Appedix A Commuicatios Guidace Itroductio Factors affectig commuicatio breakdow Loss of commuicatio ad ruway icursios Aviatio laguage for iteratioal services Ruway Frequecy Aerodrome Cotrol Phraseologies Aerodrome Cotrol Phraseology READ-BACK Avoidig Call Sig Cofusio Commuicatio techiques - geeral What to do if ucertai of your positio o the maoeuvrig area Improvig commuicatios for little or o cost Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0 A1
Appedix A Commuicatios Guidace Itroductio The demadig eviromet associated with aerodrome operatios o a ruway requires that all participats accurately receive, uderstad, ad correctly read back all air traffic cotrol clearaces ad istructios. All access to a ruway (eve if iactive) should take place oly after a positive ATC clearace has bee give / received ad a correct readback has bee provided / accepted, ad after the stop bar (where provided) has bee switched off; providig a clearace i a timely maer, as the aircraft is approachig the relevat ruway, will help to prevet ruway icursios. This documet offers guidace materials built upo Best Practices from Europea aerodromes that may help to protect the itegrity of voice commuicatios for operatioal staff workig o the maoeuvrig area. Factors affectig commuicatio breakdow From studies of ivestigatio reports, ad from surveys regardig ruway safety occurreces, it is apparet that commuicatios issues are frequetly a causal or cotributory factor. Examples of commuicatio breakdow o the maoeuvrig area iclude, but may ot be limited to: Loss of commuicatio ad ruway icursios. Eterig a ruway (to lie up or cross) or ladig without a valid ATC clearace will lead to the icorrect presece of traffic o a ruway ad requires a ruway icursio to be reported. Pilots should squawk 7600 i VMC or IMC to advise loss of commuicatio o the maoeuvrig area. Be aware that whe Commuicatio is lost o the approach most pilots will lad without a clearace i compliace with published procedures. Pilots should squawk 7600 i VMC or IMC to advise loss of commuicatio. ICAO doc. 4444 AIR-GROUND COMMUNICATIONS FAILURE Note 2. A aircraft equipped with a SSR traspoder is expected to operate the traspoder o Mode A Code 7600 to idicate that it has experieced air-groud commuicatio failure. Aviatio laguage for iteratioal services Use of Aviatio Eglish is prove to be a sigificat factor i the establishmet ad maiteace of situatioal awareess for all participats associated with ruway operatios. Complex istructios to differet aircraft; Cotroller high speech rate; Two differet laguages; Frequecy cogestio / blocked frequecy; Use of o stadard ICAO phraseology by air traffic cotrol; Call sig cofusio; Poor read-back procedure; Iadequate aviatio Eglish; Differet frequecies associated with ruway operatios; Iadequate driver commuicatio traiig. ICAO Aex 1 As of 5 March 2008, aeroplae, airship, helicopter ad poweredlift pilots, air traffic cotrollers ad aeroautical statio operators shall demostrate the ability to speak ad uderstad the laguage used for radiotelephoy commuicatios to the level specified i the laguage proficiecy requiremets i Appedix 1. Appedix 1 REQUIREMENTS FOR PROFICIENCY IN LANGUAGES USED FOR RADIOTELEPHONY COMMUNICATION 1. Geeral Note. The ICAO laguage proficiecy requiremets iclude the holistic descriptors at Sectio 2 ad the ICAO Operatioal Level (Level 4) of the ICAO Laguage Proficiecy Ratig Scale i Attachmet A. The laguage proficiecy requiremets are applicable to the use of both phraseologies ad plai laguage. A2 Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0
2. Holistic descriptors Proficiet speakers shall: a) commuicate effectively i voice-oly (telephoe/radiotelephoe) ad i face-to-face situatios; b) commuicate o commo, cocrete ad work-related topics with accuracy ad clarity; c) use appropriate commuicative strategies to exchage messages ad to recogise ad resolve misuderstadigs (e.g. to check, cofirm, or clarify iformatio) i a geeral or work-related cotext; d) hadle successfully ad with relative ease the liguistic challeges preseted by a complicatio or uexpected tur of evets that occurs withi the cotext of a routie work situatio or commuicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; ad e) use a dialect or accet which is itelligible to the aeroautical commuity. ICAO Aex 10 Laguage to be used The air-groud radiotelephoy commuicatios shall