TEHNIĈKO VELEUĈILIŠTE U ZAGREBU ELEKTROTEHNIĈKI ODJEL Prof.dr.sc.KREŠIMIR MEŠTROVIĆ POUZDANOST VISOKONAPONSKIH PREKIDAĈA

SF6 PREKIDAĈ 420 kv PREKIDNA KOMORA POTPORNI IZOLATORI POGONSKI MEHANIZAM UPRAVLJAĈKI ORMARIĆ 2

MALI KVAR PREKIDAĈA 3

VELIKI KVAR PREKIDAĈA 4

SUSTAV ZA PRIKUPLJANJE, UPIS I KLASIFICIRANJE PODATAKA O KVAROVIMA VISOKONAPONSKE OPREME HRVATSKA ELEKTROPRIVREDA HEP-OPS PrP Zagreb HEP-OPS PrP Split HEP-OPS PrP Rijeka HEP-OPS PrP Osijek HEP-ODS Elektra Zgb. koordinator za HRVATSKU K.M. A D HEP- PROIZVODNJA PP HE Sjever CIGRÉ WG A3.06 B F DS/ES Task Force Specijalist za rastavljaĉe GIS Task Force C C Predstavnik WG za HR K. MEŠTROVIĆ E C C CB Task Force K. Meštrović IT Task Force F F Specijalist za GIS BAZA PODATAKA Specijalist za IT F

SUSTAV ZA PRIKUPLJANJE, UPIS I KLASIFICIRANJE PODATAKA O KVAROVIMA VISOKONAPONSKE OPREME CIGRE Reliability Tool.xls 6

BAZA PODATAKA - POPULACIJA 7

BAZA PODATAKA - KVAROVI 8

POPULACIJA PREKIDAĈA U POGONU prekidaĉ godina Type of enclosure 2004 (CB-years) Reference year 2005 (CB-years) 2006 (CB-years) 2007 (CB-years) Total (CB-years) Live tank 31906 31503 32017 32545 127971 GIS total 20811 20932 22072 22265 86080 Dead tank 16368 16692 16905 17074 67039 Total 69085 69127 70994 71884 281090 % 24,58% 24,59% 25,26% 25,57% 100,00% Number of countries Number of utilities 25 24 22 23 26 78 74 73 75 83 9

relative service experience (%) POPULACIJA PREKIDAĈA / NAPONSKA KLASA Rated Voltage Class / Total 40,00% 35,00% 30,00% 25,00% new survey old survey 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00% 60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 U<700 kv 700 kv 10

60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 U<700 kv 700 kv CB years POPULACIJA / POGONSKI MEHANIZAM i NAPONSKA KLASA Type of Operating Mechanism / Rated Voltage Class 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 4 : Other 3 : Spring 2 : Pneumatic 1 : Hydraulic 11

60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 U<700 kv 700 kv CB years POPULACIJA PREKIDAĈA / TIP KUĈIŠTA i NAPONSKA KLASA Type of enclosure 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% GIS Dead Tank Live Tank 12

CB years POPULACIJA PREKIDAĈA / PERIOD IZRADE Age Distribution / Total 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 13

POPULACIJA PREKIDAĈA / TIP POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA Combination 37% Maintenanance Philosophy / Total Other 0% Run to failure 0% Time based 55% Condition based 8% 14

60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 U<700 kv 700 kv MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA ( ) PREKIDAĈA / NAPONSKA KLASA = ( kvarova x 100) / (vrijeme x broj prekidača) MaF fr / Rated Voltage Class / Total 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 MaF frequency - point estimation MaF frequency - lower limit MaF frequency - upper limit 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 15

60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 U<700 kv 700 kv Total MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / NAPONSKA KLASA 5,00 4,50 MaF fr / Rated Voltage Class / Total 4,00 3,50 3,00 new survey old survey 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 16

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / VRSTA POGONA 3,50 MaF fr / Kind of Service / Total 3,00 MaF frequency - point estimation 2,50 2,00 1,50 MaF frequency - lower limit MaF frequency - upper limit 1,00 0,50 0,00 1 : Overhead line 2 : Transformer 3 : Cable 4 : Shunt reactor 5 : Capacitor 6 : Buscoupler 7 : Other 17

