt from a souvenir shop does not mean you have export permission. Electricity: 220 volts, 50 Hz two-prong Type C Europeanstyle plugs (American-style outlets are also available in camp). For additional information, see electric2.htm. Type C (European) Type A (American) Time zone: GMT +8, Mongolia does not observe Daylight Savings Time. For time worldwide with GMT/UTC, see Telephone Dialing codes: When calling Mongolia from another country, dial the country s international dialing code, followed by (976) and the number. When calling within Mongolia, omit the (976). When calling another country from Mongolia, dial (00), followed by the other country s country code and the number. PLEASE NOTE: you should check with your cell phone provider to obtain any carrier-specific dialing codes you may need; many providers have dialing procedures that may differ in whole or in part from these directions. For additional information see 16

19 PASSPORTS AND VISAS Will You Need a Passport? Most volunteers traveling from outside Mongolia will require a passport valid for at least six months beyond the dates of travel. Will You Need a Visa? At the time of printing, citizens of the United States do NOT need a visa for Mongolia if they stay for less than 90 days. Citizens of most other countries, including the U.K. and Australia, require tourist visas and should check with the nearest Mongolian embassy or consulate, their travel agent, or a visa agency for specific visa and entry requirements. You will also need a visa if you fly through Russia and may need one for China (if it involves an overnight stay), so you are encouraged to fly through Korea instead. If traveling through China or Russia, you may need a visa for each time you pass through that country for both inbound and outbound travel. All visitors wishing to stay in Mongolia longer than 30 days should be aware that additional requirements may apply, whether or not a visa was initially required. Visitors of more than 30 days must register with the Naturalization and Foreign Citizens Agency in Ulaanbaatar within the first seven days after arrival. Travelers are advised to check visa regulations well in advance of traveling. One source of information is cibtvisas.com/. Information for Volunteers Requiring Visas ONLY Type of visa to get: TOURIST The purpose of your visit is for vacation, holiday, or travel. Immigration officials do not always understand the concept of a working vacation or volunteering. Words such as working, volunteering, research, or scientific expedition can raise questions concerning the country s foreign labor laws and about official scientific research permits and credentials, etc., to which volunteers will not be equipped to respond on their own. All required research permits for the project are in place and have been approved by the proper authorities. Where to get a visa: Contact the nearest Mongolian embassy or consulate to find out how to apply. Please note that this process can take weeks or even months. We strongly recommend using a visa agency, which can both expedite and simplify the process. Suggested Agencies In the U.S.: Travisa; ; In Europe: CIBT, Inc. (UK); info@uk.cibt.com; cibtvisas.co.uk/ In Australia: Ask your travel agency if it can send your visa application on your behalf. Required information: You will need to send your passport (valid for at least six months beyond your stay), a visa application and immigration form, two to four passport-size photos, and payment to the embassy 17

20 or visa agency (if applicable). Please be sure that your passport is valid for at least six months beyond your stay. Contact information: You may be required to list the following contact information on your visa application and immigration form: Zaya s Hostel (AKA Zaya s Backpacker s Hostel) Ulaanbaatar 11, Mongolia Tel: +976 (11) or Mobile: or backpackza@hotmail.com or backpackza@ magicnet.mn Cost of a visa: Generally between US$40 and $100, but varies from country to country and can cost up to US$180. A visa agency will charge an additional fee. Volunteers Under 18 Years of Age In an effort to prevent international child abduction, many governments have procedures at entry and exit points to protect minors. Thus, if a minor will be traveling with only one guardian or alone, he or she may need a notarized letter from all legal guardians stating that the minor may travel unaccompanied or in the presence of a single guardian. If necessary, this letter must give an explanation for why only one parent or someone other than a parent is signing the letter. For example, if one parent is deceased, only one parent has legal guardianship, or someone other than the parents are legal guardians, the letter should state that. Airlines may also have documentation requirements for unaccompanied minors, e.g., a birth certificate or a notarized letter like the one described above. Important: Requirements of specific countries and airlines vary and change frequently. You must keep informed of the requirements on your own to avoid problems at immigration. If the minor is refused entry into a country or onto a flight because of lack of documentation, there is nothing Earthwatch can do to help. 18

