World History 2017 Mr. David Giglio THINK: How did the many Greek city-states commonly relate/deal with each other? Nationalism: extreme or intense loyalty and devotion to a nation Exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests as opposed to those of other nations or supranational groups.
Hoplites: were the most common type of heavily armed foot-soldier in ancient Greece. Citizen soldiers, NOT full timers THINK: What are some advantages of this? THINK: What are some disadvantages? Phalanx Warfare The Persian Wars refers to a series of Phalanx Warfare conflicts between allied Greek citystates and the Persian Empire in the 5th century BC. During these conflicts, the Persians launched two invasions (in 490 and 480 BC) of the Greek mainland. Several of the most famous and significant battles in history (Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea) in history fought during these conflicts.
Following the collapse of the Mycenaeans large numbers of Greeks emigrated to Asia Minor to settle. From 3 tribal groups: the Aeolians, Dorians and Ionians Ionians settled along the coasts of Asia Minor (modern day Turkey) Between 600-500 BC, the Persian Empire began to expand into Asia and Asia Minor by way of military conquest. Persian military leader would be put in charge of every conquered citystate. Collision between the Greek and Persian worlds would begin around 550 BC during the reign of Cyrus I CYRUS I
~ 545 BC: Persian under Cyrus I CYRUS I annex (conquer?) Ionia. No Greek city-states defended the Ionians The Spartans (strongest at the time) sent a message to Cyrus, warning him to stay away from Greece His reply 'Who are the Spartans?' The Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule. Persians thus settled for sponsoring a tyrant in each Ionian city Some overstepped their authority 499 BC:, Ionians rebelled against the reign of Darius I Failure Led by Aristagoras, the ruler of the Ionian city of Miletus Asked Sparta and Athens for aid The Persians found the Ionians Following the revolt, Darius difficult to rule. Persians thus settled for sponsoring a tyrant in each Ionian city Some overstepped their authority 499 BC:, Ionians rebelled against the reign of Darius I Failure Led by Aristagoras, the ruler of the Ionian city of Miletus Asked Sparta and Athens for aid DARIUS I DARIUS I sought revenge against Athens Had already begun to expand into Europe 491 BCE - Darius once again sent envoys to call for the Greeks submission to Persian rule. Diplomats/Envoys were killed Scene from movie 300
490 BC: Persian invasion force of 600 ships and 25,000 men lands at Bay of Marathon. 25 miles outside Athens Sought aid from Sparta DENIED Athenian Forces led by Miltiades numbered around 10,000 men. Effects of Greek Victory: 1. 2. 3. Proved that the Persians were not invincible, and that resistance, rather than subjugation, was possible Victory marked the rise of Athens and the start of the Athenian Golden Age Demonstrated the effectiveness of the Phalanx and the Greek Hoplites. Darius immediately prepares for a second invasion Forced to halt Darius dies Xerxes I Fair-weather friends?
481 BC: after almost 4 years of preparation, Xerxes began to muster his invasion force. Persians gathered troops from 46 nations Invasion force by the Numbers: 2.5 million foot soldiers according to Herodotus 200,000 estimated by modern scholars ~ 1,200 ships Scene from movie 300 Blockade by Athenian Naval and sight of the Battle of Artemisiium. Xerxes's timed the arrival at Thermopylae to coincided with the Olympic Games and the festival of Carneia. For the Spartans, warfare during these periods was considered sacrilegious. Despite the uncomfortable timing, the Spartans considered the threat so grave that they dispatched their king Leonidas I with his personal bodyguard (the Hippeis) of 300 men. Supported by contingents from the Allied Peloponnesian cities, and other forces
VIDEO LINK VIDEO LINK Post- Persian Wars, Athens entered a Golden Age Thrived Militarily (naval dominance), Economically (trade among members of the Delian League flourished), & Culturally (Architecture, Art, Literature, Theater, Philosophy, etc ) Pericles: Known as the 1 st Citizen of Athens by Thucydides (historian) Encouraged fuller participation in Athenian democracy Used Athens's wealth (brought in by the Delian League) to rebuild Acropolis & Parthenon (which were destroyed by the Persians) Encouraged employment of the masses through other building projects
Rise of Athens (Cont) Delian League: an alliance of Greek citystates led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and as a deterrent to possible revenge attacks from Persia following the Greek victory in the Persian Wars. Over 300 members Named for the island of Delos, which housed the treasury. members swore to hold the same enemies and allies by taking an oath Athenian Empire (450 BC) Peloponnesian League: a loose confederation of Greek city-states led by Sparta used as a buffer against the Athensled Delian League. Sparta was alarmed at the growing power of Athens Sparta was concerned that other major Greek city-states (i.e. Corinth) would side with Athens. Fallout between Athens and Corinth Athens imposes sanctions
Brings about the beginning of the end of the Greek Golden Age Athens would rebuild itself as cultural center of the Greek world, but her Military power, Economic influence, & Government suffered permanently. Sparta would eventually be defeated by rising Greek polis of Thebes. Greek poleis continued to fight each other, Macedonia (northern Aegean) began to form an empire. under Philip II was able to invade and crush with relative ease the weakened Greek city-states. http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/peloponnesian-war/videos/the-peloponnesian-war