be coducted i the laguage ormally used by the statio o the groud or i the Eglish laguage. Doc. 9432 Maual radio telephoy Ruway Frequecy It is recommeded that commuicatios for all operatios o a ruway (ladig, departig, crossig aircraft, vehicles crossig ad ruway ispectios etc.) take place o the VHF frequecy assiged for that ruway; this will help to maitai high levels of situatioal awareess. To accommodate vehicles that are equipped with UHF radios oly, frequecy couplig should be employed to esure that all UHF commuicatios associated with ruway operatios are simultaeously trasmitted o the appropriate VHF frequecy (ad vice versa). Whe usig RTF frequecy couplig, Cotrollers (ad drivers) eed to be midful of clipped trasmissios, where the begiig or ed of the trasmissio is ot broadcast/received. Cocers about ruway frequecy cogestio due to drivers usig VHF ca be alleviated by treatig every use of the ruway as a plaed traffic movemet, ad keepig detailed discussios e.g. FOD descriptios, for aother frequecy. Aerodrome Cotrol Phraseologies Use of established stadard ICAO phraseologies for radio telephoy commuicatio betwee aircraft ad groud statios is essetial to avoid misuderstadig, ad to reduce the time required for commuicatio. ICAO phraseology shall be used i all situatios for which it has bee specified. Whe stadardised phraseology for a particular situatio has ot bee specified, plai laguage shall be used. A extract from the ICAO Stadard that states this requiremet is as follows: Aex 10, Volume II ICAO stadardized phraseology shall be used i all situatios for which it has bee specified. Oly whe stadardized phraseology caot serve a iteded trasmissio, plai laguage shall be used. All persoel ivolved i operatios associated with ruways must use clear, cocise ad uambiguous phraseologies. Such usage will esure that safety levels are maitaied or improved upo. ICAO doc. 9432 Maual of Radiotelephoy says I the PANS-ATM [doc. 4444], it is further emphasized that the phraseologies cotaied therei are ot iteded to be exhaustive, ad whe circumstaces differ, pilots, ATS persoel ad other groud persoel will be expected to use appropriate subsidiary phraseologies which should be as clear ad cocise as possible ad desiged to avoid possible cofusio by those persos usig a laguage other tha oe of their atioal laguages. Appropriate subsidiary phraseologies ca either refer to the use of plai laguage, or the use of regioally or locally adopted phraseologies. Either should be used i the same maer i which phraseologies are used: clearly, cocisely, ad uambiguously. Additioally, such appropriate subsidiary phraseologies should ot be used istead of ICAO phraseologies, but i additio to ICAO phraseologies whe required, ad users should keep i mid that may speakers/listeers will be usig Eglish as a secod or foreig laguage. 3.2.4 The use of plai laguage required whe phraseologies are ot available should ot be take as licece to degrade i ay way good radiotelephoy techiques. All radiotelephoy commuicatios should respect both formal ad iformal protocols dictatig clarity, brevity, ad uambiguity. Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0 A3
Appedix A - Commuicatios Guidace Example Phraseologies Listed below are some of the relevat key ICAO phraseologies cotaied withi those documets, applicable for operatios o ruways. More examples of the applicatio of phraseologies may be foud i the maual of radiotelephoy ICAO doc. 9432 ad Pas ATM 4444. It should be oticed that these phraseologies are for use by air traffic cotrollers, pilots, ad whe applicable, to vehicle drivers. Special ote for vehicle drivers Doc. 4444 Phraseologies for the movemet of vehicles, other tha tow-tractors, o the maoeuvrig area shall be the same as those used for the movemet of aircraft, with the exceptio of taxi istructios, i which case the word PROCEED shall be substituted for the word TAXI whe commuicatig with vehicles. The procedure cotaied i ICAO doc. 4444 12.2.7 makes o provisio for vehicles to be icluded i the process of receivig a coditioal clearace. Vehicles may oly be the subject of a coditioal clearace. Note 1: Words i paretheses ( ) idicate that specific iformatio, such as a level, a place or a time, etc., must be iserted to complete the phrase, or alteratively that optioal phrases may be used. Words i square paretheses [ ] idicate optioal additioal words