Pupil name: This is ALL the stuff the exam board can question you on. If its not mentioned on these 2 pages, then it cannot come up in the exam. Go through these pages and highlight the parts you can do and the parts you need to revise more on.
UNIT 1 exam in Travel and Tourism. The exam makes up 25% of the course, with the other three units being completed across the two years of your course. Some things you should know about the exam. It is 1 hour in length, the total is out of 50 It is a mix of multiple choice, short answer questions (1 2 marks) and longer answer questions. It will test you on all parts of the specification. Your final grade in T & T is limited by how well you do in the exam, so it is VITAL you try your best. Although it doesn't say you need one, I would bring a calculator.
Types of Tourism Some parts of the specification are larger than others, A.1 is tiny (3 bullet points) and B.1 is huge (a full page in the spec) because of this, the exam asks more questions about areas like B.1 than it does about areas like A.1 or A.2. In the last 2 exams less than 10% of the paper has been multiple choice and over 60% of the paper was examined in longer answer format, 4 markers and 6 markers. This means you need to use full sentences and explain your ideas fully. This is all about what type of tourists there are and the reasons why people travel. There are three main types of tourist. These are shown below. 1. Inbound are tourists coming into the UK from another country. 35 30 25 Marks by question type 2. Domestic tourists are people in the UK who holiday or go for day trips in the same country. 3. Outbound tourists leave the UK and go to another country. 20 15 10 5 Jun-14 sample There are many reasons for people to travel. The most popular three are; Leisure - going on holiday or day trips. 0 multiple choice 1 or 2 markers >2 marks Business - attending a meeting, conference or trade fair. Visiting Family and relatives 30 25 20 question distribution Give an example of an inbound tourist and then give an example of an outbound tourist 15 Jun-14 Inbound Outbound 10 sample 5 0 A.1 A.2 A.3 A.4 B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 C.1
Types of Travel Types of travel and reasons to take them Example Leisure travel Day trips, where people travel to a tourist attraction for only 1 day, returning to their own homes at the end of the day. E.G. day trip to the beach. Short breaks, weekend break in a city or a night away from home. E.G. weekend trip to London. Holidays, traditional 1 week away anywhere, could be foreign or in the UK. E.G. 1 week in Spain. Visiting friends and relatives (VFR) E.G. travelling to see grandparents. Staycation, the idea of doing holiday type things while staying in your own home. Essentially 1 weeks worth of day trips, returning each night to your own home. Business travel Meetings, many businesses will require face to face meetings, this means that workers will have to travel to other areas. Incentive, reward for doing well in your job. E.G. free trip to New York for working hard. Conferences. Large groups of people coming together to have meetings and talks about their products and businesses. Events, where businesses may come together to sell their goods. 2) Give 2 reasons why a family would wish to come on holiday to the UK? (2) 3) What does the term domestic tourism mean? (1) 4) The Jones family from Birmingham wish to go on a domestic holiday, give them one town or city they could visit which would meet their needs. (1) Specialist travel Adventure, where people travel in search of adventure and risks. E.G. World challenge trip run in school. Health, where people go on holiday to a health Spa. E.G. trip to Eden Hall Spa. Education, such as going on a trip in order to learn about the area, or learn a language. E.G. Trip to Italy to learn Italian. Cultural heritage, discovering historical things about a place. E.G. trip to Lincoln cathedral to learn about Lincoln s history. Dark tourism, visiting a place where a disaster occurred. E.G. Auschwitz death camp. Voluntary work, combining a trip with a charity activity. E.G. helping to dig a well in Africa for the villagers. Conservation. Helping to protect an area. E.G. working with the National Trust.
