COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES, GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS. 017503* RECORDS 1958, NO. 47 RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN SPRING WATERS IN THE DbYLESFORD AREA, VICTORIA. BY D.F. URQUHART AND N. HAMILTON.. The information contained In this report has been obtained by the Department of National Development, as part of the policy cf the Ccmn - cm.-.- e7, 1;h Government, to sslot in the o:12'.3ro1i3 ar..:..v:io)inont of minero! resonrces. It may not Le i.7 -.ny form or etd in C company prospectus or ft:go:7.one v. - ithout t'irt pernisflon In writir.3 of the Director, eureau of I ihorol Resources, Geology and Geophysics.
BUREAU OF MINERAL RESOURCES RECORDS 1958, NO.47. RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN SPRING WATERS IN THE DAYLESFORD AREA, VICTORIA. by D.F. URQUHART AND N. HAMILTON.
CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT (iii) 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPRINGS AND WELLS IN VICTORIA 1 3. RESULTS OBTAINED 1 4. 'INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 2 5. CONCLUSIONS 3 6. REFERENCES 4 ILLUSTRATIONS Fig.1. Location of known springs and wells in Victoria. 2, Mineral springs tested in the Daylesford area. 3. Detailed locality map of Leitch's Creek and Lyonville Springs. (ii
ABSTRACT Results are given of systematic testing of spring waters in the Daylesford area, using equipment constructed in the Bureau's radiometric laboratory and described in an earlier report. Significant radon content was found in all the springs, and was very high in two springs (Leitch's Creek and 'Iqcnvillo). It is recommended that an attempt be made to trace the source of these springs.
1. INTRODUCTION Normal radiometric survey methods using gamma radiation monitors for the location of uranium deposits are ineffective if a deposit is covered by more than a foot or two of soil. However, at least one uranium deposit in the U.S.A. has been located by measurements of the concentration of the radioactive gas, radon (a daughter product of uranium), in underground waters. This method is not limited by the depth of cover, as radon diffusing from a deep ure,nium deposit may be carried to the surface by the circulation of underground waters. The method can, of course, be applied only in areas where many springs occur or where many wells and bores have been sunk to tap underground water supplies. The Bureau of Mineral Resources is at present making a survey of the radon concentration in springs and wells in Victoria and the present report is an interim one on the results obtained from samples taken from springs in the Daylesford area. 2. THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPRINGS AND WELLS IN VICTORIA. The location of about 180 springs and 40 wells and bares has been found in Victoria from an examination of one-mile ordnance maps and from information supplied by the Victorian Mines Department (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1. shows that there is a large concentration of springs in the Daylesford area. Many of the springs in this area have been developed as health resorts. The distribution of the springs is shown infig. 2. 3. RESULTS OBTAINED. Samples from 24 springs have been collected and radon determinations made in the laboratory. The method used for making these measurements has been described by Urquhart and Hamilton (1958). The springs sampled and results obtained are listed below: SPRING^ RADON CONTENT VAUGHAN^ 0.97 GLENLUCE^ 1.25 TARADALE^ 0.35 KYNETON^ 0.25 TYLDEN^ 0.72 GLENLYON H.E.^ 1.11 LITHIA^ 1.0 HENDERSON'S^ 3.44 GOLDEN SPRINGS^ 1.46 HEPBURN^ 0.74 TIPPERARY^ 0.81 DAYLESFORD CENTRAL^ 1.51
2. SPRING RADON CONTENT (milli-^/c/litre)^* DEEP CREEK 1.05 CORINELIA 1.09 BORIANDS 0.88 WOMBAT CREEK 0.74 LEITCH'S CREEK 39.^6 LEITCH'S CREEK GULLY 0.86 LYONVILLE NO.1 0.83 NO.2 180.^0 11^NO.3 3.35 SPARGO CREEK 1.86 BLACKWOOD N. SPRING 3.86 11^S.^SPRING 1.01 1 milli-micro-curie = 10-9 curies. The radon values are shown also on Fig.2. The results show that the radon content ranges between 0.25 and 3.9 icy4c/1, with the exception of two very high values of 39 and 180 mp.c/1 at Leitch's Creek and Lyonville No.2 respectively. The location of these two springs is shown in greater detail in Fig.3. The Leitch's Creek spring consists of an open pipe feeding into a small open concrete tank about 15 inches square. There was a steady flow of water from the pipe when the samples were collected. The Lyonville No.2 spring consists of an open pipe set vertically in a concrete slab. ^The water collects in a small well sunk in the earth to a depth of about 18 inches. The flow of water from this spring was hardly perceptible when the sample was collected. 4. INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS. Reports of the concentration of radon in natural waters show a very great variation.^a survey of the literature made by Healy (1952) shows that concentrations are normally between 0.01 and 100 milli-microcuries per litre (mmtc/1), the higher values being found in springs and wells and the lower values in turbulent streams. Systematic measurements of radon in the springs of the Hot Springs National Park in Arkansas have been made by Kuroda, Damon and Hyde (1954).^A summary of the results obtained there is given in the following extract from their report. "The hot waters are extremely variable in radon content (0.1 to 30 m,l0/1) possibly because each spring has its own radium bearing tufa-source of radon. ^The average radon content is about 0.8 94p/1." (26 springs tested). "The cold waters are also extremely variable (0.1 to 7.3 mp,c/1) and average about the same as the hot springs".^(12 springs tested).