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / TIP POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA 0,35 MaF fr / Type of Operating Mechanism / Total only mech. components 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 New survey Old survey 0,10 0,05 0,00 1 : Hydraulic 2 : Pneumatic 3 : Spring 4 : Other Total 18

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / TIP KUĈIŠTA 1,00 MaF fr / Type of Enclosure / Total 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 new survey old survey 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 Live tank metal clad Total 19

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / PERIOD IZRADE 0,60 Age Distribution / MaF frequency Total 0,50 0,40 0,30 0,20 0,10 0,00 before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 20

Number of MaF before DISTRIBUCIJA POVIJESTI VELIKOG KVARA NA PREKIDAĈU Number of MaF before_all 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 No inform. 0 MaF before 1 MaF before 2 MaF before 3 MaF before >3 MaF before 21

DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / VRSTA KVARA MaF distribution_all [%] failure mode for Major failure 16,8% 28,2% Does not close on comand Does not open on comand 8,1% Opens without comand Locking in open or close position Loss of mechanical integrity 25,1% 5,4% 16,4% Others (including Breakdowns) 22

DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / POGONSKI UVJETI U TRENUTKU KVARA MaF distribution_all [%] service condition when failure was discovered 6,1% 0,2% 3,2% 7,5% No answer 8,6% 30,2% De-energized - available for service Normal service - no operation command Normal service operation demanded Fault clearing operation 44,2% Operation occurred without command During or directly after testing / maintenance 23

MaF distribution (%) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / KOMPONENTA ODGOVORNA ZA KVAR MaF distribution_new/old survey 60 50 MaF distribution [%] MaF distribution_old [%] 40 30 20 10 0 component at service voltage electrical control and auxiliary circuits operating mechanism others 24

MaF distribution (%) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / IZVOR KVARA MaF distribution_new/old survey 50 45 40 35 30 MaF distribution [%] MaF distribution_old [%] 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mechanical in operating mechanism (earthed) Mechanical in other parts Electrical (main circuit) Electrical (auxiliary and control circuits) Tightness of SF6-gas system Other 25

DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / UZROK KVARA 8,3% 1,0% 3,3% 1,3% 1,7% MaF distribution_all [%] primary cause of the failure 16,5% 5,8% 7,6% 3,6% 1,8% 1,3% 4,4% Design fault Manufacturing fault Incorrect transport or erection Lightning overvoltage Mechanical stress Corrosion Wear / Ageing Incorrect operation Incorrect monitoring Mechanical failure of adjacent equipment Incorrect maintenance 1,1% 42,3% External damage Others Unknown causes 26

DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / NAĈIN OTKLANJANJA KVARA MaF distribution_all [%] type of repair Repair on site 3,8% 6,9% 7,1% 39,2% Repair in factory Replacement of failed component on site 7,4% Replacement of failed component and its enclosure Replacement of failed equipment with another design Replacement of seals or refilling only 29,2% 6,4% Placed back into service without repair 27

MaF distribution (%) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / PODUZETE KOREKTIVNE MJERE MaF distribution (%)_consequential measures LT/DT/GIS 90 80 70 Live tank 60 Dead tank 50 GIS 40 30 20 10 0 Remove similar equipment Changes in purchasing specifications Implement additional monitoring Change operating instructions Changes in maintenance No measures 28

1 : Overhead line 2 : Transformer 3 : Cable 4 : Shunt reactor 5 : Capacitor 6 : Buscoupler 7 : Other Total MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) DISTRIBUCIJA UĈESTALOSTI VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / VRSTA POGONA MaF fr / Kind of Service / Total 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 29

DISTRIBUCIJA SKLOPNIH OPERACIJA PREKIDAĈA / VRSTA POGONA 300 Operations per year 250 Average of operation per cb and year 200 150 100 50 0 Overhead line breaker Transformer breaker Cable breaker Shunt reactor breaker Capacitor breaker Bus-coupler Other 30