21 Project Conditions The Field Environment Please show this section to a doctor when he or she is completing the Health section of your Earthwatch Participation Form. Be sure to discuss vaccination requirements with the doctor well in advance of your departure date. See the Health Information section (pg. 24) for vaccination information. To the doctor: This patient has volunteered to join a field research team that has specific physical demands of which you and the patient should be aware. We need your accurate evaluation of this patient s ability to meet the conditions detailed below in order to care for his or her health and safety, and to assess that he or she can participate fully and effectively. General Conditions The terrain in Ikh Nart is sparsely covered by semi-arid steppe vegetation with several large rocky outcrops. The altitude is approximately 1,250 meters (4,100 feet). Permanent cold-water springs are present in some of the shallow valleys draining the reserve. Temperatures vary considerably from day to day, and even within a single day; during the Earthwatch expeditions, the weather is likely to be relatively wet and hot. From May through September, the temperature can range from -12ºC conditions Conditions during June through July Relative Humidity: 40 % to 66 % Temperature range: 25 F/-4 C to 100 F/38 C Altitude: 3,780 ft/1150 m to 4,100 ft/1250 m Rainfall: 1.5 in/3.8 cm per month (10ºF) to over 38ºC (100ºF). It can get rather cold in May and September, especially at night, while July, August, and increasingly June can be hot. Precipitation is generally low, though most falls in the summer and there can be severe thunderstorms and even flash floods (these are more likely to occur in late June and early July). Essential Eligibility Criteria All participants must be able, independently or with the assistance of a companion, to: Follow verbal and/or visual instructions. enjoy being outdoors all day in all types of weather (see above), in the potential presence of wild animals and insects. 19

22 tolerate widely varying temperatures as low as 25ºF (-4 C) at night and over 100 F (38 C). tolerate long periods of time spent working in direct sunlight with little to no shade available (four to six hours per day) traverse distances of three to four miles (five to eight kilometers) per day on seven days; some days (at minimum two or three) hikes of over six miles (ten kilometers) may be required. The terrain in Ikh Nart can be uneven, with shallow and occasionally steep drainages and valleys, making hiking fairly strenuous. Volunteers can expect some of the hiking to be over steep rocky outcrops (often with loose rock debris) or through soft sand. Distance varies greatly with activity, so volunteers can expect some lighter days and other more strenuous days of hiking. No one will be asked to exert himself or herself more than is comfortable, and all teams will have radios in case someone becomes tired and needs a ride back to camp. Get low enough to the ground to dig and record archaeological features for up to six hours on eight days. Shake and sift excavated material through screens and carry buckets of dirt during the excavation periods. climb rock outcrops using nontechnical climbing to reach archaeological features (may be opted out of). carry a light day pack while out in the field (under 4.5 kilograms/10 pounds) with personal daily supplies such as lunch, water, and some basic field gear (binoculars, writing and recording materials, flagging, camera, GPS, measuring tapes, etc.). Get oneself up into and down out of a vehicle and ride, seated with seatbelt fastened (when available), for about two to six hours a day over bumpy roads and terrain, depending on that day s activity, for eight days of the expedition. live comfortably without a constant and reliable source of electricity. POTENTIAL HAZARDS Hazard Type Transportation Walking, Hiking, and Climbing Terrain Associated Risks and Precautions There are few paved roads outside of Ulaanbaatar. Urban and rural roads are often poorly maintained and can be very bumpy, sandy, or rocky. We may also encounter fast driving, poor lighting, pedestrian traffic, and lack of safety standards and traffic controls; however, the project drivers have experience driving in Mongolia. You must wear a seatbelt whenever possible; note that some project vehicles may not have seatbelts for all seats. You may not drive vehicles or drive or ride on motorbikes. In Ulaanbaatar, vehicular and pedestrian traffic can very heavy; take caution when crossing streets on foot. Terrain is often uneven, and you ll often hike over loose gravel, rocks, steep slopes, or loose sand. The area has several high rocky outcrops, often covered with loose debris; take care to avoid injury while climbing on rocks. Wear sturdy, broken-in footwear with ankle support and watch your steps carefully. Use a walking stick and knee braces if needed. Do not overexert yourself and inform a staff member immediately if you feel tired or ill. The rocky outcrops create maze-like terrain, which can cause confusion. Risks include becoming lost, disoriented, and/or dehydrated. Carry sufficient water and extra batteries for your radios and GPS units, and work with a knowledgeable staff member until you are familiar with the area. Never wander off alone. You must carry and know how to use a VHF radio and GPS unit; project staff will instruct you on how to use this essential equipment if you are unfamiliar with it. 20

