Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times LETICIA ARROYO ABAD AND JAN LUITEN VAN ZANDEN This article presents new estimations of per capita GDP in colonial times for the notion that colonial institutions impoverished Latin America. I - - The Journal of Economic History 1182
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - encomienda, mita, repartimiento and trajin down to a subsistence level and thus extract all income in excess of this sapped much of its economic potential. - - -
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden mations for Mexico and Peru. 1 - motherland: Spain. despite the limitations to economic development in this period. 1
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - - for foodstuffs because inter-oceanic trade in these commodities was - -
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden - of real income. 2 trends over time. - estimation - - 2
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times GDP discussed earlier and proxied the structure of the labor force over - - - - -
1188 Arroyo Abad and van Zanden - available for the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and Robert McCaa - -
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times TABLE 1 Mexico Total 2.8 population (in millions) population (in thousands) 1.8 rate Peru a Total 2.1 1.2 2.2 population (in millions) 212 212 population (in thousands) 12.1 rate Spain Total population (in millions) population* (in thousands) 11.2 11.1 rate inhabitants. a Sources
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden trial and services sectors are based on the development of the urban - - estimates are the most conservative ones.
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - - levels than in previous centuries.
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden 400 500 600 700 800 900 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 Decade Mexico Peru(1) Peru(2) FIGURE 1 Sources -
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times 8 power over the allocation and distribution of expenditures. Inter-colonial cajas - into account these transfers in addition to the remittances to the Spanish - - overall comparative performance. 8
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden 0 2 4 6 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 decade Mexico Peru FIGURE 2 Sources -
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times He established the infamous mita - - - decade.
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden 0 1 2 3 4 5 1500 1600 1700 1800 decade Mexico Peru FIGURE 3 Source - -
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times and urban crafts also became one of the main avenues for upward social encomenderos and Lima as the domestic metropolises based on their economic pre- - - - mita the economic activities in Spanish Latin America and the institutional
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden FIGURE 4 Sources: See the text. 11 indicators also indicate that these colonial economies experienced pros- 11
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 Decade Mexico Peru Spain England FIGURE 5 Sources -
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden TABLE 2 Period Mexico Peru Spain n.a. a Notes: n.a.: not available. a Sources - -
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times TABLE 3 Madrid 1.81 Mexico a 1.18 a Sources - - - development.
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden 1.8 1.6 1.4 Annual GDP growth (%) 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 India Mexico Peru Spain UK 0.2 0.0 China -0.2 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Books per million inhabitants FIGURE 6 Sources human capital. - -
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times - - - - imposed. 12 - rates. At the eve of the independence per capita GDP shows that both the - - in Spanish Latin America. 12 from our own estimates.
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden Appendix A: Sensitivity Analysis and Other Robustness Checks 500 600 700 800 900 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 Decade APPENDIX FIGURE 1 Sources: See Appendix. Own estimation High elasticity Low elasticity
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times 60 70 80 90 100 500 600 700 800 900 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 decade full demand without silver production simple demand without silver production full demand with silver simple demand with silver APPENDIX FIGURE 2 Sources: See Appendix. 1650 1700 1750 1800 Decade Agricultural output Tithes APPENDIX FIGURE 3 Notes Sources
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden 400 600 800 1000 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 decade constant variable APPENDIX FIGURE 4 Sources: See Appendix. 400 600 800 1000 1550 1600 1650 1700 1750 1800 decade without silver with silver APPENDIX FIGURE 5 Sources: See Appendix.
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times APPENDIX TABLE 1 1.8 Low population 2.2 Sources levels. Appendix B: Notes on Latin American Urbanization Data tion rates for colonial Latin America. While the Spanish crown conducted population Spanish popula- vecinos, the Spanish male head able. Comprehensive studies on urban centers in the world such as Tertius Chandler
Arroyo Abad and van Zanden vecinos in Latin - - - - - rate. Bolivia - - people.
Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times Mexico Estadísticas Históricas de México - lation processes in Mexico. Peru - - information. Why Nations Fail American Economic Review Emerging Infectious Diseases
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