The Pacific-Arrowsmith Region: Mapping Component

The Pacific-Arrowsmith Region: Mapping Component Geography 491, Vancouver Island University Created By: Jay Valeri Date: January 1, 2011

Social Aspects of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region: Population of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Age Breakdown of Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Labour Force of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Occupational Breakdown of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Income and Unemployment Rates of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Income of Families of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region 1

Population of Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region there are two regional districts, the Nanaimo Regional District and the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District, both of which include various cities, towns and communities. The Nanaimo Regional District (RDN) encom-passes the City of Nanaimo, the District of Lantzville, the City of Parksville and the Town of Qualicum Beach. According to the 2006 census, the RDN had a population of 138,631 (Statistics Canada, 2007). The Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District (ACRD) encompasses the City of Port Alberni, the District of Ucluelet, the District of Tofino and the Bamfield area. In 2006, the ACRD had a population of 30,664 (Statistics Canada, 2007). The Statistics Canada (2007) data also provides population totals for the cities, towns and communities within these two regional districts: The City of Nanaimo 78,692 The City of Port Alberni 17,545 The City of Parksville 10,993 The Town of Qualicum Beach 8,502 The District of Tofino 1,655 The District of Ucluelet 1,487 Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 2

Age Breakdown of Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region shows population trends, population patterns and the breakdown of ages for the individual regional districts and communities within this region. The graphs provided, which comprise demographic data, show the size of populations and the distribution of age groups for individual populations. In addition, the 2006 census data also provides the median age of these populations, which is useful to identify similarities and differences among populations within this region. Median Age (Statistics Canada, 2007) The District of Tofino 34.2 years The District of Ucluelet 36.4 years City of Nanaimo 43.2 years Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District - 43.3 years City of Port Alberni 44.7 years Nanaimo Regional District 46.6 years Town of Parksville 56.5 years Town of Qualicum Beach 60.9 years The age breakdowns can be used to determine expected changes to the current populations; for instance, expected increases or decreases in population for the different age groups over time. Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 4

Labour Force of Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region shows the distribution of the labour force size for people living within this region. The total number of experienced workers aged 15 years and older in the labour force depends on the total population and its age breakdown. For instance, a regional district or community with a high population will have a greater number of experienced workers in the labour force. However, the total number of experienced workers will be limited by the age breakdown of the population. Therefore, if a population consists of a high proportion of citizens that are below the age of 15 and/or above the age of 65, the total number of people in the labour force will be limited. In terms of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region, it therefore makes sense that the Regional District of Nanaimo has the larger labour force, with 66,620 experienced workers, while the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District has a smaller labour force with only 15,070 workers (Statistics Canada, 2007). Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 7

Occupation Breakdown of Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Occupations within British Columbia are categorized into particular employment sectors to help understand the labour force and employment characteristics of regional districts, cities, towns and communities throughout the province. Census Canada categorizes jobs into ten occupation groups (Statistics Canada, 2007): Management Occupations Business, Finance and Administration Occupations Natural and Applied Sciences and Related Occupations Health Occupations Social Science, Education, Government Service and Religion Occupations Art, Culture, Recreation and Sport Occupations Sales and Services Occupations Trades, Transport and Equipment Operators and Related Occupations Primary Industry Occupations Processing, Manufacturing and Utilities Occupations The sales and services occupations employ the highest percentage of people, ranging between 23 to 32 percent for each regional district and community within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region (Statistics Canada, 2007). Other major employment categories within this region include the trades, transport and equipment operator occupations, business, finance and administration occupations and management occupations. The remaining six employment categories consistently employ the lowest percentage of people, as each category employs only two to ten percent of the total labour force of each regional district and community (Statistics Canada, 2007). Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 9

Income and Unemployment Rates of Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the average annual income and unemployment statistics for people living within the Pacific- Arrowsmith Region. In 2005, the Town of Qualicum Beach had the highest per capita annual income with $22,737, whereas the lowest income was in the Town of Tofino with $20,224 (Statistics Canada, 2007). As for unemployment rates, the Regional District of Nanaimo had a slightly lower unemployment rate of 7% compared to a rate of 8% for the Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District; however, the Town of Parksville had the highest unemployment rate of 8% among individual communities whereas the Town of Qualicum Beach had the lowest rate of 5% (Statistics Canada, 2007). When comparing these two statistics, it appears as though there is no correlation between income and unemployment in this region. Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 12

