DESIGN ANALYSIS OF A PRESSURIZED KEROSENE STOVE WITH AN OVEN OKWU ELEMCHUKWU ISAAC, M.T.LILLY AND AKPOBOME, OKE KELVIN Abstract This research is aimed at describing the design and fabrication of a pressurized kerosene stove with an oven and ways of improving on already existing pressurized kerosene stoves. The design consists of a tank (cylinder) to store the kerosene, pressure gauge used to measure the pressure in the tank, a valve for controlling fluid (fuel) direction, pipes which runs from the tank to the burners, pipe filters (replaceable ones) used to prevent dirt so as to produce fine steady blue flame. It also has appliance rollers with brakes for easy movement and stability, and of course the oven which has a thick transparent glass to enable the user views the oven chamber and a 2 thermometer to check the temperature. A pressure of 3N/m applied to the cylinder produces -6 3 4.71x10 m /s volume of kerosene and 179.922KJ of heat energy per second. Thus, from the calculation the heat in the oven is 179.644KW. Key Words: Heat, Power, Energy, Pressure. 67
Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology 1.0 Introduction In the recent times, global warming has created a worrisome scenario in all spheres of life due to its direct relationship with climate change. Global warming is linked to the amount of carbon and other greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere. The amount of carbon you personally produce in a year can be determined using carbon calculator. Carbon footprint is the amount of greenhouse gas emitted by a person or population over a certain period of time. Consequently, the more of these gasses that is let into the atmosphere, the worse it is for the environment. Global warming is linked to the amount of carbon and other greenhouse gases being emitted into the atmosphere. Your carbon footprint gives an indication of your impact on the environment, which is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and gas. It is measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide emitted per year (Emmanuel and. Funmilayo, 2016 ) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and as such increases global warming. Carbon dioxide is constantly being exchanged among the atmosphere, oceans and land surfaces as it is both produced and absorbed by many microorganisms, plants and animals. However, emissions and removal of CO2 by these natural processes tend to balance (EPA, 2015) A lot of damage has been done to Nigeria's land through the processes of deforestation, notably contributing to the overwhelming trend of desertification. Desertification is the encroachment of the desert on land what was once fertile (Omofonmwan and Osa-Edoh, 2008). A study conducted from 1901 to 2005 gathered that there was a temperature increase in Nigeria of 1.1 C, while the global mean temperature increase was only 0.74 C. The same study also found in the same period of time that the amount of rainfall in the country decreased by 81mm. It was noticed that both of these trends simultaneously had sharp changes in the 1970s (Odjugo, 2010) from 1990 to 2010 Nigeria nearly halved their amount of Forest Cover, moving from 17,234 to 9041 hectares. The combination of extremely high deforestation rates, increased temperatures and decreasing rainfall are all contributing to the desertification of the country. The carbon emissions from deforestation is also said to account for 87% of the total carbon emissions of the country (Akinbami, 2003). Individual lifestyle has immediate, future, The design and fabrication of a pressurized kerosene stove with an oven arouse due to the effects of pressure on kerosene in an enclosed tank or cylinder, the atomization of the fuel which occurs by forcing it through a small jet (opening) under high pressure to break it into a fine misted spray through the orifice at centre of the burner, which is pre-heated by methylated spirit, (alcohol), in the spirit cup below the burner, when sufficiently heated, the fine misted spray of hot kerosene leaves through the orifice at the burner, air mixes 68
Design Analysis Of A Pressurized Kerosene Stove With An Oven with the gas and it burns with a sharp blue flame, Kerosene, a thin, clear liquid formed from 3 hydrocarbons, with a density of 0.78-0.81g/cm, is obtained from the fractional distillation of o o petroleum between 150 c to 275 c, resulting in a mixture of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule, (Collins, 2007). It is pressurized with the help of a pump and is driven to the burner by air under pressure. 1.1 Design Objectives and Requirements The objectives of this research or study are, 1. To present a stove with oven that is simple and is easy to operate. 2. To eliminate health hazards posed by CO and other poisonous gases produced by the use of wood. 3. To minimize cooking time. 4. To enhance food preservation because the oven can be used for drying. 