Aircraft Technology Impact on Airport Capacity Bob Kelley-Wickemeyer Chief Engineer Boeing Enabling Technology & Research
Agenda Traffic Growth Airplane size Flight frequency Fuel Supply Community Noise Reduction Adverse Weather April 20, 2000 2
Priorities Safety Precision approaches Runway condition Ground De-icing Runway incursions Traffic Growth April 20, 2000 3
April 20, 2000 4
Between Airports Traffic Growth Build an CNS/ATM web that can support the traffic without delays At Airports Build more runways to deal with the volume, or Get more passengers through the existing runways Make bigger airplanes Increase operations frequency April 20, 2000 5
Airplane size Rough order of size Runway / overpass / bridge strength Span - Gate width (Folding wings) Length - Dock size (Two deck loading) 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Gross Size Trends Weight 2000# Span or Length - feet 2 Deck Length - feet 0 400 600 800 1000 Approx. Number of Passengers April 20, 2000 6
The requirement ❶ To make money -- for the airlines Strategies 10 10 10 Halve Fuel costs -- 6% rev (3x profit) Halve Maintenance 4+%rev (2x profit) Halve Ownership -- 15% rev (7x profit) 10 Halve Purchase Price 10 Double Utilization Trip TAROC Airline Profits Crew Fuel Main't Fees Own Allocated Trip & Allocated Ticket Commissions Costs Admin & Overhead $ $ Trip Revenue Own = Total Purchase Costs Total trips in airplane Life Own = Purchase Price ( 1 + K ) Trips Day Days Year Years Life April 20, 2000 7
The Blended Wing Body to address Fuel Burn April 20, 2000 8
A Different Solution to address utilization April 20, 2000 9
Flight Frequency Limiting factor is often airplane spacing due to wing wake vortex Eliminate the vortex Avoid the encounter FAA / ICAO separation standards AVOS, Socrates, etc Deal with an encounter April 20, 2000 10
Video of Boeing Invention April 20, 2000 11
Fuel Supply Conventional fuels - at least 80 year supply Wide range of alternatives but infrastructure airplane changes not always retrofitable April 20, 2000 13
Cost of Alternative Aircraft Fuels 6 5 Fuel Cost ($/equivalent gallon of Jet A) 4 3 2 1 Price of Jet Fuel 0 Liquid Hydrogen Liquid Methane Methanol Ethanol Synthetic Kerosene The selling price of alternative fuels will have to produce excellent profits to attract venture capital. April 20, 2000 14
Effect of Alternate Fuels LH2 Better fuel burn for greater than transcon flights Fueling losses are significant Need infrastructure Liquid Methane Like LH2 Change in Energy Consumption with LH2 Delta rel to Jet A Flight 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% Flight + Losses 1750 3000 5500 Flight Distance - nm April 20, 2000 15
Community Noise Reductions Stage III minus 8 to 10 db Probably doable on new airplanes Sometimes retrofitable May be problems with preferential runways and cross winds. Remote area cruise noise will still be heard April 20, 2000 16
dba Now 2020 April 20, 2000 17
Engine Noise Reduction Forecast LIP LINER SCARF INLET 2005 2.0 0.6 2003 2.0 ROTOR WAKE MANAGEMENT 2015 10.0 4.0 SAW-TOOTH NOZZLES 2006 3.0 1.0 0.6 ADVANCED ROTOR ADAPTIVE LINERS A-MAX LINING File: 2015 Forecast 2006 2.0 0.6 2012 5.0 2.0 2003 5.0 3.0 QUIET FAN EXIT GUIDE VANES ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL 2005 2.0 0.5 2015 10.0 2.0 TAILORED FAN DUCT LININGS ACTIVE JET WAKE CONTROL April 20, 2000 18 10 db 0 ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION FORECAST 2004 5.0 2.0 2010 5.0 1.5 2000 2005 2010 2015
Airframe Noise Reduction Forecast SLAT TREATMENTS 2008 3.0 AIRFRAME NOISE db 0.8 SEALED SLAT AT LANDING 2008 3.0 AIRFRAME NOISE db 0.7 FLAP EDGE TREATMENTS 2008 3.0 AIRFRAME NOISE db 0.8 CLEANER LANDING GEAR 2010 5.0 AIRFRAME NOISE db 1.0 UNIFORM SPANWISE LIFT 2008 3.0 AIRFRAME NOISE db 1.0 File: 2015 Forecast April 20, 2000 19 5 db 0 AIRFRAME NOISE REDUCTION FORECAST 2000 2005 2010 2015
Airplane Design Choice Driven by Noise Superior low speed L/D Engines over wing to shield inlet noise completely Highly efficient engines and wing for low takeoff weight leading to lower takeoff thrust and noise But... Engines forward of trailing edge to shield aft engine noise Low noise flap and slat designs or innovative quiet highlift designs April 20, 2000 20
Adverse Weather Runway Conditions Cart results not always helpful Grooves Ground De-ice Type IV fluids Condition monitoring cameras April 20, 2000 21