Incomes of Families in Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Median Income of All Census Families is a statistic calculated by Census Canada and refers to the total income of all family members during 2006 (Statistics Canada, 2007). This is determined for a population by ranking each family s total income from low to high and dividing half of the values into a lower group and the other half of the values into an upper group. The middle value that remains between these two groups is the median income of all census families for a population. Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region, the median family income ranges from $45,724 in Tofino, to $59,931 in Ucluelet (Statistics Canada, 2011). This range of over $14,000 is quite significant considering the geographical distance between these two west coast communities is relatively small. In addition, the unemployment rate in Ucluelet is 1.7 percent higher than in Tofino; therefore, based on this statistic, Ucluelet would expect to have a similar or even lower median family income (for all census families) than Tofino (Statistics Canada, 2007). However, local factors such as the types of employ-ment available, the age breakdown between two populations, differences in local economies and different social behaviours and beliefs could affect the income levels between the two communities of Ucluelet and Tofino. Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 14

Cultural Aspects of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region: Aboriginal Population within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Traditional Territories and Current First Nation Reserves within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Ditidaht First Nation s Traditional Territory Hamatla Treaty Society s Traditional Territory Homalco (Xwemalhkwu) Indian Band s Traditional Territory Hul qumi num Treaty Group s Traditional Territory Hupacasath First Nation s Traditional Territory K omoks First Nation s Traditional Territory Maa-nulth First Nations Traditional Territory Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council s Traditional Territory Pacheedaht Band s Traditional Territory Sliammon Indian Band s Traditional Territory Snuneymuxw First Nation s (formerly Nanaimo) Traditional Territory Te Mexw Treaty Association s Traditional Territory Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations Traditional Territory 16

Aboriginal Population of Regional Districts and Communities within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region The total aboriginal population of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region was approximately 18,675 people in 2007. The Nanaimo Regional District consisted of a First Nation population of 6,815 people, comprising 4.96% of the total population. The Alberni-Clayoquot Regional District had a smaller aboriginal population of 4,940 people, but comprising a higher proportion of the total population, with 16.11% (Statistics Canada, 2007). The Statistics Canada (2007) data also provides aboriginal populations for the cities, towns and communities within these two regional districts: The City of Nanaimo 4,060 The City of Port Alberni 2,050 The City of Parksville 360 The Town of Qualicum Beach 155 The District of Tofino 200 The District of Ucluelet 95 Sources: Statistics Canada. (March 2007). 2006 Community Profiles. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/index.cfm?lang=e 17

Traditional Territories and Current First Nation Reserves within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region is showing the traditional territories of the 13 First Nations and First Nation Councils that are currently in the BC treaty process (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). A First Nations Treaty Council can consist of neighbouring First Nations that work collectively through the treaty process, or one First Nation working independently through the treaty process. Within this region there are areas of overlap, where two or more traditional territories occupy the same land. This means that two or more First Nations historically utilized and, in some cases, still utilize this land. First Nation reserves are areas displayed in red. Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region, First Nations include the following (B.C Treaty Commission, 2009): Ditidaht First Nation Hamatla Treaty Society Homalco (Xwemalhkwu) Indian Band Hul qumi num Treaty Group Hupacasath First Nation K omoks First Nation Maa-nulth First Nations Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council Pacheedaht Band Sliammon Indian Band Snuneymuxw First Nation (formerly Nanaimo First Nation) Te Mexw Treaty Association Tla-o-qui-aht First Nation 19

Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). First Nations & Negotiations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/files/first_nations.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). B.C Treaty Negotiations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/treaty/regional.html 20

Ditidaht First Nation s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Ditidaht First Nation. Location: The Ditidaht First Nation s traditional territory is located approximately 50 km south of Port Alberni, on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Ditidaht First Nation is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are on a common treaty table with the Pacheedaht First Nation and affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nuth Tribal Council; however, they do not participate in the treaty negotiations of this tribal council (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Size: According to 2006 data there were a total of 683 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Ditidaht and Pacheedaht Firtst Nations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/ditidaht.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Ditidaht First Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/ditidaht/default.html 22