23 Climate and Weather Distance to Quality Medical Care Plants Animals Project Equipment and Tasks In this arid environment, you must always carry sufficient water in the field and drink frequently. You will spend most of the day working in direct sun. Even on cool days, use and reapply high-spf sunscreen and high-spf lip balm and wear protective clothing (long sleeves, broad-brimmed hats, and sunglasses). Severe thunderstorms can happen any time, but are rare in late summer and autumn. Strong winds are also possible and can create dust storms. The temperature can vary greatly from day to night and from day to day. Bring clothing that can be layered and a bandana or scarf for protection from windborne dust and sand and carry waterproofs. On this project we will be up to six hours (320 km/200 miles) away from the hospital in Ulaanbaatar, and medical care in Mongolia is not generally up to Western standards. Serious medical cases would require international evacuation, most likely to Hong Kong, Seoul, or Beijing, which may be possible only in daylight. Obtain necessary routine medical and dental care prior to traveling and keep a copy of your personal health records and prescriptions with you. Disclose any medical conditions to Earthwatch and the project staff, and inform project staff of the location of any important medications. Inform a staff member immediately if you feel at all unwell. The nearest clinic is in Shivee-Gobi, 1.5 hours or 60 km (37 miles) away. If you have a chronic condition which could require immediate medical care (heart conditions, kidney problems, severe asthma, etc.) or if you are pregnant, seriously discuss your participation on this expedition with your physician. Several plants are thorny or prickly. Wear foot protection at all times and don t handle plants without looking carefully for thorns, prickles, or nettles. You will be working in grassland areas with potentially high pollen count (especially in spring) and dust. Felts are used for warmth in the gers. Volunteers with allergies should bring appropriate medication (antihistamines, at least two EpiPens, etc.) and inform project staff as well as Earthwatch of your condition and the location of your medication. One poisonous snake, the Central Asian viper, inhabits Ikh Nart. This snake is very rarely lethal, unless the person has an allergy or other compromising condition. Avoid picking up, touching, or approaching snakes (unless part of the Pallas s coluber study, and then only if the coluber is restrained by a researcher first as they are easily confused with poisonous vipers) and inform a staff member if one is spotted. Avoid domestic dogs whenever possible, as rabies is present in Mongolia. You can scare most dogs away by picking up a rock (you don t usually have to throw it). Volunteers may wish to discuss rabies vaccination with their physicians (see the Safety section, pg. 24). In addition, ticks in the area may transmit tick fever (similar to Lyme disease). They are more prevalent during the wet season (July to September), and they are relatively large and easy to spot. Again, wear appropriate footwear (hiking boots that cover the ankle) and check for ticks daily. You may excavate on this project. You will be given a full briefing on safe use of tools and training in the work required. You must take care when bending and kneeling especially if you have back or knee problems. The excavation areas must be clearly marked and everyone must take care when walking around the area to avoid falling into holes, which could cause sprains and strains. 21

24 Personal Security Water Isolation Crime, especially theft, is on the rise in Ulaanbaatar, so guard against pickpockets and people who might cut your bags to get at items inside. Try to never walk around alone, especially after dark. Avoid wearing expensive jewelry and displaying money or cameras, and leave any unnecessary valuables at home. Mongolia has seen some protests against privatization policies and government corruption in recent years. Further protests are possible but are unlikely to turn violent. The risk of terrorism is minimal but volunteers should avoid public demonstrations, large crowds, and political rallies. Tap water in Mongolia is not safe to drink. Drink only water provided by the project. Some volunteers might find the isolation uncomfortable. We will likely have limited communication with the outside world. A satellite telephone will be turned on from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. (Mongolian time) every day to receive emergency calls. Also, we have cell-phone contact from camp that also will permit limited on most days. We can call internationally from this phone if necessary. NOTE: If you may wish to undertake some activities with the Wildlife of the Mongolian Steppe team please review the project conditions listed in the briefing on the project s website: 22

