Social Community Accessibility Australian Geography Teachers Conference 8-12 January University of Tasmania Launceston NEIL COFFEE UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE
Geography V GIS? National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 2
Outline The National Key Centre for Social Applications of GIS Some Examples of Community and Social Applications of SIS Conclusion National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 3
Thinking Spatially Most data exists as tables of numbers More accessible when we incorporate the spatial dimension National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 4
GIS cuts vertically through data layers for analysis at known spatial locations National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 5
GIS All Pervasive Enabler National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 6
1995 Social applications Education Undergraduate Postgraduate Secondary GISCA 10 years Many and varied projects over that time more about that later! National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7
GIS particularly the case in the area of LIS and in natural resource and environmental management but less so for social, economic and planning implications these are areas in which developments are still at a relatively early stage compared with other countries. Garner 1990:41 National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 8
Areas where SIS can Contribute to Social and Community Planning Allocation of Resources Between Groups and Areas Diagnosing Social Conditions and Needs Matching Demand for Services and their Existing Supply Overlaying Data Sets of Different Types and Areal Resolution Integration of Data Sets National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 9
Areas where SIS can Contribute to Social and Community Planning Development of Multidimensional and Spatial Measures Evaluation and Monitoring Transforming Administrative Data Sets to Planning Tools Defining Relevant Spatial Units Scenario Construction National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 10
APPROACHES TO RESOURCE ALLOCATION a fixed allocation to each community or area; a per capita approach; a response-based approach; a demand-based approach; a history-based approach; a needs-based approach. National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 11
SIS and Community Empowerment Danger of Reinforcing the Elite Potential to Inform Individuals and Communities Potential to Encourage Participation in Decision Making Interventions Needed by Government National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 12
Project Examples Taken from GISCA projects and Post Graduate work. National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 13
Quantifying Accessibility - A GIS Approach Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Introduction GISCA and the Commonwealth Dept of Health and Aged Care developed a GIS based methodology to quantify Accessibility/Remoteness in Australia ARIA, a generalized accessibility/remoteness measure Specific service access measures using this methodolgy access to GP s, Hospitals, Education) National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 15
GIS Database Transport Network AUSLIG TOPO 250K) Populated Localities AUSLIG TOPO 250K) Population ABS) Services Desk Top Mapping Services) Administrative Boundaries ABS) Collection Districts 1996 Postcodes 1996 Statistical Local Areas 1996 National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 16
11,340 localities Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
ÊÚ ÊÚ Road Road Network Network and Populated and Populated Localities Localities The Minimum Road Distance from each populated locality11,338) to the nearest service centre for each of the four classes was extracted Assumption that if closer to a larger centre the distance to the large centre predominates Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
ARIA Methodology Network Analysis was conducted on the entire Australian road network Road Distances were calculated from 11,800 populated localities to 201 service centres Class A to Class D) producing a Road Distance Matrix The Minimum Distance from each populated locality11,338) to the nearest centre of each of the four classes was extracted from the distance matrix A ratio of the minimum distance to mean for each class of service centre was calculated Addition of 4 ratios to give a Remoteness Value 0-12) for 11,338 populated localities Interpolation of remoteness to a one kilometre grid Remoteness values calculated for each CD, Postcode and SLA National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 19
Calculating ARIA 800km to A avg = 413km 200km to B avg = 239km 110km to C avg = 139km 20km to E avg = 88km ARIA Calculation Category A score = 800/413 = 1.93 Category B score = 200/239 = 0.84 Category C score = 110/139 = 0.79 Category D score = 50/88 = 0.59 Total ARIA score = 1.93 + 0.84 + 0.79 + 0.59 = 4.58 Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
RIA - Populated calities Showing moteness Value Dark Red - Remote Pale Red - Accessible Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
ARIA 1km Grid Red = accessible Dark blue = remote National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 22
ARIA Value by SLA Neil Coffee National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 23
Cost Distance along road network National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 24
Cost allocation of the road network cells National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 25
Catchments for class B towns National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 26
The location of GP s in SA Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Populated Localities and GP s in SA Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Accessibility Surface Showing Distance to GP s Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