Hamatla Treaty Society s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Hamatla Treaty Society. Location: The Hamatla Treaty Society s traditional territory is located on the east coast of Vancouver Island near Campbell River, north Campbell River, Phillips Arm and includes areas on Quadra Island and Stuart Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Hamatla s traditional territory extends south into the Pacific-Arrowsmtih Region. Negotiation Stage: The Hamatla Treaty Society is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). There are currently three member bands that are part of the Hamatla Treaty Society and its treaty negotiation (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010): Campbell River Indian Band (We Wai Kum nation) located in Campbell River, with 628 band members in 2007. Cape Mudge Indian Band (We Wai Kai Nation) located on Cape Mudge, on Quadra Island and in Campbell River, with 891 band members in 2007. Kwiakah First Nations located on Phillips Arm, north of Stuart Island and north of Campbell River, with 19 band members. Size: According to 2007 data, there were a total of 1,538 band members. Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Hamatla Treaty Society. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/hamatla.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Hamatla Treaty Society. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/hamatla/ default.htm 24

Homalco (Xwemalhkwu) Indian Band s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Homalco (Xwemalhkwu) Indian Band. Location: The Homalco Indian Band s traditional territory is located approximately 35 km northeast of Campbell River, on an island in Calm Channel, between Vancouver Island and the mainland (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Traditional territory of the Homalco Indian Band extends onto Vancouver Island and south into the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. Negotiation Stage: The Homalco Indian Band is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). The Homalco Indian Band is affiliated with the Naut sa mawt Tribal Council, but is currently working independently with the province of B.C and Canada in the treaty process. Size: According to 2006 data there were a total of 467 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Homalco Indian Band. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/homalco.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Homalco Indian Band. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/homalco_ indian_band/default.html 26

Hul qumi num Treaty Group s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. This map shows the traditional territory of the Hul qumi num Treaty Group. Location: The Hul qumi num Treaty Group s traditional territory is located on the east coast of Vancouver Island near Duncan. It extends north to Ladysmith, west to the Cowichan Lake area, and includes Valdes and Kuper Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Hul qumi num First Nation s traditional territory extends north into the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. Negotiation Stage: The Hul qumi num Treaty Group are in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). There are currently six member bands that are part of the Hul qumi num Treaty Group and its treaty negotiation (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010): Chemainus First Nation is located in Chemainus, with 1,135 band members in 2007. Cowichan Tribes are located in the Duncan and North Cowichan area, with 4,120 band members in 2007. Halalt First Nation is located near Crofton, with 205 band members in 2007. Lake Cowichan First Nation is located along the North part of Cowichan Lake, with 15 band members in 2001. Lyackson First Nation is located on Valdes Island, an island off the east coast of Vancouver Island, with 189 band members in 2007. Penelakut Tribe is located on Kuper Island, an island off the east coast of Vancouver Island, with 826 band members in 2007. Size: According to 2007 data there were a total of 6,490 band members. 28

Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Hul qumi num Treaty Group. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/hulquminum.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Hul qumi num Treaty Group. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/ hulquminum/default.html 29

Hupacasath First Nation s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Hupacasath First Nation. Location: The Hupacasath First Nation s traditional territory is located near Port Alberni, in the central part of Vancouver Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Hupacasath First Nation is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are working independently in the treaty negotiation process with Canada and the province of British Columbia, after relatively recently withdrawing from the Nuu-chah-nuth Tribal Council treaty group (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Size: According to 2006 data, there were a total of 257 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Hupacasath First Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/hupacasath.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Hupacasath First Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/ hupacasath/default.html 31

K omoks First Nation s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the K omoks First Nation. Location: The K omoks First Nation s traditional territory is located in the Comox Valley, on the east coast of Vancouver Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). This territory extends south into the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. Negotiation Stage: After withdrawing from the Hamatla Treaty Society in 2006, the K omoks First Nation is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). The K omoks First Nation is affiliated with the Kwakiutl District Council, but is currently working independently with Canada and the province of B.C in this treaty process. Size: According to 2008 data, there were a total of 276 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). K omoksfirst Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/komoks.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). K omoksfirst Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/komoks.php 33