Adventure Tourism MATCH THEM UP! Principles of Sustainable tourism Julia is tired of holidays where she just lays back by the pool, she wants to help to make peoples lives better. The Smiths really want to show their children different cultures around the world, they especially love cathedrals. George is tired, he just wants to lie down, and possibly get his bad back sorted at the same time, is that too much to ask? Health Education Cultural Heritage Dark tourism Voluntary Work I am worried about the otters, maybe there is something I could do in my holidays to help those furry little fellas out. We are the type of people who love to get frightened by looking at scary stuff, we heard you can go on a tour of murder scenes in London, that would be cool. I want a holiday where I can relax, go swimming, get a tan and have a good time, but I want to make sure that I am not damaging the environment, what can I do? Principles of Sustainable tourism To minimise any negative (bad) impacts in a holiday area. To create money for local people, not just the big companies. To protect local culture and not change things. Promote respect between tourists and local people. Sustainable tourism provides tourism opportunities for visitors and jobs for locals, while protecting the environment and culture from damaging change. This means that in the future, people will continue to enjoy and benefit from them. A common slogan is "Take only photographs, leave only footprints. Benefits of Sustainable tourism Environmental protection: Conservation groups such as the National Trust, English The Jones twins have always wanted to learn another language, French maybe. Conservation Eco-Tourism I heard there's a holiday group that will take me abseiling, canoeing and parachuting all in the same day. That sounds like my kind of party. Heritage and the National Parks work to protect the natural and built environment. Links with local communities: Companies often try to keep local people happy, as they can be negatively affected by traffic and noise, they will give local people discounts. E.G. Alton Towers gives people living within 10 miles free tickets each year. Reduced energy consumption: as an attempt to reduce energy use in some hotels the power may be switched off during certain hours, this is most likely in Safari tours where power is created using generators. Reducing waste: Sustainable hotels are keen to recycle as much as possible and not to effect the local area by littering. Being a sustainable tourist is where: You spend money in local shops and restaurants. This helps to create jobs for local people. You attempt to learn about local culture and traditions, so you do not offend local people. You leave the place (both hotel and environment) as clean and tidy as you found it.
4 Principles of Sustainable Tourism The importance of the travel and tourism sector to the UK economy In your own words, describe the 4 principles of sustainable tourism. GDP: Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product is the value of the countries economy. It measures the value of all goods and services in 1 year. Travel and Tourism helps the UK economy, it brings in to the United Kingdom at least 115 Billion per year, which is 9% of the UK s total GDP. Value of inbound tourism Tourists travelling to the UK bring many economic benefits, in 2011 there were 30 million visits to the UK. Those visitors spent 17 billion that year, this is around 600 per person. Value of domestic tourism There were 127 million overnight trips made by British people in Britain in 2011, and this contributed 22.7 billion to the UK s GDP. Employment Almost 10% of all jobs in the UK are linked to tourism, this is around 2.7 million jobs. Some of these jobs are DIRECT jobs, working for T & T organisations E.G. Thomas Cook holidays,. However, many of the jobs are INDIRECT, such as builders constructing hotels for tourists. Economic multiplier effect When a tourist spends money in a shop, this money goes to provide profits for the shop keeper and provides a wage for the workers. These people will go on to spend money locally in other shops and will also travel themselves spending their money in other areas, eventually spreading the money around. Infrastructure development As a place becomes more popular, the government must spend money to make sure that people can continue to get there and enjoy it E.G. investing in new roads, new airports, new train stations and new hotels. This new infrastructure also benefits local people and provides new jobs for them.