DISTRIBUCIJA GLAVNIH TIPOVA VELIKOG KVARA / VRSTA POGONA Major failures (total population) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Overhead line Transformer Cable Shunt reactor Capacitor Bus-coupler Other Does not close on command Does not open on command Closes without command Opens without command 5-19 Electrical in main circuit Locking in open or closed position (...) Loss of mechanical integrity (...) Other 31

DISTRIBUCIJA POGONSKIH UVJETA U TRENUTKU KVARA / VRSTA POGONA Service conditions when MaF discovered 100% 80% During or directly after testing / maintenance Operation occurred without command Fault clearing operation 60% Normal service operation demanded 40% 20% Normal service - no operation command (open or closed position) de-energized - Available for service No answer 0% Overhead line Transformer Cable Shunt reactor Capacitor Bus-coupler Other 32

DISTRIBUCIJA IZVORA VELIKOG KVARA / VRSTA POGONA Origin_MaF 100% Other 80% Tightness of SF6- gas system 60% Electrical (auxiliary and control circuits) 40% Electrical (main circuit) 20% Mechanical in other parts 0% Overhead line breaker Transformer breaker Cable breaker Shunt reactor breaker Capacitor breaker Bus-coupler Other 33

Overhead line Transformer Cable Shunt reactor Capacitor Bus-coupler Other DISTRIBUCIJA UZROKA VELIKOG KVARA / VRSTA POGONA Cause of MaF _Main kind of service 100% Others 80% 60% Incorrect maintenance (incl. inadequate instruction for maintenance) Wear / Ageing 40% Corrosion 20% 0% Stress in excess of ratings Cause introduced during a period before putting into service 34

DISTRIBUCIJA VRSTE POPRAVKA / VRSTA POGONA Type of repair for MaF 100% Placed back into service without repair 80% Replacement of seals or refilling only 60% Replacement of failed equipment with another design Replacement of failed component and its enclosure 40% 20% Replacement of failed component on site (without replacement of enclosure) Repair in factory or shop Repair of failed component on site 0% Overhead line breaker Transformer breaker Cable breaker Shunt reactor breaker Capacitor breaker Bus-coupler Other 35

TIP POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA / TIP KUĈIŠTA PREKIDAĈA Type of operating mechanism vs enclosure, comparison with previous survey 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Other (magnetic, motor, etc.) Spring Pneumatic (may include springs) Hydraulic (may include springs) 30% 20% 10% 0% Previous survey Present survey Previous survey Present survey Live tank Metal enclosed 36

MaF per 100 CB-years UĈESTALOST VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / TIP POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA MaF frequency of operating mechanisms by type of enclosure 0,450 0,400 0,350 0,300 0,250 0,200 Live tank Dead tank GIS 0,150 0,100 0,050 0,000 Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring 37

KOMPONENTA ODGOVORNA ZA KVAR POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA Component responsible for MaF of operating mechanisms, comparison between present and previous surveys 100% 90% Other 80% 70% Mechanical transmission 60% Actuator and damping device 50% 40% Control elements (non-electrical) 30% Energy storage (accumulator, spring) 20% 10% Compressors, motors, pumps, piping fittings 0% Present survey Previous survey Present survey Previous survey Present survey Previous survey Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring 38

POGONSKI UVJETI U TRENUTKU NASTANKA VELIKOG KVARA POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA Service conditions when MaF of operating mechanisms occurred 100% 90% 80% 70% During or directly after testing / maintenance Operation occurred without command 60% Fault clearing operation 50% 40% Normal service operation demanded 30% 20% 10% 0% Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring Normal service - no operation command De-energized - Available for service No answer 39

IZVORI VELIKOG KVARA POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA Origin of MaF for different operating mechanisms 100% 90% 80% Other 70% Tightness of SF6-gas system 60% Electrical (auxiliary and control circuits) 50% 40% 30% 20% Electrical (main circuit) Mechanical in other parts Mechanical in operating mechanism (earthed) 10% 0% Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring 40