Maa-nulth First Nations Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Maa-nulth First Nations. Location: The Maa-nulth First Nations traditional territory surrounds Barkley Sound and is located near the communities of Ucluelet and Bamfield, on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Maa-nulth First Nations are in the 6 th and final stage of the B.C treaty process; the plan implementation stage (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. There are currently five member bands that are part of the Maa-nulth First Nations and this treaty negotiation (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010): Huu-ay-aht First Nation is located near Barkley Sound by the community of Bamfield, with 682 band members in 2010. Ka:'yu:'k't'h'/Che:k:tles7et'h' First Nations (formerly Kyuquot) is located northwest of the community of Zeballos, with 504 band members in 2010. Toquaht Nation is located on the northern side of Barkley sound, with 137 band members in 2010. Uchucklesaht Tribe is located near the Uchucklesit Inlet and Henderson Lake, with 197 band members in 2010. Ucluelet First Nation is located near the community of Ucluelet, the Nahmint River Valley and on the Effingham Inlet, with 623 band members. Size: According to 2010 data, there were a total of 2,143 band members. 35

Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Maa-nulth First Nations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/maanulth.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Maa-nulth First Nations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/maa_nulth /default.html 36

Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. This map shows the traditional territory of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. Location: The Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council s traditional territory covers a geographically large area and is located on the west coast of Vancouver Island. It extends from the Zeballos area, south to Barkley Sound and east to the Port Alberni area (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). The Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council s traditional territory covers a large area within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. Negotiation Stage: The Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council are in the 6 th and final stage of the B.C treaty process; the plan implementation stage (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). There are currently 14 member bands that are affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council, 6 of which are negotiating with the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council in this treaty process (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010): Ahousaht is located on Flores lsland near the community of Tofino, with 1,870 band members in 2008. Ehattesaht First Nation is located 70 km west of the community of Gold River, with 331 band members in 2008. Hesquiaht First Nation is located 35 km north west of the community of Tofino, with 661 band members in 2008. Mowachaht/Muchalaht is located just north of the community of Gold River, along the shore of Nootka Sound, with 545 band members in 2008. Nuchatlaht First Nation is located south west of the community of Zeballos near the head of the Espinosa Inlet, with 174 band members in 2008. Tseshaht is located near the community of Port Alberni, with 969 band members in 2008. The five member bands that are part of the Maa-nulth First Nations are negotiating separately from the Nuu-chahnulth Tribal Council, but are still affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). The Ditidaht First Nation, Hupacasath First Nation and Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations are also 38

members of the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council, but are each negotiating independently with Canada and the province of British Columbia, in the treaty process (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Size: According to 2008 data, there were a total of 8,567 band members. Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/nuuchahnulth.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/nuu_ chah_nulth/default.html 39

Pacheedaht Band s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Pacheedaht Band. Location: The Pacheedaht Band s traditional territory is located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, near the community of Port Renfrew, and extends north into the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Pacheedaht Band is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are not affiliated with a tribal council, but they are at a common treaty table with the Ditidaht First Nation in the negotiation and treaty process with Canada and the province of British Columbia. Size: According to 2006 data, there were a total of 259 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Pacheedaht Band. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/pacheedaht.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Pacheedaht Band. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/pacheedaht/ default.html 41

Sliammon Indian Band s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Sliammon Indian Band. Location: The Sliammon Indian Band s traditional territory is located near the community of Powell River on the mainland, and extends west to Vancouver Island and into the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Sliammon Indian Band is in the 5 th stage, final agreement stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are negotiating independently in the treaty process with Canada and the province of British Columbia. Size: According to 2010 data, there were a total of 978 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Sliammon Indian Band. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/sliammon/default.html Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Sliammon Indian Band. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/sliammon/ default.html 43

Snuneymuxw First Nation s (formerly Nanaimo) Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Snuneymuxw First Nation. Location: The Snuneymuxw First Nation s traditional territory is located in and around Nanaimo on the east coast of Vancouver Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Snuneymuxw First Nation is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are affiliated with the Naut sa Mawt Tribal Council, but are negotiating independently in the treaty process with Canada and the province of British Columbia. Size: According to 2007 data, there were a total of 1,497 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Snuneymuxw First Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/nanaimo.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Snuneymuxw First Nation. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/ snuneymuxw/default.html 45