Types of industries within Travel and Tourism Tour operators Tour operators are companies that organise package holidays. They sell holidays through travel agents or directly to customers. There are 3 different types of tour operators; Domestic: these companies package holiday within the UK for UK residents, they are usually rail or coach holidays. An example is Shearing's holiday. Outbound: These are the most well known tour operators and they provide holidays abroad for UK residents. An example is Thompson holidays. Inbound: These companies cater for foreign tourists who want to come to the UK on holiday, you would not have heard of many of these. An example would be International friends. Products offered by tour operators The basic holiday offered by tour operators consists of; 1) flights 2) transfers from the airport to the hotel (outgoing journey) 3) transfers from the hotel to the airport (return journey) Some operators will offer free excursions and possibly transfers to your house in the UK. Travel agents These are middle men, they help you to book with the tour operators, and they take a slice of the profits. There are 3 types Online agents: These only operate on the internet, this way they can keep their costs low as they do not need to rent shops or employ as many people, this means they can pass the savings onto you. E.G. Secret Escapes Multiples : These are chain store travel agents with many shops (many are similar). E.G. Going Places Independent: these are small scale shops owned by a family or individual. There s usually only 1 shop. Products offered by Travel agents Travel agents will help you to sort the following things; 1) Insurance for your holiday in case anything goes wrong 2) Foreign exchange so you have the correct currency when you arrive 3) Flights and accommodation 4) Car hire, so you can travel around when you arrive 5) Excursions, bus trips or boat trips around the location you are staying
There are 4 main ways people travel on holiday. Those are Road, Rail, Air and Sea. You should know who is most likely to use each and why. You should be able to give the strengths and weaknesses of each type of journey. Road: Most regional holidays in the UK are taken by people using the car. Car journeys are still more popular than rail journeys, even though fuel prices are rising. Positives of Car journey Can drive and stop where you want Can carry a lot of luggage Can go on detours (go and visit something you hadn't planned to if it looks interesting) Can listen to your own music at any volume. Negatives of Car journey Fuel is expensive Is slower than both train and flights Difficult if you are driving in another country to get used to the rules and different side of road to drive on Have to concentrate, cannot relax and let someone else take you. Did you know that to drive a family of 4 to Edinburgh from Lincoln it would cost only 55, but to book a train for 4 it would cost 350 Rail: National Rail own all the tracks in the UK, but they do not own the train companies that run along the tracks so prices and services can vary depending on where you are in the country. Positives of rail journey Very comfortable (especially first class) Almost everywhere is accessible by rail Can sleep, eat, read and walk about on the journey. You can also buy snacks, drinks and meals on board High safety record Negatives of rail journey Very expensive ( especially first class) Fare prices are very confusing, and you often don't get the best deals Changing trains can be difficult if your first train is running late Foreigners can get very confused by train changes and fares Airline flights: These can be short-haul (not travelling far E.G. Spain) or long-haul (travelling far away E.G. America) Positives of flying Comfortable (especially first class) Allows you to travel much further around the world Can sleep, eat, read and walk about on the journey. You can also buy snacks, drinks and meals on board High safety record Negatives of flying Very expensive (especially first class) Fairly Cramped seating in economy Flights can be delayed due to weather You have to check in 2 hours before hand making it quite time consuming
Sea travel: this has been very important in the past as we are an island country. Positives of ferries Very comfortable, you can even book bedrooms Lots of fun things to do E.G. casinos, swimming pools, cinemas, bars and restaurants Can sleep, eat, read and walk about on journey. You can also buy snacks, drinks and meals on board Fairly safe, although when they do sink many people can be killed Negatives of ferries Very slow to reach destination You can suffer from sea sickness They can be delayed due to bad weather You need to know the different types of accommodation that visitors can stay in, along with the advantages and disadvantages of each place. You should also know the difference between service and non-serviced. SERVICED ACCOMODATION: services such as room service or maid service, where your room is cleaned each day or food is brought up to you. NON-SERVICED ACCOMMODATION: This is where you just get a room or apartment. Hotels: Offer you a room, usually with room service and maid service, there are usually swimming pools, gyms and conference rooms. Can be expensive but they are comfortable and have a range of services. Guest houses and B&B s: Sometimes cheaper than a hotel, but the upmarket ones can be very expensive, you get given a room that looks more like a normal bedroom, you are also provided with breakfast but you are usually expected to leave the guesthouse all day and just spend the night there. Apartments: these are self catering non-serviced houses that are available to rent. It s often far cheaper for families to rent these, it also gives you the freedom to create a mess and cook for yourselves. Youth hostels: These are owned and run by the Youth Hostel Association (YHA). They started as low priced hostels for hikers and young people. There is no upper age limit on them, but you share a room with up to 11 other people, prices are as low as 8 per night. They often have bars and social areas which are busy until the early hours. Camping: This is now a more comfortable option than ever before. Most campsites have shower blocks, toilets, kitchens with microwaves, kettles, toasters etc. You can rent tepees and caravans, as well as huge family tents. The positives are that you can move whenever you want. There are thousands of visitor attractions in the UK which make money from both INBOUND tourists as well as DOMESTIC tourists. Places like the Tower of London get 2.5 million visitors a year. There are THREE different types of visitor attractions. Other Questions 1) The Singh family (4 people) from Liverpool want to go on Holiday to Edinburgh for 1 week, they cannot decide whether to drive their car, fly or take the train. Evaluate the best transport method for them. (6) 2) John is an inbound tourist from Cyprus, he wants to go on a tour of the UK countryside, what would be the best method of transport for him? (6) 1) NATURAL ATTRACTIONS: These are usually landscapes, rivers and coastal areas. many of these areas are National Parks, which protect the beauty of the area and stops man from making harmful changes to spoil the beauty. 2) PURPOSE BUILT ATTRACTIONS: These are attractions that have been built purely to get visitors to come to the place. Places such as theme parks, museums or rides like the London Eye have been constructed to attract visitors. 3) HERITAGE ATTRACTIONS: these are historical or old buildings which people want to visit to learn about our past. Castles, Churches, Stonehenge and old battle sites are all classed as HERITAGE sites.