25 Safety Health Information Routine Immunizations All volunteers should have the following up-to-date immunizations: DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus), polio, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), and varicella (if you have not already had chicken pox). Please be sure your tetanus shot is current. Medical decisions are the responsibility of each volunteer and his or her doctor, and the following are recommendations only. Earthwatch can only provide details regarding suggested vaccinations, and we are not a medical organization. Project Vaccinations REQUIRED: If traveling from countries or region where yellow fever is endemic, you must have a certificate of vaccination. RECOMMENDED FOR HEALTH REASONS: Typhoid, hepatitis A and B, rabies Advice Regarding Diseases Traveler s diarrhea affects many international travelers. Diseases occurring in Mongolia may include rabies, tickborne encephalitis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, HIV/ AIDS and hepatitis, foot and mouth disease, meningitis, anthrax, cholera, and isolated cases of bubonic plague associated with marmots. There may also be a risk of avian influenza. Please see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( or World Health Organization ( websites for more information on these conditions and how to avoid them. You can decrease your risk of most diseases above by avoiding mosquito bites, practicing good hygiene, and drinking only bottled or filtered water when appropriate. If you feel ill once you return from your trip, make sure you inform your doctor that you have recently returned from Mongolia. A few notes on vaccinations and treatment: Rabies: Volunteers should consider rabies vaccination since the teams will be working in an extremely remote area. However, volunteers are not required to handle animals, and the risk of rabies transmission is low (there is probably greater risk of rabies from dogs in the capital of Ulaanbaatar than during the fieldwork). the rabies pre-exposure vaccination consists of three doses over a 28-day period. Please be sure to consult your physician or travel health clinic well before your expedition to ensure that you have time for the full vaccination series. If you have previously been vaccinated, a booster shot may be required. whether you have been vaccinated or not, always avoid loose and stray dogs. The pre-exposure vaccination does not eliminate the need for postexposure medical attention and treatment, but it does provide additional protection against the disease in event of a delay in treatment. In addition, bites or scratches should be immediately and thoroughly washed with soap, clean water, and a topical povidone-iodine solution or ethanol. Tuberculosis: Volunteers returning from developing countries may wish to have a (PPD)-tuberculin skin-test to screen for potential infection. Yellow fever: A vaccination protecting against yellow fever is available, although pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals cannot be vaccinated. Your home country may require a certificate of vaccination for re-entry if you travel to an area where yellow fever is endemic. EMERGENCIES IN THE FIELD On this project we will be up to six hours (320 km/200 miles) away from the hospital in Ulaanbaatar, and medical care in Mongolia is not generally up to Western standards. Serious medical cases would require international evacuation, most likely to Hong Kong, Seoul, or Beijing, which may be possible only in daylight. Physician, nurse, or EMT on staff: Project staff members are not medical professionals. Staff certified in safety training: Selenge Tuvdendorj, Dave Kenny, Kevin Fitzgerald, Diana Boon, Cindy Bickel, Ganchimeg Wingard, Rich Reading, Mary Jo Willis, Vern Veer, and John Azua are certified in CPR and basic first aid. 23

26 Nearest hospital and clinic: There is a clinic approximately 1.5 hours away in Shivee- Gobi. The Shivee-Gobi Health Center is staffed by a trained nurse but has no telephone. INSURANCE MedEvac assistance, advice, and insurance are included MedEvac assistance, advice, and insurance are included in the contribution you pay to Earthwatch. The insurance covers your travel medical risks, including medical expenses and emergency medical evacuation, while you are traveling. It also provides trip cancellation insurance and baggage and personal money insurance. It doesn t provide personal liability insurance. This coverage is valid in the country of your Earthwatch expedition and during travel to and from your expedition. (Note: For U.S. volunteers, the coverage is valid only when the expedition is over 100 miles (160 kilometers) from your place of residence. For Australia volunteers, the coverage is limited if the expedition is less than 50 kilometers from your place of residence). This insurance policy is secondary to your existing health insurance policy (e.g., NHS in the U.K., Medicare in Australia). Because of different governing laws in each country, policies are specific to each regional Earthwatch office. Please check with your sign up office about your insurance coverage. If you signed up through Earthwatch U.K. or Earthwatch Japan, visit: If you signed up through Earthwatch U.S., visit: www. earthwatch.org/insurance. If you signed up through the U.K., U.S., or Japan: If you have additional vacation time before and/or after your Earthwatch expedition that forms part of your overall time away from your place of residence, this additional vacation time is not covered under this policy. If you signed up through Earthwatch Australia, visit: www. earthwatch.org/australia/expeditions/insurance/ or contact Earthwatch Australia. Please refer any queries regarding Earthwatch s policy to Earthwatch s Operations Department at or insurance@earthwatch.org. Emergency Medical and Evacuation Assistance Emergency medical and evacuation assistance from CEGA Medical, a 24-hour international service, is also included in your contribution. Please see the contact information in the Medical and Security Assistance Helpline Numbers section on the inside back cover. You can also call CEGA for non-emergency information before your trip, such as advice on visas and vaccine requirements. 24