Te Mexw Treaty Association s Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Te Mexw Treaty Association. Location: The Te Mexw Treaty Association s traditional territory is subdivided into two areas on Vancouver Island; one territory near Victoria and the other that is within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). The Te Mexw Treaty Association s territory that is within this region is located near the communities of Parksville, Qualicum Beach and Port Alberni, on the east coast of Vancouver Island. Negotiation Stage: The Te Mexw Treaty Association is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). They are affiliated with the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. There are currently five member bands that are part of the Te Mexw Treaty Association and this treaty negotiation (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010): Beecher Bay Indian Band (Scia new First Nation) is located near the community of Sooke, with 235 band members in 2010. Malahat First Nation is located on the Saanich Inlet near Mill Bay, with 265 band members in 2010. Nanoose First Nation (Snaw-naw-AS First Nation) is located between the communities of Nanaimo and Parksville, with 226 band members in 2010. Songhees First Nation is located in Victoria, with 511 band members in 2010. T sou-ke First Nation is located south west of Victoria, with 222 band members in 2010. Size: According to 2010 data there were a total of 1,459 band members. 47

Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Te Mexw Treaty Association. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/temexw.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Te Mexw Treaty Association.Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/temexw.php 48

Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations Traditional Territory within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region This map shows the traditional territory of the Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations. Location: The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations traditional territory is located on Meares Island and on Vancouver Island near the community of Tofino, on the west coast of Vancouver Island (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Negotiation Stage: The Tla-oqui-aht First Nations is in the 4 th stage, agreement-in-principle stage, of the 6 stage B.C treaty process (B.C Treaty Commission, 2010). Until recently they were a member band of the Nuu-chah-nulth Treaty Council, but are now negotiating independently in the treaty process with Canada and the province of British Columbia. Size: According to 2008 data there were a total of 945 band members (Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation, 2010). Sources: B.C Treaty Commission. (2009). Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.bctreaty.net/nations/tlaoquiaht.php Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. (2010). Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/firstnation/tla_o_qui_ aht/default.html 50

Environmental Aspects of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region: Average Annual Precipitation within the Pacific-Arrowsmth Region Average Annual Temperature within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Bedrock Geology of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Ecoregions within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Biogeoclimatic Zones of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Provincial Parks and Protected Areas, National Parks, Ecological Reserves and Biosphere Reserves within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region 52

Average Annual Precipitation within the Pacific-Arrowsmth Region This map of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region is an interpolation that shows the variation of average annual precipitation within this region. Specific factors that influence precipitation rates throughout this region include the following: Marine effect Orographic / rainshadow effect Elevation above sea level There are noticeable patterns and trends in precipitation that occur throughout this region. For instance, areas with the highest precipitation rates per year occur on the windward side (west side) of Vancouver Island, with approximately 6690 mm of precipitation. Areas with the lowest precipitation occur on the leeward side of Vancouver Island in the communities of Qualicum Beach, Parksville and Nanaimo, with a low of approximately 854 mm per year; creating a range of 5836 mm between the wettest and driest locations (Environment Canada, 2011). Sources: Environment Canada. (2011). Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html 53

Average Annual Temperature within the Pacific-Arrowsmth Region This map of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region is an interpolation that shows the variation of average annual air temperature within this region. Specific factors that influence air temperatures throughout this region include the following: Elevation above sea level Orographic influences Proximity to the ocean There are noticeable patterns and trends in temperature that occur throughout this region. For instance, the leeward side (east side) of Vancouver Island experiences the warmest average annual temperature, at approximately 10.2 degrees Celsius. The windward side (west coast) of Vancouver Island experiences milder temperature at approximately 9.5 degrees Celsius (Environment Canada, 2011). In general, air temperature decreases as elevation increases. Therefore, the coldest areas within the Pacific- Arrowsmith Region are located in the high mountainous areas that extend along the spine of Vancouver Island. Sources: Environment Canada. (2011). Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971 2000. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html 55

Bedrock Geology of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region The bedrock geology of Vancouver Island is mostly composed of the Wrangellia Terrane, which formed 100 million years ago (Earle, 2010). This terrane is composed of igneous rocks, which are shown as red and grey areas within this map. Igneous rock types, which are formed through volcanic activity, are extensive throughout this region. Sedimentary rock types, which are composed of sediments from pre-existing rocks, are formed by the processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and lithification. The formation of sedimentary deposits within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region occurred roughly 85-65 million years ago, on top of bedrock that had previously been the Wrangalia Terrane (Earle, 2010). This layer of sedimentary rock, which is known as the Nanaimo Sedimentary Group, is most present on the eastern portion of Vancouver Island where fluvial-glacial processes historically occurred within a marine environment. Fig.1: Geology of Vancouver Island (Earle, 2010) Sources: Earle, Steve. (2010). The Geology and Geologic History of Vancouver Island. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://web.viu.ca/earle/geol111/ 57