SERVICES ANALYSED HEALTH SERVICES Hospitals Doctors Aboriginal Medical Health Centres Home and Community Care Remote Area Nurses Aged Care Pharmacies Dentists RFDS Medicare Offices Primary Health Care 99.5%) OTHER SERVICES Banks Credit Unions Rural Financial Counsellors Centrelink Post Offices Government Schools Non Government Schools TAFE University Hotels National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 30
National Centre for Social Applications of GIS National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 31 Neil Coffee Doctors Doctors ABS demographic data ABS demographic data
Demographic Characteristics Outside 80km service area 86 towns with > 200 people) 156,000 people 60,000 are of indigenous origin 14,000 people are over 65 years of age Inside 80 km service area 17.7 Million people 99.0% of Australia s population National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 32
GP catchment areas Nearest by road National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 33
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
FUNDING ALLOCATIONS using ARIA METHODOLOGY Rural Retention Program for GPs Viability Payments for Aged Care Facilities Fuel Subsidy Scheme Allocations for Non- Metropolitan Pharmacies Commonwealth Grant Commission Allocations Over 200 million in funding allocations National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 35
Metro ARIA Distance to Banks Instead of measuring distances to Service Centres, Metro ARIA works by measuring the road distance to a number of basic services including Hospitals GPs Schools Banks Shopping Centres Public Transport National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 36
Metro ARIA Distance to Major Hospitals National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 37
Metro ARIA Distance to GPs National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 38
Metro ARIA Distance to Public Transport National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee 39
Metro ARIA Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Local Accessibility Modelling Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Local Accessibility Modelling Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee Coffee N, Leslie E, Owen N & Hugo G 2003
Relocation Decision Support System: Emma Baker Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Number of people hospitalised by urban centre 45% attack rate, risk distribution B, upper estimate Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Number and distribution of hospital beds Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Excess hospitalisations in same urban centre 0% occupation rate at onset of pandemic Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Excess hospitalisations in same urban centre 60% occupation rate at onset of pandemic Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Zooming in to New South Wales Excess hospitalisations in catchment 80% occupation Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
EQUITY IN EDUCATION When data are aggregated to CDs, a more precise definition of location is obtained The dress circle location of AU students becomes clearer in this representation than in the representation at SLA level National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 65
EQUITY IN EDUCATION GIS can take record data, aggregate it to an areal unit, and then relate it to other data sets, many of which are held in the Key Centre More refined comparisons are possible - eg 15-19 AU students as % of 15-19 population National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 66
Unit record ambulance response rates Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Surface of ambulance response rates Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Diseases Monitoring National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 69
Crime Mapping Map locations of car thefts National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 70
Optimal Pharmacy Location New Pharmacy Existing Pharmacy % % % % % % % % Meekatharra % % Leonora % % % % %% % % % % % % % %%%% % % % % % %% % % % %%% %% % % % %% % % % % % % % %% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Fi tzroy Crossing % Halls Creek Warburton % % % % % % % % % 114 localities in WA have a pharmacy Average distance to the closest pharmacy is 9.9 km Five extra pharmacies in these positions reduce the distance to 6.6 km. Decrease in distance of 33% Average Distance to Closest Pharmacy 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Number of Additional Pharmacy Locations Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Whooping Cough National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 72
Walkability Index Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee
Supply Linkages CITY OF ELIZABETH GENERAL MOTORS-HOLDENS AUTOMOTIVE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS AND COMPONENT INDUSTRIES CITY OF PORT ADELAIDE Legend Mitsubishi Supply Lines CITY OF ADELAIDE GM-Holden Supply Lines Industrial Zones LGA Boundary Main Roads MITSUBISHI MOTORS AUST LTD CITY OF HAPPY VALLEY Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee CITY OF NOARLUNGA 0 5 10 Kilometers Source: Planning SA
Industrial Site WADDIKEE ROAD Selection Criteria for selection Land is vacant Area between 2,000 and 4,000sqm Within 500m of selected intersection DYSON ROAD BREDBO STREET HEATH STREET O'SULLIVAN BEACH ROAD DORSET STREET Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston Neil Coffee National Centre for Social Applications of GIS CITY OF Neil Coffee NOARLUNGA Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston CITY OF NOARLUNGA 75 Source: Planning SA
3D Urban Modelling Adelaide model One of the first 3D urban models developed Many application areas: Urban aesthetics & planning Telecommunications National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 76
Thank you National Centre for Social Applications of GIS Neil Coffee Australian Geography Teachers Conference, 8-12 January 2006, University of Tasmania, Launceston 77