27 Project Staff Your Resources in the Field Joan S. Schneider received her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in anthropology from the University of California, Riverside. Recently retired from her position as associate state archaeologist with the California State Parks, she continues to teach and pursue her research interests. Her research focuses on why prehistoric people (particularly women) chose certain stones for tools and vessels, and how these stones relates to the tasks performed or uses of the artifacts. Schneider has worked for over 20 years in the deserts of the world, including the Colorado, Mojave, Sonoran, and Negev. She has conducted field projects in Joshua Tree and Death Valley National Parks in the U.S., and in northern Israel, as well as directing archaeological field school for the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Present on both teams. Earthwatch scientist Ms. Ganchimeg Wingard (Gana) is the Mongolia program director at the DZF. She holds two master s degrees, one from Prague University in environmental science and the most recent (2005) in wildlife ecology from the University of Montana, where she studied argali and domestic livestock feeding relationships at Ikh Nart. A Mongolian national, Gana is a resident of Denver, Colorado and speaks fluent English. She has experience leading ecotours in Mongolia and will be present on both teams. Jennifer Farquhar holds a master s degree from California State University, Sacramento, and has expertise in lithic (stone tool) analysis. She is a principal archaeologist with Albion Environmental, Inc. in Santa Cruz, California. She is the immediate past-president of the Society for California Archaeology and continues to serve on the SCA Board of Directors. Her interest in Mongolia has grown since she participated in the Ikh Nart project in Patrick Hadel graduated from San Diego City College and has extremely wide and deep experience in field archaeology. His research interests include cultural resource conservation and interpretation and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) applications in archaeology. His Mongolian experiences include three years (2010 to 2012) with the Ikh Nart project and previous work in the northern part of Mongolia. Dalantai Sarantuya is a staff archaeologist at the Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences. He is a graduate of Mongolian Educational University and has been with the Ikh Nart project since In 2012 he received an Earthwatch Schulman Award for emerging conservation leaders. He is working on improving his skills in written and spoken English and has attended the special Intensive English Program at the University of California, Riverside. Yadamaa Tzerendagva (Tsedo), Ph.D., is a principal archaeologist at the Mongolian Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology. He is particularly interested in lithic technology and rock art, but studies all phases of his country s past. He has published in English, Mongolian, and Russian. Most of his research has taken place in the Altai (northern) region of Mongolia, and this is his first project in the southeastern portion of the country, where almost no archaeological research has been done. Present on both teams. Note: Staff schedules are subject to change. 25

28 Recommended Reading Your Resources at Home resources Books Chambers, J. The Devil s Horsemen: the Mongol Invasion of Europe. New York: Antheneum, Finch, C. (ed). Mongolia s Wild Heritage: Biological Diversity, Protected Areas, and Conservation in the Land of Chingis Khan. Boulder, CO: Avery Press, Gallenkamp, C. Dragon Hunter: Roy Chapman Andrews and the Central Asiatic Expeditions. New York: Viking Press, Goldstein, M.C. and C.M. Beall. The Changing World of Mongolia s Nomads. Berkeley: University of California Press, Man, J. Gobi: Tracking the Desert. New Haven: Yale University Press, Morgan, D. The Mongols. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers,1986 ratchnevsky, P. Genghis Kahn: His Life and Legacy. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, Schaller, G.B. Wildlife of the Tibetan Plateau. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Note: includes some information about Mongolia as well. Weatherford, Jack. Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World. New York: Broadway Publishers, Note: Although the title is somewhat misleading, this is a very readable and enjoyable account of the contributions that the Mongolian people and their ways of life have made to the world. Written by a anthropology professor for popular audiences. Article Williams, M. (ed). Mongolia: Biodiversity at a Crossroads. In Biodiversity Briefings from Northern Eurasia, Volume 2, Issue 1. The Center for Russian Nature Conservation, Field Guide Reading, R.P., D. Kenny, and B. Steinhauer- Burkart. (2011). Ikh Nart Nature Reserve: Argali Stronghold. 2nd ed. Nature-Guide No. 4, Mongolia. Note: available for purchase from Rich Reading at rreading@denverzoo.org for US$10 plus shipping. All proceeds go to support our conservation activities in Ikh Nart. Film Davaa, B. and Falorni, L. (directors) The Story of the Weeping Camel (nominated for an Academy Award). Earthwatch s Volunteer Resources Please see Earthwatch s Volunteer Resources pages for additional information on: Travel agencies with whom Earthwatch volunteers can get preferential rates Recommended kit and clothing providers Recommended travel booksellers Volunteers who sign up through our US office, visit: www. earthwatch.org/volunteerresources Volunteers who sign up through our UK office, visit: www. earthwatch.org/europe/volunteerresources Social media: Find Earthwatch on Facebook at www. facebook.com/earthwatch, follow us on Twitter earthwatch_org, and see videos of many Earthwatch expeditions on YouTube at earthwatchinstitute. If you re on Twitter, use the hashtag #globaltweet when in the field with Earthwatch to help literally put your work on the map of worldwide volunteering efforts. We also invite you to use the Facebook and TurnTo plug-in features right on our website s expedition pages to connect with other volunteers and staff. 26