or iformatio that may be ecessary i specific istaces. Note 2: The detailed phrases listed below do ot form the complete phrases to be used, or do they represet the total umber listed i ICAO PANS/ATM (Doc 4444) where a complete listig is available i Chapter 12. They refer to those elemets cosidered crucial to ruway safety aspects. a. TAXI PROCEDURES For departure ATC (call sig) TAXI TO HOLDING POINT* [umber] RUNWAY (umber) Or where detailed taxi istructios are required ATC (call sig) TAXI TO HOLDING POINT [umber] RUNWAY (umber) HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (umber) [cotact TWR] ATC (or CROSS RUNWAY (umber)) TIME (time); It should be oted that the words positio ad / or hold may be misuderstood by some pilots due to the previous use of o ICAO phraseology withi North America, where taxi ito positio ad hold was used by ATC whe issuig a lie up clearace. There have bee a umber of ruway safety occurreces with the key words positio ad hold misapplied, therefore read-backs should be very carefully moitored whe usig these words. See also, Holdig istructios from ATC below. ATC (call sig) TAXI VIA RUNWAY (umber); PILOT (call sig) REQUEST BACKTRACK ATC (call sig) BACKTRACK APPROVED ATC (call sig) BACKTRACK RUNWAY (umber); Other geeral istructios Cautio should be exercised whe usig the phrase follow, at or ear ruway holdig poits as pilots ad drivers have bee kow to iterpret this as clearace to cotiue followig traffic as it eters or lies up o a ruway. ATC (call sig) VACATE RUNWAY PILOT/DRIVER (call sig) RUNWAY VACATED The Pilot or Driver may ot always be sure if they are clear of the ILS sesitive area. Do t assume ruway vacated meas o ruway re-etry for some aerodrome layouts. ATC (call sig) EXPEDITE TAXI (reaso) PILOT/DRIVER (call sig) EXPEDITING ATC (call sig) TAXI SLOWER (reaso) PILOT/DRIVER (call sig) SLOWING DOWN A4 Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0
b. HOLDING INSTRUCTIONS FROM ATC ATC (call sig) HOLD (directio) OF (positio, ruway umber, etc.); ATC (call sig) HOLD POSITION; ATC (call sig) HOLD (distace) FROM (positio) to hold ot closer to a ruway tha specified i Doc. 4444; Chapter 7, 7.5.3.1.3.1 ATC (call sig) HOLD SHORT OF (positio); READ-BACK FROM PILOTS/DRIVERS (call sig) HOLDING; (call sig) HOLDING SHORT. It should be oted that aircraft should ot hold closer to a ruway tha specified i Doc. 4444; Chapter 7, 7.5.3.1.3.1. The procedure words, ROGER ad WILCO, are isufficiet ackowledgemet of the istructios HOLD, HOLD POSITION ad HOLD SHORT OF (positio). I each case the ackowledgemet shall be by the phraseology (call sig) HOLDING or HOLDING SHORT, as appropriate. c. TO CROSS A RUNWAY PILOT/DRIVER (call sig) REQUEST CROSS RUNWAY (umber ) Note If the cotrol tower is uable to see the crossig aircraft or vehicle (ight, low visibility, etc.), the istructio should always be accompaied by a request to report whe the aircraft or vehicle has vacated the ruway. ATC (call sig) CROSS RUNWAY (umber) [REPORT VACATED] ATC (call sig) TAXI TO HOLDING POINT [umber] [RUNWAY (umber)] VIA (specific route to be followed), [HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY (umber)] or [CROSS RUNWAY (umber)] Note The pilot or driver will, whe requested, report RUNWAY VACATED whe the aircraft is clear of the ruway. d. PREPARATION FOR TAKE-OFF -clearace to eter ruway ad await take-off clearace. ATC (call sig) LINE UP [AND WAIT]; ATC (call sig) LINE UP RUNWAY (umber); ATC (call sig) LINE UP. BE READY FOR IMMEDIATE DEPARTURE; Good practice read back example Pilot AF 2515 from S3 lie-up ruway 27 ad wait Proposig be ready for immediate departure or askig the questio are you ready for immediate departure? does ot imply a take off clearace has bee give. The phrase Go ahead (meaig pass your message) may be misiterpreted as a istructio to move the vehicle or aircraft. Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0 A5
