TRADE ^ORGANIZATION AIR TRANSPORT AND THE GATS». *-». ^np^ujwhvtftipri rabit^e: OM TRADE IN HOOOi I ( '
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES. CHARTS AND FIGURES ix LIST OF ACRONYMS xv GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER I. AIRCRAFT REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE (MRO) 4 A. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS 4 B. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS 11 1. Developments concerning the regulation of Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO)... 12 (a) General evolution 12 (b) Maintenance Steering Group (MSG) rules 12 (c) WTO developments 12 (d) European Communities 12 2. Developments regarding safety regulations 12 (a) ICAO 13 (b) European Civil Aviation Commission (ECAC) 13 (c) IATA 15 (d) National developments 16 (i) China 16 (iij European Communities 16 (iiil United States 17 CHAPTER II. AIRLINE TICKET DISTRIBUTION 18 A. COMPUTER RESERVATION SYSTEMS SERVICES 18 1. Business-to-Business Computer Reservation Systems (CRS) :.. 19 (a) Classical CRS 19 (i) Economic developments 19 Concentration 19 Ownership developments 20 Erosion of direct market share 20 Pricing 21 Diversification 22
(ii) Regulatory developments 22 ICAO 22 WTO 24 European Civil Aviation Commission (ECAC) 24 Bilateral developments 24 National developments 25 United States 25 Canada 27 European Communities - 28 (b) Global new entrants 28 (il Economic developments 28 (ii) Regulatory developments 29 2. Business to Consumer (B-to-C) CRS 30 (a) Economic developments 30 (b) Regulatory developments 33 3. Possible implications for cargo traffic 33 4. Other service providers linked to CRS activities 33 B. SELLING AND MARKETING OF AIR TRANSPORT SERVICES 34 1. Economic developments 34 (a) General observations 34 (b) Airport counters and city offices 34 (c) In-house call centres 34 (d) Direct online sales 35 J (e) (f) Selling and marketing activities undertaken by alliances, codesharing or simple commercial partnerships 36 General sales agents, third-party call centers and other outsourced sales and distribution functions 37 (ij General observations 37 (ii) General sales agents 38 (Hi) Third-party call centres 38 (iv) Other outsourced sales and distribution functions 38 (g) Aspects related to cargo traffic 38 2. Regulatory developments 38 (a) ICAO developments 38 (b) WTO developments 39 (c) Bilateral regulatory aspects 40 (d) National developments 40
C. TICKET EMISSION SERVICES 41 1. Passenger aspects 41 (a) A major technological evolution: electronic ticketing 41 (b) Self emission of tickets by airlines 41 (c) Billing Settlement Plans (BSPs) 42 (i) IATA Billing Settlement Plans 42 (ii) Airline Reporting Corporation (ARC)- United States 42 (Hi) Local providers 43 (iv) Project of alternative BSPs 43 2. Cargo aspects 43 (a) E-freight 1 43 (b) Cargo Account Settlement Systems 43 (i) The IATA CASS 43 (ii) Alternative cargo settlement systems 44 ANNEX TO CHAPTER II 45 CHAPTER III. FRANCHISING 60 CHAPTER IV. SERVICES AUXILIARY TO ALL MODES WHEN DELIVERED IN AN AIR TRANSPORT CONTEXT (FREIGHT FORWARDING AND WAREHOUSING) 63 CHAPTER V. LEASING.' 65 A. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS 65 B. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS 68 1. Multilateral developments 68 (a) ICAO 68 (b) Cape Town Treaty 69 2. Bilateral and national developments 69 ANNEX TO CHAPTER V 70 CHAPTER VI. GROUND HANDLING. CATERING AND REFUELLING 71 A. DEFINITION 71 B. MAIN TYPES OF PROVIDERS 71 1. Airlines 72 2. Airports 72
3. Independent ground handling companies 72 (a) "Global" actors 72 (b) "Global" actors with a regional focus 74 (c) Major regional actors 74 C. SIZE AND TYPES OF MARKETS 75 D. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN MARKETS AND THEIR REGULATORY REGIMES 75 1. General features of ground handling liberalization 75 2. North America 76 3. European Communities 76 4. Asia and Pacific 79 5. Other regions 80 E. WTO DEVELOPMENTS 80 F. BILATERAL DEVELOPMENTS 80 G. REGIONAL/PLURILATERAL DEVELOPMENTS 81 H. REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS NOT RELATED TO MARKET ACCESS 82 1. Safety 82 2. Security.- 82 ANNEX TO CHAPTER VI 83 CHAPTER VII. AIRPORT MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INCLUDING CHARGING SYSTEMS 84 A. ECONOMIC AND REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS 84 1. Traffic 84 2. Employment 85 3. Overall financial situation 85 4. Capital expenditure 89 5. Ownership and management 91 6. Security 92 7. Competition policy 94 8. Low-cost terminals 95 9. Environment-related considerations 95 10. Airport design 97 B. CHARGING 97 ANNEX TO CHAPTER VII 101
CHAPTER VIII. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL SERVICES, INCLUDING CHARGING SYSTEMS 121 A. CORPORATISATION 121 1. The move towards commercialisation 121 2. Performance of commercialised ANS providers 121 3. Safety 124 4. Charges 124 5. Costs 126 6. Delays 126 B. INTERNATIONALISATION 126 1. The Single European Sky initiative 126 (a) Legislation 127 (b) Working relationships with interested parties 128 (i) Military :: 128 (ii) Eurocontrol 128 (Hi) Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) 128 (iv) ICAO 128 (c) Recent developments 128 2. Other integration/cooperation initiatives 129 (a) Plurilateral agreements 129 (b) Bilateral cooperation 129 C. ICAO CHARGING POLICY 129 D. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPEMENTS 130 E. DELAYS : 131 F. ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 132 G. DEVELOPMENTS BY REGION 132 1. Europe 132 2. Africa 132 3. Asia and Oceania 133 4. North America 133 5. Latin America 134