South-South cooperation in sub-saharan Africa: Lessons learned from the conservation / tourism trade dilemma

South-South cooperation in sub-saharan Africa: Lessons learned from the conservation / tourism trade dilemma South-South Cooperation Conference on SCP Brasília 6 April 2017 Manuel Bollmann

South-South cooperation in sub-saharan Africa: Lessons learned from the conservation / tourism trade dilemma 3 Experiences for South-South Cooperation I. Sustainability Standard Harmonisation II. Environmental (Biodiversity) Policy Harmonisation III. Trade Policy Harmonisation

I) Sustainability Standard Harmonisation: A Success! 1) Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue 2012-2016: The Alliance 2) Standard Comparisons 2014-2015: ITC Standard map and independent evaluators 3) Mutual Recognition Agreements signed 2014-2016: - Seychelles Sustainable Tourism Label (GOV, 2015) - Responsible Tourism Tanzania (NGO, 2015) - EcoAwards Namibia (NGO, 2015) - Botswana Ecotourism (GOV, 2016) - Ecotourism Kenya (NGO, 2016) Results: 6 harmonised standards 8 African countries 187 certified products One brand:

Markets: UK US Germany Netherlands Switzerland tbc

II) Environmental (Biodiversity) Policy Harmonisation: Muddling Through Tourism Development

In his book Conservation Refugees (2009), Mark Dowie estimates that 20-50 million people have been displaced by previous waves of protected-area creation. To extend protected areas to half of the Earth s surface would require a relocation of human populations on a scale that could dwarf all previous conservation refugee crises. Would these people include Montana cattle ranchers? Or Australian wheat growers? Or Florida retirees? The answer, most likely, is no, for the burden of conservation has never been shared equitably across the world. Those who both take the blame and pay the greatest cost of environmental degradation are, almost always, those who do not have power to influence either their own governments or international politics. (Bram Buscher, March 2016, https://aeon.co/ideas/why-e-o-wilson-is-wrong-about-how-to-save-the-earth)

III) Trade Policy Harmonisation: Not working for Tourism Development

Statistics of Respondents to FTT Online Survey Number of Respondents: 126 Information about Customers: Number of visitors to SADC Region: 80 000 Average Stay in SADC Region: 12 days Median Stay in SADC Region: 14 days 42% on SADC cross-border Itineraries

FTT Online Survey 2015: Regional Cross-border Tourism in the SADC Region Sufficient direct scheduled flights between SADC countries? 'Agree' plus Agree 'Strongly (%) agree' (%) Angola 22% Botswana 47% DR Congo 11% Lesotho 15% Madagascar 26% Malawi 33% Mauritius Mozambique 35% Namibia Seychelles 41% South Africa Swaziland 22% Tanzania 28% Zambia 37% Zimbabwe 38% 65% 59% 71% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

FTT Online Survey 2015: Regional Cross-border Tourism in the SADC Region Angola Botswana DR Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Border crossings are efficient without causing delays? 'Agree' plus 'Strongly agree' (%) 0% 9% 14% 13% 15% 23% 24% 24% 40% 47% 57% 58% 58% 60% 76% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

FTT Online Survey 2015: Regional Cross-border Tourism in the SADC Region Angola Botswana DR Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Our tour guides are allowed to work there? 'Agree' plus 'Strongly agree' (%) 0% 23% 22% 33% 41% 39% 45% 45% 48% 48% 46% 60% 67% 72% 77% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

FTT Online Survey 2015: Regional Cross-border Tourism in the SADC Region Mozambique South Africa Trans-frontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) are well managed 'Agree' plus 'Strongly agree' (%) Angola Botswana DR Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Namibia Seychelles Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 0% 17% 25% 25% 24% 23% 22% 27% 28% 27% 42% 48% 58% 63% 71% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

FTT Online Survey 2015: Regional Cross-border Tourism in the SADC Region Fair / responsible tourism standards & sustainable business practices? 'Agree' plus 'Strongly agree' (%) Angola Botswana DR Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe 0% 0% 17% 15% 23% 30% 35% 36% 50% 54% 51% 56% 66% 65% 69% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

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