Appedix A - Commuicatios Guidace e. CONDITIONAL CLEARANCES ICAO doc. 4444 12.2.7 Coditioal phrases, such as behid ladig aircraft or after departig aircraft, shall ot be used for movemets affectig the active ruway(s), except whe the aircraft or vehicles cocered are see by the appropriate cotroller ad pilot. The aircraft or vehicle causig the coditio i the clearace issued shall be the first aircraft/vehicle to pass i frot of the other aircraft cocered. I all cases a coditioal clearace shall be give i the followig order ad cosist of: a) idetificatio; b) the coditio; c) the clearace; ad d) brief reiteratio of the coditio, e.g.: ATC SAS 941, BEHIND DC9 ON SHORT FINAL, LINE UP BEHIND. Note - This makes specific the eed for the aircraft receivig the coditioal clearace to idetify the aircraft or vehicle causig the coditioal clearace. e.g. The ackowledgemet of a coditioal clearace must cotai the coditio i the read-back e.g. PILOT BEHIND LANDING DC9 o SHORT FINAL, LINING UP BEHIND Scadiavia 941. ATC Scadiavia 941 [that is] correct f. TAKE-OFF CLEARANCE ATC (call sig) CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF [REPORT AIRBORNE]. Applicable for Low Visibility operatios; Best Practice to prevet wrog ruway selectio, or whe more tha oe ruway i use, always use the ruway desigator i the istructio. ATC (call sig) RUNWAY (umber) CLEARED FOR TAKE-OFF Whe take-off clearace has ot bee complied with. ATC (call sig) TAKE OFF IMMEDIATELY OR VACATE RUNWAY [(istructios)]; ATC (call sig) TAKE OFF IMMEDIATELY OR HOLD SHORT OF RUNWAY Or to cacel a take-off clearace. ATC (call sig) HOLD POSITION, CANCEL TAKE-OFF I SAY AGAIN CANCEL TAKE-OFF (reasos); PILOT (call sig) HOLDING; Or to stop a take-off after a aircraft has commeced take-off roll. ATC (call sig) STOP IMMEDIATELY [(repeat aircraft call sig) STOP IMMEDIATELY] PILOT (call sig) STOPPING; NB: The procedure also makes o provisio for vehicles to be icluded i the process of receivig a coditioal clearace. They may oly be the subject of a coditioal clearace. A6 Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0
Aerodrome Cotrol Phraseology READ-BACK Of equal importace to the usage of correct phraseologies is the eed to obtai the required read-back, i the order required ad accurately. Listed below are the provisios provided i the relevat ICAO documets pertaiig to this safety critical elemet of ruway operatios, together with the paragraph umber i the ICAO documet. I PANS-ATM the regulatios regardig read-backs are stated. Read-back of clearaces ad safety-related iformatio The flight crew shall read-back to the air traffic cotroller safety-related parts of ATC clearaces ad istructios which are trasmitted by voice. The followig items shall always be read-back: a. ATC route clearaces; b. clearaces ad istructios to eter, lad o, take off from, hold short of, cross ad backtrack o ay ruway; ad c. ruway-i-use, altimeter settigs, SSR codes, level istructios, headig ad speed istructios ad, whether issued by the cotroller or cotaied i ATIS broadcasts, trasitio levels. Other clearaces or istructios, icludig coditioal clearaces, shall be read-back or ackowledged i a maer to clearly idicate that they have bee uderstood ad will be complied with. The cotroller shall liste to the read-back to ascertai that the clearace or istructio has bee correctly ackowledged by the flight crew ad shall take immediate actio to correct ay discrepacies revealed by the read-back. Studies of air groud commuicatio practices have show that icomplete read-backs may mask a misuderstadig. Icorrect read-backs show there is a misuderstadig. Air traffic cotrol must challege icomplete or icorrect read-backs. Avoidig Call Sig Cofusio The use of full call-sigs of all traffic operatig o or i close proximity to a ruway has bee idetified as a critical elemet i ehacig safety for ruway operatios. Whilst the ICAO provisios allow for use of abbreviated call-sigs i certai circumstaces, it is deemed Best Practice ot to apply ay shorteig of call-sig i this situatio. Call sig cofusio is ot restricted to similar call sigs betwee aircraft. Cofusio may occur betwee aircraft ad vehicle call sigs. Cofusio with ifrastructure may also be part of call sig cofusio icidets. Ruway Icursio Example: A aircraft with the call sig delta has to taxi to a positio called delta 2 later split i delta 2-2 Ad RWY 02 (RWY 2 for USA pilots) i use; ATC to outboud taxiig traffic Delta xxx cross ruway 07R ad cotiue straight ahead to D2 (a taxiway) Pilot Delta xxx Cross ruway 7 right to the ruway 2 (uchalleged icorrect readback) ATC Delta xxx take positio o D22 please (o ICAO phraseology) Pilot Delta xxx Affirm o D22 ATC to ladig traffic RJ85 go-aroud I say agai go-aroud Pilot 85 Goig aroud RJ85 Pilot Delta iterpreted these istructios as Delta to (ruway) 02. ICAO DOC 4444 TRANSMISSION OF NUMBERS - RWY = each digit separately - i.e. RWY02 = ruway zero two ruway two TAXI PROCEDURES - TAXI TO HOLDING POINT RWY # # HOLD SHORT OF RWY # # (was ot said by the cotroller) PREPARATION FOR T/O - CLEARANCE TO ENTER A RWY MUST BE OBTAINED: - LINE UP (AND WAIT) RWY # # Other poits of cofusio iclude aircraft type misidetificatio ad aircraft livery cofusio where the livery is ot represetative of the aircraft call sig. Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0 A7
