Index 17D and US-Latin America relations 3 7, 34 5 announcements 1, 4, 11, 31, 43 4, 102, 137, 179 quotes from presidents speeches 20, 41, 161, 164, 174, 174n1 as continuation of societal trends 9, 47 8, 117, 154 as turning point in Cuba/US relations 44 5, 53 4, 103, 115, 123, 157, 163, 173, 191, 193 reactions to 2 3, 74, 85, 88, 94 approval 6, 19, 54, 107 disapproval 19, 49n4, 107 See also under Castro, Raúl; normalization of US-Cuban relations, process of; Obama, Barack Airbnb 2, 156, 170 1 Alliance for Progress 56 asymmetry 22 3, 27 37 Batista, Fulgencio 17 18, 56, 91, 102, 104 Bay of Pigs Invasion 17, 20, 56, 59, 103 4 Black Spring of 2003 92, 94 blockade. See embargo Brandt, Willy 9, 41 4, 48 9 Brazil 6, 22, 55, 72, 111, 133, 180, 184 5, 187 Bruguera, Tania 67 8, 75, 77 80 Bush, George W. 34, 39, 59, 192 Cartagena (Colombia), Summit of the Americas in 5 6, 179 Carter, Jimmy 31, 85, 103 5 Castro, Fidel 8, 36, 77, 79, 174, 191 economic policy under 47, 108, 161, 163, 165 6 foreign policy 30, 33 4, 181 reaction to 17D 19, 196 retirement 34, 42, 74 role in revolution 8, 38n4, 55 8, 61 2, 101 Castro, Raúl 15, 58, 72, 85 17D xi, 1 2, 6, 42 5, 48, 102, 179, 191 3, 195 6 interactions with dissidents 94 5 relations within Latin America 180 1, 186 role during presidency of Fidel 60 1 succession 19, 42, 174 updating the Cuban economy 54, 57, 61, 89, 108 9, 125, 126n6, 137 8, 161, 163 70, 173 4 Catholic Church 11, 19, 57, 90, 93, 95 6, 104
200 INDEX CELAC. See Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Chávez, Hugo 108, 185 7 Chile 6, 111, 184 China 11, 22, 28 9, 37, 47, 109, 110, 130, 136, 138, 140, 181 3, 186 claims 18, 21, 194 Clinton, William J. 31, 60, 103 Colombia 6, 184 5, 187, 197 2012 Summit of the Americas in 5 6, 179 COMECON. See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Communist Party of Cuba 34, 57 8, 60 1, 90, 108, 148, 163 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC) 12, 108, 180, 184 5, 195 Committees for the Defense of the Revolution 89 cooperatives, Cuban 12, 157, 161, 167 9, 173, 174n5 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance 47, 132 3 Cuban Adjustment Act 18, 21, 86, 106 7, 195 Cuban American National Foundation 91, 105 Cuban Americans artistic expression of 10, 61, 69, 72 opinion of US policies 11, 55, 86, 105 7, 197 remittances 5, 11, 44, 46 8, 55, 86, 106, 139 40, 147, 153, 162, 170 influence on US domestic politics 31, 137, 139 40 influence within Cuba 42, 70, 87 8, 103 5, 125n5, 139 40, 172 travel to Cuba 44 6, 54, 86, 116, 197 See also Cuban American National Foundation; Cuban exiles Cuban art performance 67 8, 75, 77 80 plastic 73, 79 visual 73 7, 80 sale of 73 5, 116 17 Cuban cinema 70 73 Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 59, 103, 105 Cuban Entrepreneurial Exchange 87 Cuban economic policy and foreign direct investment 55, 144 6 and markets 118, 124, 140, 146, 156 7, 183 and private enterprise 155, 166 7, 169 70, 173 criticism of 62, 162, 167, 170 exchange rate system (dual currency) 120 3, 126n6, 126n8 unification of 121, 123, 126n8, 150 prior to 2011 108, 122, 143, 165 6 See also Castro, Fidel: economic policy under; Castro, Raúl: updating the Cuban economy; cuentapropistas; foreign investment in Cuba; Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution (Lineamientos); Law 77 of 1995; Law 118 of 2014; Mariel Special Economic Development Zone Cuban exiles 68 9, 87, 91 2, 96, 104 Cuban Five 57
