References: FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objectives Key Elements Elements Schedule Equipment IP s Actions SP s Actions Completion Standards The student should develop knowledge of the elements related to taxiing an airplane as required in the necessary PTS. 1. Fast Walk 2. Crosswind Corrections 3. Taxi Diagram 1. Taxiway Markings 2. How it Works 3. Taxi Clearance 4. Brake Check 5. Taxi Check 6. Wind Correction 7. Avoiding Other Aircraft/Hazards 8. Avoiding Incursions 1. Discuss Objectives 2. Review material 3. Development 4. Conclusion 1. White board and markers 2. References 1. Discuss lesson objectives 2. Present Lecture 3. Ask and Answer Questions 4. Assign homework 1. Participate in discussion 2. Take notes 3. Ask and respond to questions The student can safely maintain positive control of the airplane with the proper crosswind corrections. The student understands the elements related to safely and effectively taxiing.
Instructors Notes: Introduction: Attention Taxiing is one of the basic skills required anywhere you fly. At some airports with many taxiways it can be intimidating and therefore is very important to understand how to safely and efficiently taxi an airplane. Overview Review Objectives and Elements/Key ideas What Taxiing is the controlled movement of the airplane under its own power while on the ground. Why Since the airplane is moved by its own power between the parking area and runway, the pilot must thoroughly understand and be proficient in taxi procedures. How: 1. Taxiway Markings A. Used to transition from parking areas to the runway B. Taxiway Markings: i. Continuous Yellow Centerline stripe ii. Edge Markings a. If an edge marking is a continuous line, the shoulder is not intended for use by an airplane b. If it is a dashed marking, an airplane may use that portion of the pavement iii. Holding Position Marker (Hold Short Lines Do Not cross until cleared to) a. Four yellow lines (two solid and two dashed), the solid lines are where the airplane is to hold 2. How it works A. Steering is accomplished with the rudder pedals and brakes i. To turn, apply rudder toward the desired turn and use power/brake to control the taxi speed a. Brakes may be used as necessary to assist in turning (Often necessary in the DA20) ii. Rudder should be held until just short of the point where the turn is to be stopped a. Pressure is then released or opposite pressure is applied to maintain centerline track iii. Brakes are used to stop, slow, or aid in making a turn and should be applied smoothly and evenly iv. CE - Improper use of brakes a. Don t ride the brakes while taxiing, slow the plane with the throttle B. Speed is controlled 1 st with power and 2 nd with brake pressure (use the toes to apply brakes evenly) i. Taxi as though the brakes are inoperative At the speed of a fast walk a. Primary speed requirement is safe, and positive control (to be able to stop, turn when desired) ii. More power may be necessary to get the airplane moving than to keep it moving (reduce after start) C. CE - Hazards of taxiing too fast i. Caused by improper throttle use and feeling rushed taxi slowly so you can stop promptly ii. Taxiing too fast can be dangerous Ground Loop, Accident, Obstruction, Loss of Control, etc D. When stopping, stop with the nosewheel straight to prevent side load and to make moving again easier 3. Taxi Clearance (AIM 4-3-18) A. Approval must be obtained prior to moving onto the movement area while tower is in operation 1
B. A clearance must be obtained prior to crossing any runway; ATC will issue an explicit clearance for all runway crossings i. Any runway means any runway: active, inactive, open, closed, etc. C. When assigned taxi instructions, ATC will specify: i. The runway or the point to taxi to ii. Taxi instructions iii. Hold short instructions or runway crossing clearances if the route will cross a runway a. This does not authorize the aircraft to enter or cross the assigned departure runway at any point D. When instructions are received from the controller, always read back: i. The runway assignment ii. Any clearance to enter a specific runway iii. Any instruction to hold short of a specific runway, or line up and wait E. CE - Failure to comply with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals, and ATC clearances or instructions i. Before taxiing, ask yourself whether the instructions make sense Contact ground if they don t ii. Repeat all clearances back and understand airport signs and markings 4. Brake Check A. Begin forward with gradual power, reduce the power to idle when rolling and apply the brakes i. If there is any question about the brakes operation, shut down the plane immediately 5. Taxi Check A. Attitude Indicator - No more than 5 o of pitch or bank indicated B. Turn & Slip Indicator - Wings with the turn/ball moving against the turn/inclinometer is full of fluid C. MC & HI are moving