Appedix A - Commuicatios Guidace Commuicatio techiques - geeral Detailed below are the relevat provisios laid dow i Aex 10, with regard to radio trasmissio guidelies ad techiques. Speech-trasmittig techiques should be such that the highest possible itelligibility is icorporated i each trasmissio. Fulfilmet of this aim requires that flight crew ad groud persoel should: a. Euciate each word clearly ad distictly; b. Maitai a eve rate of speech. Whe a message is trasmitted to a aircraft ad its cotets eed to be recorded the speakig rate should be at a slower rate to allow for the writig process. A slight pause precedig ad followig umerals makes them easier to uderstad; c. Maitai the speakig volume at a costat level; d. Be familiar with the microphoe operatig techiques particularly i relatio to the maiteace of a costat distace from the microphoe if a modulator with a costat level is ot used; e. Susped speech temporarily if it becomes ecessary to tur the head away from the microphoe. What to do if ucertai of your positio o the maoeuvrig area Pilots ad airside maoeuvrig area drivers do ot kowigly eter a ruway without a valid ATC clearace. Whe this happes, it is most likely because the pilot or driver is ucertai of their positio ad situatioal awareess has bee lost. ICAO has developed a procedure about what to do if you are a pilot, driver or air traffic cotroller with a team member who does ot kow that they are o a ruway or taxiway. ICAO doc. 4444 UNCERTAINTY OF POSITION ON THE MANOEUVRING AREA Except whe a pilot is i doubt as to the positio of the aircraft with respect to the maoeuvrig area shall immediately: a. stop the aircraft; ad b. simultaeously otify the appropriate ATS uit of the circumstaces (icludig the last kow positio). I those situatios where a pilot is i doubt as to the positio of the aircraft with respect to the maoeuvrig area, but recogizes that the aircraft is o a ruway, the pilot shall immediately: a. otify the appropriate ATS uit of the circumstaces (icludig the last kow positio); b. if able to locate a earby suitable taxiway, vacate the ruway as expeditiously as possible, uless otherwise istructed by the ATS uit; ad the, c. stop the aircraft. A vehicle driver i doubt as to the positio of the vehicle with respect to the maoeuvrig area shall immediately: a. otify the appropriate ATS uit of the circumstaces (icludig the last kow positio); b. simultaeously, uless otherwise istructed by the ATS uit, vacate the ladig area, taxiway, or other part of the maoeuvrig area, to a safe distace as expeditiously as possible; ad the, c. stop the vehicle. 7.4.1.5.4 I the evet the aerodrome cotroller becomes aware of a aircraft or vehicle that is lost or ucertai of its positio o the maoeuvrig area, appropriate actio shall be take immediately to safeguard operatios ad assist the aircraft or vehicle cocered to determie its positio. A8 Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0
Improvig commuicatios for little or o cost Itroduce a method for self-checkig to esure ICAO compliat phraseology is used for air traffic cotrollers e.g. by takig the opportuity to liste to short samples of ow R/T ad comparig what was said with ICAO doc. 4444 phrases o a regular basis; Esure a Cockpit friedly method to record lie-up / crossig clearaces is available; Implemet a method for maoeuvrig area drivers to record whe a clearace to eter or cross a ruway is received; ATC clearaces must be issued early eough to esure that they are trasmitted to the aircraft i sufficiet time for it to comply with them; Raise awareess that ICAO compliat commuicatio practices help to prevet groud avigatio errors; Oe best practice is to implemet a systematic evaluatio of the R/T loadig; it may lead to frequecy splittig; Cosider Traiig recommedatios for pilots, cotrollers ad vehicle drivers, icludig practical exams. Europea Actio Pla for the Prevetio of Ruway Icursios - Editio 2.0 A9