INDEX 201 Cuban foreign policy 23, 27, 29 33, 71 relations outside the western hemisphere 180 1, 183, 186 relations within Latin America 33 4, 36, 134 5, 180 7 relations with the US 15 18, 186 8, 191 2 history of hostility 16, 20, 28 issues of mutual interest in 7, 21, 29, 32 3, 87, 139 See also 17D; asymmetry; Castro, Fidel: foreign policy; Castro, Raúl: relations with Latin America; Community of Latin American and Caribbean States; China; foreign investment in Cuba; Guantánamo Naval Station; Mexico; Russia; Soviet Union; Summit of the Americas; Venezuela Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 (Helms-Burton) Cuban resistance to 30 rationale behind 103 repeal of 22, 123, 194 provisions of 43 democracy promotion under 18 19, 59 restrictions under 105, 109, 156 7, 194 Cuban literature 68 70 Cuban Medical Professionals Parole Program 18, 21, 194 Cuban Missile Crisis 17, 103, 137 Cuban National Reconciliation Task Force on Memory, Truth and Justice 87 Cuba Study Group 87, 165 CUC (Cuban convertible peso) 121, 123 CUP (Cuban national peso) 121, 123, 126n8 cuentapropistas 12, 55, 73, 78, 88, 161 2, 164 70, 170, 172 3 de la Fuente, Alejandro 76 7 December 17, 2014. See 17D democracy promotion, U.S. programs for 18, 21, 59 60, 194 5 See also TV and Radio Martí Díaz, Jesús 69 Díaz-Canel, Miguel 61 dissidents 1, 59 60, 62, 87, 90, 92 4, 96, 192, 195 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 15, 17, 29, 56, 101 2 el paquete 45, 71 embargo, emotional 88 embargo, U.S. economic effect on normalization process 18, 22, 32, 43, 54, 57, 122 3, 149, 152, 162, 171, 192 4 economic effect in Cuba 11, 108, 110, 117 20, 123, 129 33, 155 7, 162, 164 opposition to 140n2 international 7, 30 1, 104, 107, 179, 185, 193 domestic 87, 106 7 political effect within Cuba 9 10, 30, 57 provisions of 71, 105, 155 7, 170 removal of 37, 85, 111, 117 20, 193 4 projected impact of 11, 38, 47, 55, 71 requirements for 2, 22, 107, 196 support for 7, 29 31, 91 2, 94, 105 6, 196 See also Cuban economic policy: criticism of
202 INDEX Encuentros de la Cultura Cubana 69 exceptionalism 11, 23, 29, 101 2, 107 8, 111 exchange rate system, Cuban. See under Cuban economic policy Five Heroes 57 Ford, Gerald 103 4 foreign investment in Cuba 2, 11 12, 93 5, 136 evolution of 143 4, 156 8 from 2003 to 2013 144 6 2014 law on 108 9, 143, 146 50, 157 Cuban government desire for 47, 138, 146 Cuban government caution toward 23, 75, 77, 122, 130 1 from Brazil 55 from US 122 4, 129, 140, 152 6 See also international financial institutions; Law 77 of 1995; Law 118 of 2014; Mariel Special Economic Development Zone; tourism Germany 9, 41 4, 47 9 González, Elián 57, 87, 96n1 Good Neighbor policy 17 18 Gross, Alan 1 Guantánamo Naval Station 4 5, 18, 21, 32, 107, 193, 195 Guevara, Ernesto Che 56 Guidelines of the Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution (Lineamientos) 12, 61, 121, 146, 150, 163 Helms-Burton legislation. See Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 human rights 21, 31, 80, 110 11, 136 Cuban violations of 87, 91 2, 185 under Fulgencio Batista 17 as barrier to normal relations with US 11, 23, 80, 103, 107, 194 Jacobson, Roberta S. 23, 57 Kennedy, John F. 32, 56, 103 Kerry, John 2, 197 Kissinger, Henry 31, 38 Instituto Cubano de Arte e Industria Cinematográfica 70 Instituto Cubano de Radio y Televisión 71 interdependence theory 28, 32, 39n6 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 110 international financial institutions 11, 18, 109, 122, 136, 138, 196 Internet, in Cuba 45, 47, 70 1, 77, 79, 109, 170 2, 193 Law 77 of 1995 (Cuban) 149 50, 156 57 Law 118 of 2014 (Cuban) 143, 157 Lenin, Vladimir 43, 58 Lineamientos. See Guidelines of Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution Maduro, Nicolás 179, 187 Mariel Special Economic Development Zone 12, 47, 55, 138, 144, 148 52 Mariel boatlift. See under migration Martí, José 8, 35, 58 Marx, Karl 43, 58
INDEX 203 Mas Canosa, Jorge 105 See also Cuban American National Foundation Mexico 6, 28, 70, 72, 92, 102, 111, 149, 180, 182, 184 5, 187 Miami 9, 44, 48, 49n2, 88, 92, 105 7, 171 2, 195 migration 18, 85 8 changing demographics 42, 87, 91, 86 Mariel boatlift 89, 91 migrants influence on US-Cuba policy 43 4, 105 6 policy reforms Cuban 44, 92 US 4 5, 106, 180, 195 See also Cuban Adjustment Act; Cuban Americans; González, Elián nationalism, Cuban 30, 33, 38, 55 6 normalization of US-Cuban relations, process of 8, 28, 35 7, 39n10, 54 cultural effects of 10, 77 diplomatic effects of 12, 139, 186 8 economic effects of 47, 55, 115 20, 123 5, 139, 152, 161 2 examples