toward known headings and the MC has no cracks, leaks, or bubbles 6. Wind Correction A. Downwind Taxiing i. Usually will require less engine power after the initial ground roll is begun ii. To avoid overheating the brakes, keep engine power at a minimum and only apply them occasionally B. Taxiing with a quartering headwind i. Ailerons are turned into the headwind and the elevator is held neutral a. The upwind wing may be lifted unless aileron is held in that direction Upwind aileron is UP, reducing the effect of the lifting action b. Also, the downwind aileron will be DOWN A small amount of lift/drag is put on this wing keeping the upwind wing down C. Taxiing with a Quartering Tailwind i. Ailerons are turned to dive with the wind and the elevator is DOWN a. This reduces the tendency of the wind to nose the plane over b. The upwind aileron is DOWN D. These corrections minimize weathervaning and provide easier steering E. CE - Improper positioning of flight controls for various wind conditions i. Always know the direction of the wind in relation to the airplane ii. Use the HI to visualize the wind in relation to the airplane and position the controls accordingly 7. Avoiding Other Aircraft/Hazards A. Maintaining awareness of the location/movement of all other aircraft and vehicles is essential to safety B. Visually scan the area, constantly looking for traffic/hazards (spend minimum time in the cockpit) C. Monitor the appropriate frequency (Ground 121.8) D. Apply the Right-of-Way rules and maintain adequate spacing (Same as in the air) E. Don t create hazards Ensure your wings will clear other planes and don t prop-wash others 2
F. Proceed at a cautious speed (A fast walk) G. When yellow taxiway center lines are provided, they should be observed H. Slow down before making a turn i. Sharp, high speed turns place adverse loads on the gear and may result in a swerve or ground loop 8. Avoiding Incursions A. Always have a taxi diagram B. Read back all runway/taxiway crossing and hold instructions using proper phraseology/good discipline C. Review NOTAMS and airport layouts prior to taxi, before landing, and while taxiing as needed D. Be familiar with airport markings E. Request a progressive taxi from ATC if unsure of route/write down complex instructions F. Make sure aircraft position and taxi lights are used when moving G. When landing, clear the runway in a timely fashion H. CE - Failure to comply with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals, and ATC clearances or instructions i. Before taxiing, ask yourself whether the instructions make sense Contact ground if they don t ii. Repeat all clearances back and understand airport signs and markings 9. Light Gun Signals A. If a radio malfunctions a call should be made for authorization to depart without two-way radio comms i. If authorized, the pilot will be told to monitor a frequency and/or watch for light gun signals Common Errors: Improper use of brakes Improper positioning of flight controls for various wind conditions Hazards of taxiing too fast Failure to comply with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals, and ATC clearances or instructions Conclusion: Brief review of the main points Requirements for safe taxiing include positive control of the aircraft, the ability to recognize potential hazards in time to avoid them, the ability to stop or turn where and when desired without undue reliance on the brakes. Also, be aware of other traffic and its movement, write down and read back all clearances, and maintain the proper crosswind correction. PTS Requirements: To determine that the applicant: 1. Exhibits instructional knowledge of the elements of landplane taxiing by describing: a. proper brake check and correct use of brakes. b. compliance with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals, and ATC clearances or instructions. c. how to control direction and speed. d. flight control positioning for various wind conditions. e. procedures used to avoid other aircraft and hazards. f. runway incursion avoidance procedures. g. procedures for eliminating pilot distractions. h. use of taxi chart during taxi. i. airport, taxiway, and runway position situational awareness. j. additional taxiing operations concerns at a non-towered airport. 2. Exhibits instructional knowledge of common errors related to landplane taxiing by describing: a. improper use of brakes. 3
b. improper positioning of the flight controls for various wind conditions. c. hazards of taxiing too fast. d. hazards associated with failure to comply with airport/taxiway surface marking, signals, and ATC clearances or instructions. e. hazards of taxiing at non-towered airports. 3. Demonstrates and simultaneously explains landplane taxiing from an instructional standpoint. 4. Analyzes and corrects simulated common errors related to landplane taxiing 4
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