UZROCI VELIKOG KVARA POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA Causes of MaF for different types of operating mechanisms 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Others Incorrect maintenance Wear/Ageing Corrosion 20% 10% 0% Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring Stress in excess of ratings Cause introduced before service 41

TIPOVI POPRAVKA NAKON VELIKOG KVARA POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Type of repair after MaF of different types of operating mechanisms Placed back into service without repair Replacement of seals or refilling only Replacement of failed equipment with another design Replacement of failed component and its enclosure Replacement of failed component on site (without replacement of enclosure) Repair in factory or shop 0% Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring Repair of failed component on site 42

KOREKTIVNE MJERE NAKON VELIKOG KVARA POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA Consequential measures after MaF of operating mechanisms 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% No measures Change maintenance instruct Change operating instruct Add monitoring Change in purch spec Removed similar equipm 10% 0% Hydraulic (may include springs) Pneumatic (may include springs) Spring 43

DISTRIBUCIJA VRSTA ODRŢAVANJA PREKIDAĈA / NAPONSKA KLASA 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Other Combination of different methods Condition based maintenance Time based maintenance 10% 0% 60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 U<700 kv 700 kv Total 44

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) UĈESTALOST VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA / PERIOD IZRADE 1,00 All Countries 0,90 0,80 0,70 0,60 0,50 0,40 0,30 12 : Live tank 14 : Dead tank GIS 0,20 0,10 0,00 before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 45

CB population (%) POPULACIJA POGONSKOG MEHANIZMA / PERIOD IZRADE PREKIDAĈA All Countries 100% 90% 80% 70% 1 : Hydraulic 60% 50% 2 : Pneumatic 40% 30% 3 : Spring 20% 10% 0% before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 46

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) UĈESTALOST VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA S RAZLIĈITIM POGONSKIM MEHANIZMIMA/ PERIOD IZRADE 0,50 All Countries 0,45 0,40 0,35 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 1 : Hydraulic 2 : Pneumatic 3 : Spring 0,10 0,05 0,00 before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 47

CB population (%) POPULACIJA PREKIDAĈA RAZLIĈITIH NAPONSKIH KLASA / PERIOD IZRADE All countries 100% 90% 60 U<100 kv 80% 70% 60% 50% 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 40% 500 U<700 kv 30% 20% 700 kv 10% 0% before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 48

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) UĈESTALOST VELIKOG KVARA PREKIDAĈA RAZLIĈITIH NAPONSKIH NIVOA / PERIOD IZRADE 1,60 All countries 1,40 1,20 1,00 0,80 0,60 0,40 60 U<100 kv 100 U<200 kv 200 U<300 kv 300 U<500 kv 500 kv 0,20 0,00 before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 49

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) Major failure frequencies and respective 95% confidence interval limits in function of circuit-breakers manufacture period for enclosure type 1,4000 1,2000 1,0000 0,8000 0,6000 0,4000 0,2000 0,0000 MAJOR FAILURE for Live Tank Estimated intensity Failure intensity - lower limit Failure intensity - upper limit before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 50

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) Major failure frequencies and respective 95% confidence interval limits in function of circuit-breakers manufacture period for enclosure type 0,7000 0,6000 0,5000 0,4000 0,3000 0,2000 0,1000 0,0000 MAJOR FAILURE for GIS 1-ph & 3-ph Estimated intensity Failure intensity - lower limit Failure intensity - upper limit before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 51

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) Major failure frequencies and respective 95% confidence interval limits in function of circuit-breakers manufacture period for mechanism type 0,8000 0,6000 0,4000 0,2000 MAJOR FAILURE for Hydraulic Mechanism Estimated intensity Failure intensity - lower limit Failure intensity - upper limit 0,0000 before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 52

MaF frequency (MaF / 100 CB years) Major failure frequencies and respective 95% confidence interval limits in function of circuit-breakers manufacture period for mechanism type 0,3500 0,3000 0,2500 0,2000 0,1500 0,1000 0,0500 0,0000 MAJOR FAILURE for Spring Mechanism Estimated intensity Failure intensity - lower limit Failure intensity - upper limit before 1979 1979-1983 1984-1988 1989-1993 1994-1998 1999-2003 2004-2007 53

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