Surname Centre No. Initial(s) Paper Reference 1 3 1 2 Candidate No. 4 H Signature Paper Reference(s) 1312/4H Examiner s use only Edexcel GCSE Team Leader s use only Geography A Higher Tier Question Number Blank Paper 4H 1 Thursday 12 June 2008 Afternoon Time: 1 hour 15 minutes 2 Materials required for examination Nil 3 4 Items included with question papers Resource Booklet Instructions to Candidates In the boxes above, write your centre number, candidate number, your surname, initials and signature. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer two questions. You must choose either Question 1 (Managing the Environment) or Question 2 (Managing Hazards) and either Question 3 (Managing Tourism) or Question 4 (Managing Urban Areas). Do not use pencil. Use blue or black ink. For each section, indicate which question you are answering by marking the box ( ). If you change your mind, put a line through the box ( ) and then indicate your new question with a cross ( ). Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Include diagrams in your answers, where these are helpful. Information for Candidates The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in round brackets: e.g. (2). There are 4 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 60. There are 28 pages in this question paper. Any pages are indicated. The following abbreviations are used throughout this paper: LEDC: Less Economically Developed Country MEDC: More Economically Developed Country. Advice to Candidates You will be assessed on your ability to organise and present information, ideas, descriptions and arguments clearly and logically, including your use of grammar, punctuation and spelling. This publication may be reproduced only in accordance with Edexcel Limited copyright policy. 2008 Edexcel Limited. Printer s Log. No. M31214A W850/S1312/57570 5/6/6/3 Total Turn over *M31214A0128*
Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 1 put a cross in this box. 1. (a) Study Photograph A and Photograph B in the Resource Booklet. Photograph A shows an area of Swanage beach in 2002. Photograph B shows the same area of Swanage beach in 2006. (i) Sand has been added to the beach between 2002 and 2006. State two pieces of evidence from the photographs to justify this statement. What is the name of this coastal management technique? (2) (ii) Choose another soft engineering technique used to protect coastlines. Chosen soft engineering technique... Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of the soft engineering technique. advantage... disadvantage... (3) 2 *M31214A0228*
(iii) A groyne is shown in Photograph A. Explain how groynes help to stop cliffs receding.. (4) (iv) Give one piece of evidence from the photographs that shows that it is an area used by tourists. (1) (v) Some people in Swanage agree with the building of coastal defences. Other people do not agree. Why do some people agree with the building of coastal defences and other people disagree? (3) *M31214A0328* 3 Turn over
(b) Study Figure 1. It shows The Aral Sea in Central Asia. Aral Sea Year Size 1960 70,000 km 2 1998 30,000 km 2 2004 17,500 km 2 Syr Darya (River) Flows into the Aral Sea Discharge 56 cubic km Water removed for irrigation Crops grown - cotton, rice, melon Syr Darya Kazakhstan Turkmenistan Amu Darya Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan China Tajikistan Iran Afghanistan Pakistan India Amu Darya (River) Flows into the Aral Sea Discharge 28 cubic km Water removed for irrigation Crops grown - cotton 0 200 400 600 km Scale N Figure 1 4 *M31214A0428*
(i) The discharge of the Syr Darya and the discharge of the Amu Darya are different. How much do the discharges differ? Put a cross in the correct box. The discharge of the Syr Darya is twice half the discharge of the Amu Darya. (1) (ii) The Aral Sea has decreased in size in 2004 compared to 1960. What percentage is it in 2004 in relation to1960? Put a cross in the correct box. 20 25 30 35 (1) Give reasons for this decrease in size. Use only evidence from Figure 1 in your answer. (2) *M31214A0528* 5 Turn over
(iii) Choose a fragile environment you have studied which has been damaged by resource exploitation. Chosen area... Explain the effects of the damage on the fragile environment. (5) 6 *M31214A0628*
(c) Choose a case study of a river flood you have studied. Chosen river flood... Describe the physical and human causes of the flood and explain the effects of the flood................................................................ *M31214A0728* 7 Turn over
........................................................................... (8) Q1 (Total 30 marks) 8 *M31214A0828*
BLANK PAGE *M31214A0928* 9 Turn over
Answer EITHER Question 1 OR Question 2. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 2 put a cross in this box. 2. (a) Study Figure 2a. It shows Iceland and some reasons why people choose to live there. North American Plate R 0 100 km Eurasian Plate N Iceland fact file Temperature January -1 C July 10 C Plate movement produces heat. This warms underground water supplies. Iceland uses this water in many ways: * to heat open air swimming pools * to produce electricity * to provide hot water for homes in Reykjavik Tourist numbers to Iceland are increasing. 2004-355,000 2005-365,000 Key R Reykjavik, Capital of Iceland Plate boundary Volcano Plate movement Figure 2a (i) Name the type of plate boundary shown in Figure 2a. (1) (ii) How many volcanoes are shown on Figure 2a on the Eurasian plate? (1) (iii) Volcanoes are one characteristic feature of this type of plate boundary. Describe two other features. (2) 10 *M31214A01028*
(iv) Give two advantages and two disadvantages of living in Iceland. Use only information from Figure 2a in your answer. Advantage 1... Advantage 2... Disadvantage 1... Disadvantage 2... (4) (b) Study Figure 2b in the Resource Booklet. It shows Pacific area storms, Atlantic area storms and Australian area storms in 2005. (i) Which area had the most storms in 2005? (1) (ii) Which area did not have a storm with wind speeds of 155 185 knots? (1) (iii) There are many differences between the storms in the Australian storm area and the Atlantic storm area. Describe these differences. Use data from Figure 2b in your answer. (3) *M31214A01128* 11 Turn over
(iv) Why do people continue to live in areas affected by tropical storms? (4) 12 *M31214A01228*