These are special events which attract visitors to an area for a short time. These could include the London Olympics 2012, Wimbledon, Glastonbury festival. Each of these events will attracts thousands of visitors to the area, this will help to create profits for people living in the area, although it will also create a nuisance for people with heavy traffic and increased noise. There are several groups, from Government to local projects, which attempt to support and promote tourism in certain areas. These are a few; Organisation type Examples Roles Government departments Department for Culture, Media and Sports To promote growth of tourism in the UK National Tourist boards VisitEngland VisitWales VisitScotland To advertise their area to the rest of the UK and worldwide To offer advice on where to stay and what to visit Regional Tourist boards East of England tourist board VisitCornwall Promote their area. Offer advice Tourist information centres Visit Manchester Promote their local City or area
Understanding key organisations in the Travel and Tourism industry For the following companies you need to know what they do, who they support and how they do it. Who are they? Who do they support? How do they do it? Civil Aviation Authority A Government scheme set up to over sea Airports and Airlines They ensure health and safety is maintained on airlines and at airports They also get customers money back if an Airline goes bust They can fine airlines for breaking rules The ATOL scheme means that customers are guaranteed their money back if the holiday is cancelled Office of Rail Regulation INDEPENDENT GROUP Set up to make sure that Britain's railways are SAFE and are priced fairly. They check train companies safety records and make sure no one is charging too much for tickets. ABTA An organisation that represents most travel agents in the country Has over 1200 travel agent members It supports both the travel agents in disputes Offers legal support to people and companies who have been let down in booking holidays Association of Independent Tour Operators Very similar to ABTA, but offers support for smaller and more varied groups Will get money back for customers of tour operators who have gone bust
These are organisations and groups who provide support for tourists and visitors. You can buy these products when you are booking your holiday or you can book them afterwards. Car hire Car hire: There are several different car hire companies in the UK, including Hertz, Europcar and Enterprise. Many have branches at airports so you can easily pick up or drop off your hire car at the airport. They can usually be booked as part of your holiday or when you land at the airport. Travel insurance: protects you from loss and theft, as well as covering any hospital bills when travelling abroad. You can buy insurance as part of the package holiday, or you can shop around to get the best deal. You can also buy it for a single trip, or buy it for a whole year, depending on how often you travel it may be cheaper to buy for Airport services Airports: (the building its self) makes money from its visitors by having a large amount of products and services, which visitors will need to pay for. These include car parking, VIP lounges, restaurants, shops, and even pubs. Comparison Websites Comparison websites such as, comparethemaket.com, Gocompare.com and others, allow people to shop around for the best deals on everything from booking holidays to getting the best car parking prices at the airport.
Organisation in the Travel and Tourism sector have different priorities depending on the type of organisation they are. Private companies must make a profit to survive. Public organisations are run by the government and their job is to support the traveller. Voluntary organisations work to try and change the governments policies on travel. What do they do? Example? What are the benefits of buying holiday insurance? What are the benefits of having car hire firms at airports? Most of the companies involved in Travel and Tourism are Private. This means they are owned by a person, or a group of people and their role is make PROFIT for the company and their shareholders. Government run projects which attempt to give advice to travellers, as well as give support to companies in the Travel and Tourism sector. Why do airports offer services like bars and restaurants? Why are budget airlines so popular? Many of the organisations offer promotion of events and places. Often charities; these are set up to offer support to tourists on issues that the government may not offer help on. Some like TOURISM CONCERN give advice on how to not damage the environment when you go on holiday.