10 3. "The spring waters issuing directly from the border of the uranium-vanadium-niobium prospect at Potash Sulphur Springs average about 15 mpc/1 and are more uniform in radon content (6 to 40 mp.c/1)". ^(12 springs tested). "The uranium content of selected samples from the prospect area is as high as 0.6 per cent U 3 0 8 ; however, the bulk material averages around 0.02% U 3 0 8. II For comparison, the results obtained in the Daylesford area (see Fig.2) may be summarised as follows:- The radon content of 24 springs in an area of about 170 sq.miles ranged generally between 0.25 and 3.9 90c/1., with an average value of 1.32 mpc/1. However, two high values (39 and 180 my.c/1) well outside this range were obtained. The average value is a little higher than that reported for the Hot Springs National Park and the maximum value (180 myc/1) is higher than the maximum "normal" value reported by Healy (1952). The value obtained for the sample from Leitch's Creek (39 pc/1) is equal to the maximum value obtained near the uranium deposit at Potash Sulphur Springs and that for the sample from Lyonville No.2 is about 4i times this value. 5. CONCLUSIONS Radioactive spring waters can be divided into two classes (Genser, 1933), namely:- (i) Those in which the radioactivity is due t6 dissolved radon, and the uranium and radium contents are very mall. (ii)those in which the radioactivity is due to dissolved or suspended uranium minerals substantially in radioactive equilibrium. The Daylesford Springs, together with those of Hot Springs, Arkansas (Kuroda, Damon and Hyde, 1954) and of Oberschlema in Saxony (Genser, 1933) fall in the first class. The springs at Hot Springs and Oberschlema can be definitely correlated, in a general way, with uranium mineralisation approaching commercial grade. Springs of the second type appear to be associated usually with granite containing finely disseminated radioactive minerals, often in trace amounts only (Genser, 1933).^It may be mentioned that, although detailed geological maps of the area In question are not available, the geological map of Victoria does not show any granite near Daylesford.^The area consists of Ordovician sediments, overlain by basalt in many places. Although the chance of radioactivity in spring waters being associated with deposits of radioactive minerals of commercial value must be regarded as extremely small, investigation of the source of the Leitch's Creek and Lyonville springs would be of considerable geological interest.^in this connection, it seems possible that geophysical surveys using resistivity methods might be of assistance.
. Deutschen 4. Genser, C., 1933 Healy, J.W., 1952 6: -.-REFERENCE'S Radioaktive Heilquellen In Deutschland. Zeitsohrift der Geol.Gesellschaft., 85, 482. Measurement of Natural radioactivity background, Nucleonics, 10, 14. Kuroda, P.K., Damon, P.E.^Radioactivity of the spring waters and Hyde, H.I., 1954.^of the Hot Springs National Park and vicinity in Arkansas. Amer.J. Sci. 252, 76. iirquhart,ilf.,;and ^Equipment for the determintion of...11milton, N.,.1958,^radon and radium in water. 1:314r Min,Resour. Aust. j_ Records 1955, No. 46.
LEITCH^CREEK^ Att^ LEGEND ^ Road Railway SPA/NE (33 6).0^ a^spring 10 Watercourse C. " ea % ironv/l1.1 SPRING'S f's it 3. (0-85 ) 3.35) N 2(180) M USK tvror's cx. (0.86)^BULLARTO LYONVILLE TRENTHAM LEITCH'S CREEK AND LYONVILLE SPRINGS, VICTORIA DETAILED LOCALITY MAP SCALE IN MILES 0 --- 681