from other countries 3, 29, 134 35, 140 obstacles to 2 3, 7 8, 15, 18, 20 2, 93 94, 106 9, 135, 162 past attempts in 102-04 political effects of 20 21, 43, 53 66, 139 40 progress since 17D 9 11, 13, 20 1, 28, 191 7 support for 57, 86 7, 89, 106 7 Obama, Barack 15 domestic approval ratings 57, 105 7, 197 first term policy on Cuba 4 5, 47, 86, 102, 179, 186, 192 Cartagena Summit of the Americas as turning point in 5 6 second term policy on Cuba 9 leading to 17D 3 4, 43, 47, 141n6 17D announcement xi, 1 2, 12, 31, 43, 48, 53, 74, 85, 102 3, 179, 191 content of 20, 41, 161, 164, 174, 174n1 post-17d 2, 4, 6 7, 20 2, 37, 48, 60, 71, 107, 111, 152 3, 155, 162, 170 2, 193 7 Operation Mongoose 17, 103 4 Organization of American States (OAS) 4 5, 12, 108, 180, 184 7, 196 Ostpolitik 9, 41 6, 48 9 Padura Fuentes, Leonardo 69 Panama 105, 111, 184 2015 Summit of the Americas in 6, 34, 62, 130, 180, 185 7, 191 2 canal 55, 151, 196 PCC (Partido Comunista de Cuba). See Communist Party of Cuba Peru 105, 184 Platt Amendment 16, 18, 30, 56, 140n1 Port of Spain (Trinidad), Summit of the Americas in 5 6, 179 property claims 18, 21, 194 Puerto Rico 33, 34, 92, 194 Queloides 75 7
204 INDEX Radio Martí 103, 105, 194 5 See also democracy promotion, US programs for reconciliation between US and Cuba 6, 9 11, 197 between Cubans and the Cuban diaspora 85 8, 90 3, 95 6 within Cuba 10 11, 85, 88 90, 94 6 Reagan, Ronald 28, 85, 103, 105, 131 Rodríguez Parilla, Bruno 15, 23, 192 3 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 16 17 Rousseff, Dilma 22 Rubio, Marco 22, 49n4, 112n5 Russia 28, 37, 133, 149, 181, 183 4, 186 sanctions, US against Cuba. See embargo Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula da 185 7 small businesses in Cuba. See cuentapropistas Spain 16, 46, 58, 68 70, 101, 105 Special Period 61, 68, 70, 74, 108, 143, 165 6 Südpolitik 9, 41 2, 44, 46 7, 49 Soviet Union 29 30, 32, 38n1, 41, 103 4, 108, 110, 131 2, 137 collapse of 12, 59, 103, 144 State Department. See United States Department of State Summit of the Americas 5 6, 34, 62, 130, 179 81, 185 7, 191 2 telecommunications 115, 118, 152, 154 6 terrorism committed against Cuba 17, 105, 194 US-Cuba bilateral cooperation against 32 See also United States Department of State: Cuba on list of state sponsors of terrorism tourism in Cuba 54 5, 74, 116 foreign investment in 43 4, 148, 154 6, 170 1, 196 revenue from 125n1, 171 social inequality due to 47, 109 United States and 11, 43, 54, 70, 109, 153 4, 193 ban on 55, 109, 170, 194, 196 7 travel 10, 32, 46 8, 55, 154 5, 171 2, 192, 197 restrictions for US residents 44, 74, 85 6, 104, 106, 109, 115 19, 124, 125n5, 170, 196 restrictions for Cuban citizens 44, 86, 92 TV Martí 194 5 See also democracy promotion, US programs for United Nations 31, 103, 110, 181, 191, 193, 195 United States Department of State 16, 18, 21, 44, 56, 93, 172, 174n6, 191 Cuba on list of state sponsors of terrorism 2, 21, 37, 53, 106 7, 123, 192 United States policy toward Cuba Cuban American opinion of. See under Cuban Americans evolution of leading to 17D 3 6, 16 18, 28 34, 39n9, 47, 56, 101 5, 130, 135, 140n1, 163 post-17d 6 7, 12, 22, 34 5, 42 4, 48 9, 53 4, 124, 141n6, 162, 170 1, 173 4, 194
INDEX 205 motivations for 3, 23, 27 9, 31 2, 34, 42, 57, 130, 180 issues of mutual interest in 7, 21, 29, 32 3, 87, 139 objectives of empowerment of Cuban people 11, 53, 56, 60, 77, 140n2, 161 2, 170, 173 4 normalized relations 28 9, 37, 41, 44 5, 60, 80, 104, 107, 117 18, 135, 174n1 regime change 5, 10 12, 17, 30, 53, 58 60, 91 2, 102 5, 162, 174, 194, 196 See also Cuban Adjustment Act; Cuban Democracy Act of 1992; Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996; Cuban Medical Professionals Parole Program; democracy programs; embargo; normalization of US-Cuban relations, process of; Obama, Barack; Platt Amendment Venezuela 5 6, 22, 108, 133, 179 80, 183 5, 187, 197 Vidal Ferreira, Josefina 23, 57 Vietnam 11, 28 9, 109 110, 130 1, 133 6, 138, 140 War of Independence, Cuban 16, 23