29 Participant Rights and Responsibilities have the right to place additional restrictions on your ability to share data or certain research-related images. Conversely, an Earthwatch scientist may give written permission to use data and images for academic or profitable activity. Please be sure to ask what is acceptable to the Earthwatch scientist. Fellows or scholarship recipients are sometimes required to submit a written report reflecting what they have learned on a project, sometimes as a step toward developing a curriculum. Earthwatch scientists have the right but not the obligation to review and edit materials involving information gathered on one of their expeditions. This document contains important information concerning Earthwatch Institute policies and participant rights and responsibilities for inclusion in an Earthwatch expedition. Please read this document thoroughly and sign the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form to indicate that you understand and accept the risks inherent to your expedition and the policies, rights, and responsibilities enumerated in this document. You will not be permitted to participate in an expedition until Earthwatch has received the signed release form. Intellectual Property Rights It is permissible to share photos, videos, and stories of your expedition with family, friends, local media, and in a public forum. Sharing your new perspectives and experiences is welcomed and encouraged. However, please recognize that all information, data, and images shared or gathered in the course of your expedition s field work become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist. Co-opting or plagiarism of data, images, or information gathered during an expedition for use in a scientific thesis, master s, or PhD work, or for profit or for the academic or business use of a third party without the permission of the Earthwatch scientist is strictly prohibited. Please be aware that data gathered during the interviewing of local people become the intellectual property of the Earthwatch scientist. Earthwatch scientists Discrimination Earthwatch does not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law and respects participants right to privacy. However, you must be aware that local laws in countries in which Earthwatch operates may not be antidiscriminatory and that the possibility exists that local residents may not have an awareness of preferred practice regarding discrimination. Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation will not be tolerated on Earthwatch teams. Disruptive behavior or verbal, physical, or any other type of abuse or harassment will also not be tolerated. Violation of Earthwatch s nondiscrimination policy is grounds for expulsion from the program without a refund. Intimate relationships Earthwatch scientists, their staff, their colleagues, and their associates are prohibited from becoming romantically involved with participants during the entire duration of the period that the team is in the field. Romantic relationships that may otherwise seem permissible may eventually create an unpleasant or unproductive work environment and are therefore prohibited for the duration of an Earthwatch project. Sexual Harassment Please recognize that the relationship that exists between Earthwatch scientists and staff and participants is 27

30 analogous to the student-teacher relationship. Therefore, please be aware of the following policies. Sexual harassment of participants by the Earthwatch scientist or Earthwatch staff is prohibited. Likewise, sexual harassment of other participants, Earthwatch field staff, or local people by participants is also prohibited. Sexual harassment infringes on an individual s right to an environment free from unsolicited and unwelcome sexual overtones of conduct either verbal or physical. Sexual harassment does not mean occasional compliments of a socially acceptable nature. Sexual harassment refers to conduct which is offensive, which harms morale, or which interferes with the effectiveness of Earthwatch expedition teams; such conduct is prohibited. Lewd or vulgar remarks, suggestive comments, displaying derogatory posters, cartoons, or drawings, pressure for dates or sexual favors, and unacceptable physical contact or exposure are examples of what can constitute harassment. No one should be touched in areas that would be covered by a bathing suit. It is important to realize that what may not be offensive to you may be offensive to participants, the local population, or Earthwatch field staff. Any individual who feels subjected to sexual harassment or has any knowledge of such behavior should report it at once to the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff member. The Earthwatch scientist or Field Team Leader will notify Earthwatch when an accusation of sexual harassment or abuse is made or when such conduct is witnessed. All reports of sexual harassment will be handled with discretion and will be promptly and thoroughly investigated. Any participant who is found to have engaged in conduct constituting sexual harassment will be removed from the expedition at his or her own expense. If a minor is involved in allegations of sexual harassment, his or her parents or guardians will be contacted. Drugs Laws on drug use in most countries are severe and may impose lengthy prison terms or the death penalty. The manufacture, possession, use, purchase, or sale of illegal drugs or other illegal substances while on an Earthwatch expedition is strictly prohibited. Prescription drugs may only be purchased and used by the individual indicated on the prescription in keeping with their intended use guidelines. Alcohol Local statutes, customs, practices, ordinances, and regulations with regard to the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol are applicable to all participants and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions. Participants 28