Travel and Tourism organisations will work together to help make money. Grouping together companies means they can offer savings to the tourist/visitor, as well as sharing the advertising costs and reducing their spending. Common ownership is where one company owns several others. Often it is not obvious which companies the main company (Parent company) owns. Common ownership can be seen in 2 different ways. Vertical integration Horizontal integration Vertical integration is when business on 1 level owns many companies below it. For example Thomas Cook owns aircraft, hotels and their travel agents. This is an example of vertical integration. Tour operator Airline own travel Horizontal integration is where a company owns several similar groups at the same level. Thomas Cook is also a horizontal organisation, it owns Nelson Ski, Cresta and other travel agents. Another example would be British Airways buying up BMI. Hotel Travel agent Airline Airline Airline Advantages of working with other organisations Disadvantages of working with other organisations Sharing the costs of advertising Airlines working with baggage handlers to ensure good customer relations Economies of scale, working together reduces costs Can attract more customers Companies can get so big no one knows what is happening in other areas When a company takes over another, this means customers lose choices Loss of personalised customer service as most are now ran through call centres
Mobiles Visitor attractions Airports The role of CONSUMER technology This final sector looks at how new technologies in the hand of the customer/tourist are changing the way that the Travel and Tourism businesses operate. They may seem simple to a 14 year old, but they are difficult and challenging to adults who are not tech savvy. Self service check-ins Machines for self service are where passengers enter their details and print their own boarding pass. This allows them to go straight to the gate or baggage control, saving time Security New X-ray machines, full body scanners, finger print scanners and biometric passports help to keep us safe when using planes The interpretation at many visitor centres often use modern technology, such as GPS units to help you find interesting points in large places, AUDIO guides which can be downloaded on Itunes and listened to through your smart phone or tablet Accommodation Online bookings Most hotels now offer online bookings and there are many online websites, such as Secret Escapes and Trivago that specialise in last minute hotel deals Mobile Apps There are hundreds of apps which help you when travelling, such as google maps, google translate and train or bus timetables E-ticketing Tickets and booking confirmation can now be sent straight to your phone, meaning you don t have to wait around for tickets to be posted to you
Questions to check your knowledge consider the number of marks available, as this is the number of points you should provide in your answer! 1. What is inbound tourism? [2] 2. Which of these is an example of domestic tourism? A) a couple visiting Stonehenge from London B) A couple flying from London to Spain C) A man flying to Paris on a business trip [1] 3. Give 1 advantage and 2 disadvantages of a family with 3 children using a form of nonserviced accommodation. [3] 4. Give 2 examples of purpose built heritage. [2] 5. Give an example of a natural attraction, explain why people would want to visit it. [3] 6. Give 2 advantages of staying in a hotel. [2] 7. How can the Civil Aviation Authority help to support tourists? [2] 8. The Drayton family are going on holiday from London to Paris, assess which form of transport they should take. [8] 9. The Miller family (including 2 children under 7 years old) are going on holiday to Lincoln, they do not have a huge amount of money to spend. Assess which type of accommodation would be best for the family. [8] 10. Budget hotels are a form of accommodation. What services would you expect to see at a budget hotel? [3] 11. Travel and Tourism groups tend to work in cooperation with each other, what are the advantages of doing this? [4] 12. Give 2 ways in which new technologies have helped visitors to airports. [2] 13. Why might companies buy up other companies? [2] 14. Explain why car hire is often found at UK airports. [2] 15. Give 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of taking a ferry journey. 16. Why might people want to use a youth hostel instead of a hotel? [4] 17. What are the advantages of using an online travel agent instead of a shop? [4] 18. What is the economic multiplier effect? [4] 19. What is the difference between direct employment and indirect employment? [2] 20. Give as many ways as possible that tourism helps to improve Britain's GDP [8]