Ecoregions within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region The ecoregion classification system is used to categorize terrestrial and marine ecosystems at a regional scale (1:500,000). When arranging areas into specific ecoregions, this classification system considers the climate, physiography, oceanography, hydrology, vegetation type and wildlife potential (Ecoregions of British Columbia, 2010). For a more detailed representation of ecosystems throughout B.C and the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region, ecoregions are divided into biogeoclimatic zones. Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region there are a total of four ecoregions (Ecoregions of British Columbia, 2010). Terrestrial Eastern Vancouver Island Western Vancouver Island The two terrestrial ecosystems within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region are divided along the mountain range, or spine, of Vancouver Island because of the differences in ecosystem characteristics between east coast and the west coast. Marine The Georgia-Puget Basin The Outer Pacific Shelf The two marine ecoregions are located on separate coasts of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region because of the differences in Sources: ecosystem characteristics between the Salish Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Ecoregions of British Columbia. (2010). Ministry of Environment. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ecology/ecoregions/index.html 59

Biogeoclimatic Zones of the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia is a classification system for mapping ecosystems at a regional to local scale (1:250,000) (Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification Program, 2010). This system categorizes geographical areas into a particular zone, based on the area s local climate; thereby influencing the type of vegetation, soil type, topography and energy flows (Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification Program, 2010). Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region, biogeoclimatic zones include: Coastal Douglas Fir Coastal Mountain Heather Alpine Varieties of Coastal Western Hemlock Mountain Hemlock When analyzing this map there are some distinctive patterns regarding the geographical distribution of these Biogeoclimatic Zones. For instance, Coastal Douglas Fir environment is only present on the east coast of Vancouver Island because of a warmer and drier environment. Mountain Hemlock is present at higher elevations where there is a cold and wet climate. Variations of Coastal Western Hemclock are most prevalent along the west side of Vancouver Island, where there is a mild climate with high precipitation. Sources: Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification Program. (2010). Forest Service British Columbia. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ HRE/becweb/program/current/index.html 61

Provincial Parks and Protected Areas, National Parks, Ecological Reserves and Biosphere Reserves within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region there are various areas protected by local environmental groups, the provincial government and the national government. Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith region there are 40 Provincial Parks, 1 National Park, 9 Ecological Reserves, 2 Biosphere Reserves and 1 Protected Area. Provincial Parks and Protected Areas B.C. provincial parks and protected areas are designated as having considerable cultural and/or natural value, and are therefore protected, conserved and managed for the public (B.C Parks, 2010). Within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region there are 40 parks and protected areas that are managed at the provincial level. National Parks The Pacific Rim National Park is located on the east coast of Vancouver Island near the community of Tofino, and is the only national park within the Pacific-Arrowsmith Region. Canadian national parks are protected and managed at the national level by Parks Canada (Parks Canada, 2010). Ecological Reserves Included within this region are 9 ecological reserves, which are managed by the Ministry of Environment. Ecological reserves are defined as areas selected to preserve representative and special natural ecosystems, plant and animal species, features and phenomena. Scientific research and educational purposes are the principle uses of ecological reserves (B.C Parks, 2010). 63

Biosphere Reserves This region also contains two biosphere reserves, the Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Reserve located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, and the Clayoquot Sound UNESCO Biosphere Reserve on the east coast. These biosphere reserves, which include terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, are registered by the UNESCO s Man and the Biosphere Program. These areas promote, conserve and support biodiversity and sustainable development (Natural Resources Canada, 2010). Fig. 2: Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve (Tofino Botanical Gardens Foundation, 2010) Fig. 3: Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Reserve (Mount Arrowsmith Biospher Foundation, 2010) 64

Sources: B.C Parks. (2010). About B.C Parks. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/bcparks/ aboutbcparks.html B.C Parks (2010). Ecological Reserves. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ bcparks/eco_reserve/ Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Foundation. (2010). Location of the Biosphere. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.mabr.ca/ Natural Resources Canada. (2010). Unesco Biosphere Reserves. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/peopleandsociety/ tourismattractions/ecotourism/yanbior/1 Parks Canada. (2010). National Parks of Canada. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.pc.gc.ca/ progs/nppn/intro_e.asp Tofino Botanical Gardens Foundation. (2010). The Clayoquot Sound Consortium. Retrieved January 1, 2011, from http://www.tbgf.org/clayoquot/index.php 65

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