31 and project staff on Earthwatch expeditions must comply with the law of the country in which a project is located regarding the minimum age required to consume alcohol. In addition, restriction on the use, possession, sale, or purchase of alcohol may be set by the Earthwatch scientist. Any restrictions on the consumption of alcohol should be clearly outlined by the project staff in the on-site briefing to participants at the start of the project and in the expedition briefing. Consumption or possession of alcohol or smoking is not permitted on any Earthwatch Teen Team, regardless of local law. Excessive consumption of alcohol by staff or participants is not acceptable on any Earthwatch project. Intoxication can jeopardize personal safety, in addition to the safety of the team. It can also cause delay and hinder response in the event of a crisis or emergency situation. Earthwatch staff and the Earthwatch scientist have the discretion to remove individuals from the project who consume alcohol in a time and manner that endanger the safety and/or productivity of the expedition. Minors Earthwatch considers participants less than eighteen (18) years of age to be minors. Minors are not permitted to participate on any of Earthwatch s standard teams unless accompanied by a parent or legal guardian, in which case the minimum age is fifteen (15). Guardians accompanying minors on standard teams must be 21 years of age or over. Minors on standard teams do not receive additional guidance or supervision from Earthwatch beyond what is offered to the adult participants. The total number of minors on standard teams may be limited on a project by project basis; this will be noted in the expedition briefing. A maximum of two minors may accompany each parent or guardian on a standard or Family Team. Earthwatch has developed teams specifically for 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds ( Teen Teams ) as well as teams specifically for families ( Family Teams ) with children as young as 10 years. These teams focus on the same research activities and have the same expectations as our regular teams, but with more facilitation and support. Exceptions for some projects may be made at the discretion of Earthwatch and the Earthwatch scientist. Due to a more in-depth screening process for certain programs that select candidates based on school year rather than age, there may be 18-year-olds fielding on the same team as 15-, 16- and 17-year-olds. Please be aware that some Earthwatch projects do not allow participation by minors in any circumstance. Participants and Driving Participants are not allowed to drive project vehicles (including motorcycles or all terrain vehicles) or aircraft 29

32 during an expedition. In select circumstances, participants may be able to drive boats under the direct supervision by project staff. These circumstances are predetermined by project staff in collaboration with Earthwatch. Participants must respect the restrictions for boat driving in place for each project. If a project environment is such that participants can drive their own vehicles to the rendezvous, those who have driven themselves to the project may not drive their own vehicles to, from, or for project activities, including the transport of project equipment after arriving at the site. Participants who have driven themselves to the project may choose to utilize their own vehicles during recreational time, but project staff will brief them on any driving restrictions. All driving during recreational time is done at your own risk. Please be advised that the only exception to the above driving restrictions is emergency situations. Riding in other participants vehicles is not covered under the participants insurance policy for the expedition. Riding in another participant s vehicle is done at a participant s own risk. In the Event of an Emergency In the event of emergencies, judgments must be made by Earthwatch field staff and participants. While Earthwatch makes an effort to ensure that qualified people make the most informed decisions possible, occasionally first aid may be administered and other immediate steps taken by expedition participants who are not licensed medical providers. Each Earthwatch expedition has safety protocols and emergency procedures in place. Earthwatch encourages team members (the field staff and participants) to exercise their best judgment with regard to their own safety and the safety of other team members. Other participants may perform Good Samaritan actions, or actions taken to assist fellow participants during emergency situations in the field. However, Earthwatch does not encourage or expect you to jeopardize your own safety or that of others in attempting to rescue or assist your fellow team members. Right of Refusal Earthwatch reserves the right to refuse an applicant s participation in an Earthwatch project at any time and to terminate any work being done by a participant and require the participant to vacate the project site if the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff member in his or her absolute discretion considers it appropriate. In this event, the participant (and his or her parents or guardians, if appropriate) will be responsible for arranging and paying for any accommodation, travel, or other arrangements which may be necessary following the termination of a participant s involvement in a project, for whatever reason, and will not be eligible for a refund. Earthwatch may not refuse an applicant s participation in a project for discriminatory reasons (race, religion, ethnicity, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, or any other reason prohibited by applicable law). However, an application may be denied in the interest of team compatibility or due to logistical limitations. Earthwatch will make reasonable efforts to accommodate participants with disabilities, and the organization endeavors to find appropriate expeditions for those participants who have physical limitations. Refusal of an applicant is an unusual event and is generally done either because of an applicant s failure to meet the essential eligibility requirements of a particular project or in the interest of team compatibility. In the event that an applicant is refused participation for health reasons, Earthwatch will refund in full any deposit or payment made toward the expedition. Earthwatch scientists have the right to refuse special requests, such as visits by media (film, photography, or print), special groups, or teams (students, donors, etc.), if they conflict with Earthwatch scientist schedules, safety, research objectives, or general performance of the team. Any participant found in violation of any of the policies described in this document ( Participant Rights and Responsibilities ) is subject to removal from the team at his or her own expense. By signing the Liability Release section of your Earthwatch Participation Form, you are indicating that you have read and understand the policies in this document. Removal of a participant from a team is at the discretion of the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff. In addition, Earthwatch will support the right of the Earthwatch scientist, Field Team Leader, or other Earthwatch staff to send a participant away from a project once in the field should his or her behavior compromise the safety, research objectives, or general performance of the team, or if the participant has violated a stated policy. In the event that a minor is dismissed from a project, Earthwatch will contact the participant s parents or guardians prior to his or her dismissal. Should a participant be removed from a team, he or she is responsible for any and all costs associated with departure from the team and will receive neither refund of the minimum contribution for the expedition nor any expenses incurred by participation on the expedition. (November 2012) 30