(v) Choose a tropical storm you have studied in an LEDC. Chosen tropical storm... Explain the impact (effect) of the storm on the people and the environment. (5) *M31214A01328* 13 Turn over
(c) People respond to hazards in different ways. Choose a volcano or an earthquake you have studied in an LEDC. Chosen volcano or earthquake... Describe the measures to predict and to take precautions against your chosen hazard and explain the short-term responses and the long-term recovery to your chosen hazard............................................................. 14 *M31214A01428*
........................................................................... (8) Q2 (Total 30 marks) *M31214A01528* 15 Turn over
Answer EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 3 put a cross in this box. 3. (a) Study Figure 3a. It shows tourism income leakage from some countries. Tourism leakage is the money from tourism that leaves the country visited. MEDCs United Kingdom New Zealand France Canada Key Tourism Leakage Shading LEDCs The Gambia 0 20% 21 40% 41 60% 61 80% 81 100% Maps not drawn to scale Philippines Thailand St Lucia Figure 3a 16 *M31214A01628*
(i) Complete Figure 3a using the data in the table below Country Tourism income leakage The Gambia 75% St Lucia 45% (2) (ii) Do LEDCs or MEDCs have the highest levels of tourism leakage? (1) (iii) Describe the pattern of tourism income leakage shown by Figure 3a. Use data from Figure 3a in your answer. (3) (iv) In the last 50 years there has been a rapid growth in global tourism. Explain why. (4) *M31214A01728* 17 Turn over
(b) Figure 3b shows details of part of a holiday to Costa Rica, in Central America. It is for a British family who will spend 14 days in Costa Rica. Day 1 White water rafting down the Rio Frio. Horseback ride to Tabacan then enjoy a relaxing time in the hot springs. Day 2 A boat trip across Lake Arunel with lunch included. In the afternoon take a tubing adventure. Float down the river in rubber tubes. Day 3 Swing through the rainforest on ropes and zip wires (not for the unadventurous!). In the afternoon sunbathe at the hotel to relax after your adventurous morning. Figure 3b (i) Which of the activities in Figure 3b are active and which are passive? Complete the chart below with six of the activities. Active Passive (3) (ii) Classify the holiday by choosing the correct words from the list below coastal mountains one week two weeks national international Duration of trip... Distance travelled... (2) (iii) What is the multiplier effect? Use evidence from Figure 3b in your answer. (2) 18 *M31214A01828*
(iv) Choose an example of sustainable tourism in an MEDC you have studied. Chosen case study... Explain the sustainable management strategies used and the attitudes of different groups of people to sustainable tourism. (5) *M31214A01928* 19 Turn over
(c) Coastal and mountain areas in LEDCs have been affected by tourism developments. Choose a coastal or mountain area in an LEDC Chosen coastal or mountain area... Describe the physical attractions of the area and explain the negative social and negative environmental effects of tourism in the area............................................................. 20 *M31214A02028*
........................................................................... (8) Q3 (Total 30 marks) *M31214A02128* 21 Turn over
Answer EITHER Question 3 OR Question 4. Write your answers in the spaces provided. If you answer Question 4 put a cross in this box. 4. (a) Study Figure 4a. It shows the percentage of people living in urban areas in some countries. MEDCs United Kingdom New Zealand France Canada Urban Population Shading LEDCs The Gambia 0 20% 21 40% 41 60% 61 80% 81 100% Maps not drawn to scale Philippines Thailand St Lucia Figure 4a 22 *M31214A02228*
(i) Complete Figure 4a using the data in the table below Country % urban population France 75% The Gambia 30% (2) (ii) Do LEDCs or MEDCs have the highest percentage of urban population? (1) (iii) Describe the pattern of urbanisation shown by Figure 4a. Use data from Figure 4a in your answer. (3) (iv) During the last 40 years urbanisation has been rapid in LEDCs. Explain this rapid growth. (4) *M31214A02328* 23 Turn over
(b) Study Figure 4b. It shows some changes in Greater Manchester. Salford Quays in Greater Manchester is an area that has been renewed and redeveloped. Reasons for the changes In 1972 ships brought 2 million tonnes of goods into the docks at Salford. By 1983 no ships came into the docks. The docks are in an area outside the CBD but they are close to it. The area contained disused warehouses and polluted areas of water. There were not many houses and no shops or public transport. What were the changes? Some of the disused buildings were knocked down and new roads were built a major shopping centre with restaurants and bars was created from the old dock buildings old warehouses were changed into offices and apartments two major tourist attractions were built on the site of the old docks. These were an arts complex called The Lowry and The Imperial War Museum North. Figure 4b (i) Some areas of Salford Quays have been renewed; other areas have been redeveloped. Give an example of renewal and redevelopment. Use only information from Figure 4b in your answer. Example of renewal... Example of redevelopment... (2) 24 *M31214A02428*
(ii) Salford Quays is a brownfield site. There are advantages and disadvantages of building on brownfield sites. What are they? (3) (iii) There have been changes at Salford Quays. Building new roads building new tourist attractions. Choose one of these and suggest reasons for the change. Chosen change... Reasons... (2) *M31214A02528* 25 Turn over
(iv) Changes occur on the edge of urban areas. Choose an urban area that you have studied in an MEDC. Chosen urban area... Explain the changes that have occurred or are occurring on the edge of your chosen urban area. (5) 26 *M31214A02628*
(c) Urban areas are affected by different types of pollution. Choose an urban area that you have studied. Chosen urban area... Describe the causes of noise and air pollution and explain the effects of noise and air pollution............................................................. *M31214A02728* 27 Turn over
........................................................................ (8) (Total 30 marks) TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS END Q4 28 *M31214A02828*