1.2 Review of Recent Study A portable kerosene pressure-cooker was designed and constructed, this design consists of three parts: the cylinder, the piping, and the frame. The R-12 refrigerant cylinder was redesigned to suit the kerosene cylinder, since it has the desirable features for that purpose. Using the principles of fluid dynamics, this work was able to establish a certain cooker power under a constant pressure. (Mor, 2010) A 700mm 340mm pressure stove was also designed and constructed. It consists of a kindler, a relief valve and a pump that is used to pressurize the kerosene was also designed. The kerosene is under gravitational force, if one control valve is opened, kerosene gets to the burner which is made in contour form to delay circulation initially. 1.3 Intended Design The design consists of a cylinder or tank, the piping, burners, the frame and the oven, the tank is pressurized by a built-in foot-pump, a lighter is attached to help fuss the two burners, it also consists of a pressure relief valve which serves as a flame control knob and a pressure gauge used to check the pressure of the cylinder. 2.0 Material and Method 2.1 Material Selection In the bid to actualize this project, the selection of materials was guided by following factors and material properties. 1. Availability of materials 2. Cost of materials 3. Strength of the materials 4. Resistance to fatigue 5. Thermal conductivity 6. Resistance to wear 7. Weldability 8. Machinability 2.1.2 Design Considerations 69
Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology In the bid to design and construct a pressure kerosene stove (cooker) with an oven, the right choices of the following materials to use were carefully made. 1. The choice of cylinder or tank, where the kerosene is kept. 2. The choice of burner 3. The choice of pump. 3.0 Result and Discussion 3.1 Flow Through Pipes And Burners Applying bernoullis equation to the flow through the pipe 70
Design Analysis Of A Pressurized Kerosene Stove With An Oven 3.1.1 Steady State Conduction through a Composite Wall For a practical oven, the walls are made of several materials, one behind the other, such walls is called composite wall (Rajput 2004). In the case of the oven, the walls is made up of an inner layer of metal, a middle layer of insulating material, and an outer layer of metal. 71
Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology From the design, R A = R C this is because of the use of iron for both materials. Thus, 72
Design Analysis Of A Pressurized Kerosene Stove With An Oven TABLE 3.1 Bill of Engineering measurement and Evaluation (BEME) S/No Material Unit Cost (N) Quantity Total Cost 1. Cylinder 2000 1 2000 2. Burners 500 4 2000 3. Flexible hose 300 1 300 4. Manual pump 800 1 800 5. Blue oil paint 350 2 700 6. Glass 3000 1 3000 7. Labour cost 10,000 10,000 8. Refractory materials 5000 1 5000 9. Non-returnable rollers 200 4 800 10 Total 24,600 4.0 Conclusion This design was carried out in recognition of the present problems experienced by many Nigerians due to irregular supply of electricity and the persistent scarcity of petroleum products. Also, the environmental and health hazards associated with firewood cooking were also taken into cognizance. The various problems associated with the conventional kerosene stove were also highlighted, and this design is meant to overcome these problems especially the problem of sooty flame. In fact, one of the major successes of this work was the ability to incorporate an oven to make the baking process faster, better, and safer for home users, which is of great importance. 73
Nigerian Journal Of Oil And Gas Technology REFERENCES Akinbami, J. (2003). "An Integrated Strategy for Sustainable Forest energy environment Interactions in Nigeria". Journal of Environmental Management 69 2 (2003): 115-28. Science Direct Collins, Chris (2007). "Implementing Phytoremediation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons." Methods of Biotechnology (Humana Press) (23): 99-108. Emmanuel and. Funmilayo, 2016. "Woes and Ways Out of Carbon Footprint" Implications Proceedings of the isteams Multidisciplinary Cross-Border Conference University of Professional Studies, Accra Ghana 2016 EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 2015: Carbon dioxide emissions. th http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html Retrieved on 4 October 2016 Eastop, T.D. and McConkey, A. (1993).Applied thermodynamic for engineering technologist, fifth edition, (Addision Wesley Longman Ltd, Harlow, England) Johnson, R.C. (1979). "A Method of Optimum Design." Journal Of Mechanical design, Trans A.S.M.E, Vol. 101, No. 4,. th J.F. Douglas, J.M. Gasiorek, J.A. Swaffield (1993) Fluid mechanics. 5 ed., Pitma Publishing, Edinburgh. Mor Kenechukwu D. (2010) "The Design and Construction of a Portable Kerosene Pressure Cooker" An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal. Vol. 4(2). Odjugo, P. A. "General Overview of Climate Change Impacts in Nigeria." Journal of Human Ecology 29.1 (2010): 47-55. EBSCO. Omofonmwan, S.I., and G. I. Osa-Edoh. "The Challenges of Environmental Problems in Nigeria." Journal of Human Ecology 23.1 (2008): 53-57. 9. R.K. Rajput (2004). A text book of Fluid Mechanic and Hydraulic Machine pp 639,643-643, S. Chad Publishing New Delhi 74