33 Communications Contact Information Emergency Communications All groups working in the field will have radios in case anyone gets tired and needs a ride to camp. In the case of an emergency, team members can use the satellite phone or use a cellphone from camp to call domestically or internationally and (usually) . We will check daily if possible. A satellite phone will be turned on from 7:30 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. (Mongolian time) each day to receive incoming emergency calls. We will provide the satellite phone number to Earthwatch, so if volunteers require an emergency incoming call, that caller should contact Earthwatch first. The 24-hour helpline at Earthwatch headquarters in the U.K. is +44 (0) (see facing page for calling instructions). You may also call Earthwatch in the US at +1 (978) volunteer contact info This information is available in the print version of the briefing only. Contact Earthwatch for assistance. 31

34 Message from Earthwatch Dear Earthwatcher, Thank you for joining this expedition! We greatly appreciate your decision to contribute to hands-on environmental science and conservation. As an Earthwatch volunteer, you have the opportunity to create positive change. And while you re out in the field working toward that change, we are committed to caring for your safety. Although risk is an inherent part of the environments in which we work, we ve been providing volunteer field experiences with careful risk management and diligent planning for over 40 years. You re in good hands. We hope this expedition will inspire you to get more involved in conservation and sustainable development priorities not just out in the field, but also when you return home. We encourage you to share your experiences with others, and to transfer your skills and enthusiasm to environmental conservation efforts in your workplace, community, and home. If you have questions as you prepare for your expedition, contact your Earthwatch office. Thank you for your support, and enjoy your expedition! Sincerely, Larry Mason President and CEO Connect with other Earthwatchers on Facebook at facebook.com/ Earthwatch or find us on Earthwatch s 24-Hour Helpline If you need help at any time, call Earthwatch s 24-hour on-call duty officer in the U.K.: +44 (0) If you reach voic , state that you have an emergency communication and leave a clear message with the name of the field program, your name, the location from which you are calling, and, if possible, a phone number where you can be reached. An Earthwatch staff person will respond to your call within one hour. You may also call Earthwatch in the U.S.: +1 (978) After business hours, leave your message with our live answering service who will contact an Earthwatch staff person who will respond to your call. Medical and Security Assistance Helpline Numbers (For assistance while in the field) When calling any of the helplines, please mention Earthwatch and policy reference number CEGA Emergency Medical & Travel Assistance: +44 (0) You may call this number collect or reverse charges if necessary in a medical emergency. Henderson Risk Security Assistance and Advice: +44 (0) axisenquiries@hendersonrisk.com 32

35 Earthwatch U.S. 114 Western Ave. Boston, MA www. earthwatch.org Phone: Toll-Free: Fax: Earthwatch Europe Mayfield House 256 Banbury Rd. Oxford, OX2 7DE United Kingdom Phone: Fax: Earthwatch Australia 126 Bank St. South Melbourne, VIC 3205 Australia australia Phone: Fax: Earthwatch Japan Sanbancho TY Plaza 5F Sanbancho 24-25, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo Japan Phone: Fax: