GATINEAU PARK OUTDOOR ACTIVITY PLAN NATIONAL CAPITAL COMMISSION FINAL REPORT OCTOBER 2012
Final Report October 2012 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE... 3 1 CONTEXT... 4 1.1 Objectives of the Outdoor Activity Plan... 4 1.2 Planning process at Gatineau Park... 4 1.3 Gatineau Park Master Plan... 5 1.3.1 Ecosystem Conservation Plan... 7 1.3.2 Green Transportation Plan... 8 1.4 Specific recommendations contained in the Master Plan... 9 2 BRIEF PORTRAIT OF GATINEAU PARK... 11 2.1 General characteristics of Gatineau Park... 11 2.2 General user profile and attendance... 14 2.2.1 General user profile... 14 2.2.2 Number of visitors at the Park... 15 2.2.3 Detailed user profile... 19 2.2.4 User satisfaction... 22 3 GENERAL TRENDS... 24 4 ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OFFER... 26 4.1 Summer hiking... 26 4.2 Mountain biking... 28 4.3 Unofficial trails... 30 4.4 Bicycle touring... 31 4.5 Cross-country skiing... 31 4.6 Snowshoeing... 34 4.7 Winter hiking... 34 4.8 Lodging services (summer and winter)... 35 4.9 Bodies of water (beaches, water sports, fishing)... 38 4.10 Rock climbing... 39 4.11 Caving... 41 4.12 Picnicking... 41 4.13 Nature observation and birdwatching... 42
Final Report October 2012 2 4.14 Hang-gliding and paragliding... 42 4.15 Geocaching and orienteering... 43 4.16 Horseback riding... 44 4.17 Downhill skiing... 45 4.18 Aerial Ropes Course... 45 4.19 Shooting range and biathlon... 46 4.20 Issues affecting more than one activity... 46 5 ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OFFER BY SECTOR... 48 5.1 Gateway Sector... 49 5.2 Parkway Sector... 50 5.3 Philippe Lake Crescent Sector... 53 5.4 Heart of the Park Sector... 55 5.5 La Pêche Lake Sector... 56 5.6 Outdoor activity offer on the periphery... 58 6 ANALYSIS OF BASIC SERVICES... 59 6.1 Reception and information... 59 6.2 Pricing... 60 6.3 Interpretation and education... 60 6.4 Services and facilities related to transportation... 61 6.5 Public safety and unauthorized activities... 61 6.6 Main opportunities and issues for basic services... 62 7 MAJOR ISSUES... 64 8 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK... 65 8.1 Vision, mission and guiding principles... 66 8.2 Target clienteles... 67 9 ORIENTATIONS AND AREAS OF INTERVENTION... 69 9.1 Orientations and areas of intervention... 69 9.2 Strategies by area of intervention... 70 10 CONCLUSION... 84 BIBLIOGRAPHY... 85
Final Report October 2012 3 PREFACE Gatineau Park is one of the jewels of Canada's Capital Region. It was inspired by the vision of national capital planners and support from the many stakeholders who, early in the 20th century, suggested that a space to discover and preserve a piece of Canada s natural and historical heritage be created in Canada s Capital region. A living symbol of the importance of protecting the environment for Canadians, the Park allows visitors to enjoy memorable nature-based experiences in their capital. For more than a century, the Park has continued to evolve, thanks in part to the efforts of successive generations of outdoor enthusiasts who have helped it to become the amazing site it is today. Thus, Gatineau Park expresses, in a unique manner, an intangible recreational heritage that forms an integral part of the residents of Canada's Capital Region (CCR) cultural makeup. The Park, its environment and its role in outdoor recreation are key contributors to the quality of living of the residents of Canada s Capital region. However, the Park s popularity and urbanization of the surrounding area exert considerable pressure on the Park environment, which is a prime example of the Canadian Shield landscape. If it is clear that we must now subordinate the entire recreational practice to conservation issues that will allow the Park to continue to be what it is for future generations, it is also clear that all Canadians must continue to develop a close contact with nature and with the heritage the Park has to offer. This Outdoor Activities Plan seeks to identify the balance between the efforts required in terms of conservation and those to be done to preserve the recreational legacy that is an integral part of the quality of life of Canadians and allows them to discover the Park.
Final Report October 2012 4 1 CONTEXT As part of its mandate to manage Gatineau Park, the National Capital Commission (NCC) is developing an Outdoor Activity Plan (OAP) to address the issues raised by the Gatineau Park Master Plan (2005) and the Ecosystem Conservation Plan (2010). These plans set out the principles, priorities and recommendations that must be taken into account in the development of outdoor activities. 1.1 Objectives of the Outdoor Activity Plan The OAP s main goal is to provide coherent planning and intervention frameworks for outdoor activities, as well as infrastructures and services to optimize visitor experience and maximize the reach of the Park s Ecosystem Conservation Plan. Through a series of concrete measures and in keeping with conservation objectives and underlying management principles, the OAP seeks to further elaborate the desired levels and types of outdoor activities in the Park, as well as the role and capacity of the Park s recreational areas. 1.2 Planning process at Gatineau Park The Outdoor Activities Plan is part of a planning process whose cornerstone is the 1999 Plan for Canada's Capital that affects all of the NCC s activities. The Gatineau Park Master Plan (2005) follows the Plan for Canada's Capital guidelines and includes the Park s main objectives and key guidelines (ref. 1.3) that are integral to the National Capital s development vision. The NCC developed the Gatineau Park Ecosystem Conservation Plan, which is directly under the Master Plan in importance and subordinates the other plans, such as the Outdoor Activities Plan. Adopted in 2010, it proposes the following vision for the Park: Gatineau Park is a model of innovation and sustainable environmental management, preserving the integrity of its ecosystems and exceptional ecological diversity through innovative management measures focused on the notions of ecosystem and cooperation. Over the next few years, this vision must transcend the development of the three sector plans that will affect outdoor activities, sustainable transportation and the management of the Park s cultural heritage.
Final Report October 2012 5 Figure 1: Current Planning Process for Gatineau Park 1.3 Gatineau Park Master Plan The Gatineau Park Master Plan is a planning tool that is responsible for the Park s long-term vision, strategic orientations and objectives for planning, land use, and management. The Plan also sets out the Park s mission: The Park s mission is to welcome Canadians and other visitors, to allow them to discover Canada s natural environment, to visit sites that bear witness to the country s history, and to engage in outdoor activities. Key objectives of the GPMP are: To preserve and develop the unique natural and cultural heritage that make up the Park: the rich ecosystems of the Canadian Shield, the region s agricultural, mining and forestry heritage, the Park s historic role in the development and planning of the National Capital and the political presence in the Park which bears witness to its importance at the national level; To offer high quality recreational experiences that are respectful of the natural environment;
Final Report October 2012 6 To inspire all Canadians, visitors to the Capital and residents to respect conservation values and the need to resolve issues related to the protection of natural areas in order to ensure the Park s survival. Derived from the Park s mission and functions, a total of six strategic objectives form the basis of the general proposals contained in the Plan. They are: ENVIRONMENT RECREATION REGIONAL INTEGRATION HERITAGE NATIONAL SYMBOL MANAGEMENT A STRATEGIC TOOL: OBJECTIVES The conservation of significant ecosystems and natural environments. A respectful recreational experience within a preserved natural environment. The Capital s Conservation Park. The enhancement of heritage resources relating to the capital A Canadian commitment to conservation, interpretation and communication of the environment Conservation-oriented management of all activities. The Park s vision will focus on the conservation of its natural and cultural environment. Accordingly, Gatineau Park is considered a natural protected area, managed primarily for conservation. In other words, it will be the Capital s Conservation Park for the benefit of all Canadians and for future generations. The GPMP defines the Park s principal attributes which vary throughout its different sectors. The functions of central importance to the Park are: A conservation function, involving the maintenance and restoration of natural ecosystems in order to preserve natural environments within the National Capital that are representative of the country as a whole; A recreation and ecotourism function, involving the supply of a range of quality attractions and activities, and a demonstration of the close and respectful relationship that exists between Canadians and their natural environment; A heritage and culture function that bears witness to the builders, inhabitants, history and cultural environment of both the country and the region; A political function, expressed through the Park s national dimension, Canada s environmental commitments and the sites at which political duties are performed;
Final Report October 2012 7 A communication function, through which Canadians and other visitors are informed of the NCC s achievements and leadership in the areas of conservation, outdoor recreation, ecotourism and cultural heritage, and of Canada s commitment to environmental protection. 1.3.1 Ecosystem Conservation Plan The Master Plan reported issues and concerns affecting the Park and has identified several objectives regarding the management of protected areas of national importance. Since these objectives relate primarily to conservation, it was agreed that the Ecosystem Conservation Plan become an action plan to guide the writing of other plans for the Park. The Ecosystem Conservation Plan outlines the principles, orientations and conservation vision, and communicates the actions to be taken to preserve and restore the Park. The development of the Ecosystem Conservation Plan resulted from the general observation of a gradual loss of ecological integrity that has led to different conservation issues that the Park should address. Thus, the ECP highlights the following conservation goals: To protect biodiversity; To protect species at risk; To limit habitat fragmentation; To protect the ecological continuity zones; To limit pressure from human activities; To acquire and upgrade the knowledge required to manage the Park in relation to its ecosystems and technological integrity. The evaluation of ecosystem health in Gatineau Park revealed acceptable conditions with a tendency towards deterioration of the aquatic and riparian environments and certain valued 1 ecosystems. To meet the orientations set out, several priorities have been identified: Reduce pressures and their impact on ecosystems; Restore the Park's valued ecosystems; Minimize the impact of recreational activities on the Park's ecological integrity; Raise public awareness of conservation issues as well as on how to better protect ecosystems. Five valued ecosystems and two habitats have been identified in Gatineau Park (DDM, 2007): La Pêche Lake (ecosystem); 1 Massé, Del Degan, Gatineau Park Ecosystem Conservation Plan, Executive Summary, January 2010, p. 1
Final Report October 2012 8 Eardley Plateau (ecosystem); Eardley Escarpment (ecosystem); Pink Lake Plateau (ecosystem); Three-Lake Chain (ecosystem); Folly Bog (habitat); Lac des Fées (habitat). The recent increase in knowledge makes it possible to manage these areas today by taking into account all the human and natural activities which occur, and not only based on their administrative boundaries. This broader approach is based on more extended concepts related to ecosystems. The implication of this notion has major impacts and involves: Understanding the functioning of ecosystems and stress factors 2 ; Integrating the concept of boundaries and ecological processes within the management methods at the regional level; Adopting a collaborative approach with partners and managers of adjacent lands within a regional management framework; Establishing clear objectives with regards to ecosystem management; Implementing rehabilitation measures when human disturbances lead or have led ecosystems outside the normal direction of their evolution; Preparing an ecological monitoring plan; An intervention strategy based on the results of meaningful predictive models. 1.3.2 Green Transportation Plan The NCC has undertaken the preparation of a Green Transportation Plan. This plan is intended to minimize the environmental impacts of travel to and from the Park while providing access to activities and ensuring the quality of the visitor experience. Interventions to be proposed in the Green Transportation Plan will meet the following objectives: Minimize the impact on wildlife, plant species and ecosystems; Reduce the emission of air pollutants from motorized vehicles; 2 The plan identifies several stressors related to recreational activities such as rock climbing, cycling or hiking off trails, hang gliding, horseback riding, fishing, poaching and illegal harvesting.
Final Report October 2012 9 Increase the quality of the visitor experience Provide access to authorized activities. 1.4 Specific recommendations contained in the Master Plan The Master Plan provides recommendations for certain outdoor activities to be practiced within the context of an environmentally-friendly recreational experience: Maintain current outdoor activities (hiking, snowshoeing, cross country skiing, cycling) that are compatible with and respectful of the natural environment and promote the discovery of the natural environment; Improve the quality of recreational experiences; Maintain the quality of existing tourist attractions such as the Mackenzie King Estate and Pink Lake; Review and improve the supply of outdoor activities during the winter season (snowshoeing, cross country skiing, hiking); Avoid the introduction of new infrastructures, specifically those targeting sports competitions; Refuse extreme outdoor activities (such as wilderness survival) given the existing infrastructures; Improve the network of trails in certain areas; Encourage Canadians, visitors and residents to be more conscious of the merits of the conservation of the ecological functions of natural environments; Develop interpretation programs tailored specifically for target client groups; Involve the public, residents and interest groups in the planning and management process; Complement regional development by offering the NCR community a range of activities that are respectful of the environment and compatible with the Park's natural and cultural resources; Foster partnerships to promote recreational sites outside the Park; Allow observation and interpretation of natural and cultural environments, as well as hiking, in the conservation and extensive recreation zone; Allow isolated very low-intensity observation activities in the integral conservation zone; Gradually relocate, to less sensitive areas, recreational uses that have an impact on ecosystems and significant natural habitats. Other outdoor activities, such as rock climbing and horseback riding, can also be offered if they are part of a specific agreement and are compatible with the natural environment.
Final Report October 2012 10 To achieve this vision, designated conservation areas have been expanded by 25%, and protected green ecological corridors have been proposed along the Park's boundaries. Recreation areas are preferably located close to neighboring population around the Park. The natural heritage and cultural landscapes are maintained and enhanced. Improved services are consolidated in reception areas and partnerships in areas along the Park' periphery are promoted. The Park is divided into five sectors (Gateway, Parkways, Philippe Lake Crescent, Heart of the Park and La Pêche Lake). The Master Plan also uses a zoning system that superimposes sectors to determine the use of each piece of land. It should be noted that the distribution of some areas was reviewed at the completion of the ECP. It proposes that the areas of integral conservation and conservation and extensive recreation occupy more territory than what was recommended in the Master Plan. In summary, the previously adopted plans require a significant increase in efforts for the conservation of habitats and ecosystems, while seeking to promote recreational activities that are respectful of natural environments. The Park may well become a leader in Canada in the promotion of respectful outdoor activities and innovative programs.
Final Report October 2012 11 2 BRIEF PORTRAIT OF GATINEAU PARK 2.1 General characteristics of Gatineau Park Gatineau Park is the primary green protected space in Canada s Capital Region. It covers an area of 361 km 2 stretching over approximately 50 kilometres and accounts for 7.7 percent of the total area of Canada s Capital Region. The southernmost portion protrudes into the urban area of the City of Gatineau. The Park consists of three main physiographic zones representative of the Canadian Shield: the Gatineau Hills, the Eardley Escarpment and the Three-lake Chain, and includes exceptional quality forests and a large concentration of plant and animal species at risk. La Pêche Lake, Philippe Lake, Mousseau Lake and Meech Lake account for 80 percent of the Park s expanses of water. Gatineau Park is the largest capital asset owned by the NCC. Its land is governed by the National Capital Act. The Park is a popular destination for residents, tourists and excursionists. The Park receives over 2.7 million person-visits per year made by approximately 700,000 individuals; of these, 130,000 are tourists from outside the region. In recent years, Park visitor numbers have increased in proportion to regional population growth. From May to October, the Parkway Sector is very popular with the regional population and tourists. The Mackenzie King Estate, Pink Lake and the lookouts are the main attractions. During the summer, several lakes are popular, particularly Philippe Lake and Meech Lake. F i g F igure 1: Map of Gatineau Park
Final Report October 2012 12 Gatineau Park is home to a number of heritage resources, the Mackenzie King Estate being the most important and significant. Also noteworthy are the Willson and O Brien buildings, the first geodetic survey station in Canada and the summer residence of the Prime Minister of Canada. The Park is accessible from multiple gateways. The Visitor Centre is the only reception area open year round offering various basic services. Over thirty parking areas provide users with access to recreational and tourist facilities. An identification and improvement project for the gateways was completed in 2010 and 2011. The following table summarizes the main activities and services of the Park. Table 1: Gatineau Park s main activities Main activities Description Summer hiking 165 km of hiking trails connected to the rest of the NCC network, as well as the national and Trans Canada trails. Of these, 90 km are shared trails (walking/cycling) and 14 km are paved recreational trails. Seven self-guided interpretation trails, two of which are wheelchair accessible. Cycling Mountain biking Three parkways comprising in 33.2 km of scenic routes. 14 km are paved recreational trails. Champlain, Huron and Étienne Brûlé lookouts. 90 km of shared trails (walking/cycling) Technical and downhill trails at Camp Fortune Beaches and swimming Five public beaches and beach reserved for campers (Smith beach) on three lakes: lakes Philippe, Meech and La Pêche. Picnic 14 picnic areas Car ride Three parkways comprising in 33.2 km of scenic routes. Champlain, Huron and Étienne-Brûlé lookouts. Mackenzie-King Estate A 231 hectares historical site with gardens and trails nearby. Summer lodging: camping, cabins and yurts 288 individual sites on two lakes (Philippe and Taylor). 32 canoe-camping sites Group sites in the Philippe and La Pêche sectors. Three yurts and one cabin (Brown)
Final Report October 2012 13 Main activities Winter lodging: camping, cabins and yurts Five winter camping sites in the Philippe Lake sector. Four yurts and four cabins Description Rock climbing Five rock faces located in three different areas on the Eardley Escarpment offer a total of 64 climbing routes. Caving Lusk Cave Free interpretation programs offered throughout the year at the Visitor Centre and at the Lake Philippe camping site during the summer. Nature interpretation Permanent and temporary exhibits throughout the year at the Visitor Centre. Seven self-guided interpretation trails. Interpretation panels scattered throughout the territory. Geocaching and orienteering Horseback riding An 11 km trail. Geocaching activities limited to the use of official trails. Orienteering events organised by local clubs. Tree to Tree circuits Offered on Camp Fortune site. Shooting range and biathlon Offered on Camp Fortune site. Cross-country skiing Snowshoeing and winter hiking 200 km of cross-country ski trails developed either for the practice of classical skating, skate or backcountry skiing, including ten (10) heated shelters. 55 km of snowshoeing trails with access to shelters. Ten kilometers of walking trails Downhill skiing A downhill ski center (Camp Fortune), with 23 trails and a snow park under delegated management by lease.
Final Report October 2012 14 2.2 General user profile and attendance 2.2.1 General user profile According to studies on Park visitors carried out by Sodem between 1999 and 2002, two types of users were identified: Casual users can be subdivided into two general segments: Resident who regularly use the Park, particularly the same three destinations (Pink Lake, Mackenzie King Estate and Champlain Lookout) and several secondary destinations (Étienne Brûlé Lookout, King Mountain, Mulvihill Lake, Meech Lake, Dunlop and Penguin picnic grounds). Visitors who visit the Park by car, without much preparation, and mainly visit the Parkway sectors, spending less than three hours at three main destinations (Pink Lake, Mackenzie King Estate, Champlain Lookout). They are the main users of information and orientation services and especially use the Park between the months of May to November. Winter visits are limited and often consist of car rides or walks along the trails. Regular and frequent users who know the Park very well and use it for recreational purposes. They have specific requests, are primarily from the CCR and use very few information and orientation services. They come to the Park by car and are aware of available opportunities through friends and relatives. The regulars are divided into three subgroups: Occasional enthusiasts who practice a range of recreational activities (hiking, swimming, picnics, activities on parkways such as cycling and rollerblading). These users seek security and various forms of recreation that are easy and pleasant. Outdoor enthusiasts who are seeking more intense experiences. Main summer activities include hiking, canoeing and cycling while winter activities include cross-country skiing and snowshoeing. They do not practice their activities in a competitive manner but visit the Park on a regular basis (15 to 20 visits per winter for cross-country skiers). They know the Park and are comfortable in unmanaged settings (e.g. ungroomed ski trails). Sports enthusiasts who consider the Park as a venue to practice their sports activities. Their motivations include training, participating in a competition (e.g. ski races) or the simple pleasure of completing a mountain biking tour on expert trails. They visit the Park on a regular basis (more than once a week), but primarily for training purposes, not for the Park itself. The main activities are road cycling and mountain biking on Camp Fortune trails and cross-country skiing on groomed, but challenging trails.
Final Report October 2012 15 2.2.2 Number of visitors at the Park The following statistics were carried out by Environics between 2010 and 2011. In all, the estimated annual number of visitors at Gatineau Park is 2.7 million person-visits. Of these, 2.5 million person-visits were made by local residents and some 212,200 additional visits were tourists from outside the region. Table 2: Estimated number of person-visits at Gatineau Park in 2010-2011 Number of person-visits Fall Winter Spring-Summer Total Local residents 700,600 881,400 904,000 2,486,000 Tourists 87,500 18,700 106,000 212,200 Total 788,100 900,100 1,010,000 2,698,200 These 2.7 million person-visits were made by approximately 703,500 individuals. Table 3: Estimated number of adult visitors having visited Gatineau Park in 2010-2011 Number of visits Fall Winter Spring-Summer Total Local residents 350,300 293,800 452,000 570,600 (*) Tourists 87,500 18,700 106,000 132,900(*) Total (*) 437,800 312,500 558,000 703,500(*) Explanatory Note (*): The estimated number of adults who visited the Park was calculated by comparing the proportion of the CCR s local residents (Canada s Capital Region) who reported having visited Gatineau Park at least once during the previous season on the total number of adults residing in the CCR (telephone survey). Using this number and the proportion of local residents/visitors identified during the field survey of Park users, the estimated total attendance during each season and for the year was calculated. The results per season could not be added to form an annual total since many people visit the Park several times during the year. We have taken this factor into account in the calculation of the estimated adult visiting the Park annually.
Final Report October 2012 16 Tables 2 and 3 show that numbers of visitors vary throughout the year. In terms of person-visits, spring-summer is the season during which most visits were recorded, followed by winter. In terms of adult individuals, spring-summer is the season during which most visitors were recorded, followed by fall. This difference illustrates the presence of major users during the winter. The Environics survey (2010-11) also reveals that most visits made by CCR residents were undertaken by a relatively small group of people. The following table illustrates this fact based on the following classification: non-visitors, occasional (1 to 4 visits per season), regular (5 to 20 visits per season) and major users (more than 20 visits per season). Table 5: Distribution of CCR residents according to the frequency of their visits Non-visitors Occasional (1 to 4 visits) Regular (5 to 20 visits) Major users (more than 20 visits) Season % of CCR % of visits % of CCR % of visits % of CCR % of visits % of RCC % of visits Winter 74% 0% 18% 2% 7% 33% 1% 65% Spring/Summer 60% 0% 30% 8% 9% 41% 1% 51% Fall 69% 0% 24% 47% 6% 38% 1% 16% It is noted that 65% of winter visits are made by 1% of local residents (major users). By forecasting that the winter season has a low proportion of visitors from outside the region, it becomes apparent that the major users make up the majority of visitors during winter. Moreover, the level of income related to season passes during this season is known to be high. Data from the same table for the spring/summer season should be used with more caution even if they already show a wider range of customers, as the summer season attracts a much larger percentage of visitors from outside of the region. On the other hand, a study conducted by SODEM in 2004 indicates that the Parkway Sector attracts, by far, the largest number of personvisits.
Final Report October 2012 17 Table 6: Estimation of visitor numbers according to sectors and months of the year 3 (2004) Parkway Sector Philippe Lake Month Summer Trails Total Sector Summer offtrails La Pêche Lake Sector Winter Trails January - - - - - 30,200 30,200 February - - - - - 48,200 48,200 March - - - - - 91,850 91,850 April - 50,000 50,000 - - 23,550 73,550 May 36,000 112,000 148,000 17,200 1,800-167,000 June 132,500 120,500 253,000 17,900 6,600-277,500 July 136,000 34,000 170,000 26,300 4,700-201,000 August 53,000 73,000 126,000 33,500 20,300-179,800 September 77,000 32,000 109,000 13,500 4,800-127,300 October 43,000 103,000 146,000 2,700 - - 148,700 November 24,000 53,000 77,000 - - - 77,000 December - - - - - 60,000 60,000 Total 501,500 577,500 1,079,000 111,100 38,200 253,800 1,482,100 Total In general, visitors at the Park are mostly local (residents of the greater Ottawa-Gatineau region), which is usually typical for an outdoor park located near a major urban center. An accurate assessment of the number of visitors at the Park is relatively difficult to establish due to the many gateways and the large number of activities. However, various estimation exercises indicate that the number of visitors at the Park is constantly on the rise: from 600,000 person-visits in 1978 4 to 2.7 million person-visits in 2010-11. 3 4 This spreadsheet was created using data from traffic studies and surveys through face-to-face interviews with users carried out in the various sectors of Gatineau Park between 1999 and 2002 (see reports 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 19 and 20) - 2004 Sodem The estimated number of person-visits was 600,000 according to Park managers in office at that time.
Final Report October 2012 18 Figure 4: Evolution of annual number of visitors 3 000 000 2 500 000 2 000 000 1 500 000 1 000 000 500 000 0 1978 1982-1983 1991 1999-2000 2010-2011 Several factors suggest that this growth could continue in the coming years: The number of visitors at the Chelsea Visitor Center increased from 86,000 (2006) to 109,000 (2011), an increase of 27%, according to NCC statistics 5 ; An increase in the sales of cross-country skiing annual passes has been recorded (more than 6,000 in 2010-11, with an average of 15-20 visits per season); The increase in the number of visitors during Fall Rhapsody week 6. The urbanization of surrounding areas in the southernmost sector. 5 6 Statistical Data, NCC 2005 Fall Rhapsody Research project, NCC
Final Report October 2012 19 2.2.3 Detailed user profile These statistics come from surveys conducted by Environics between 2010 and 2011. Number of visitors according to gender: The proportion of men and women visiting the Park reflects Canada population. In fact, 51% of users are women and 49% are men. The winter season is the only time during the year that the proportion of male users exceeds that of female users. Figure 1: Number of visitors according to gender Global 51% 49% Fall 53% 47% Winter 45% 55% Spring/Summer 54% Female Male 46% Age group of users: Although users of all ages come to the Park during the year, the majority of users are between the ages of 25 and 54. The age distribution of users varies depending on the season. Note: The survey did not include those under 18 as they are too young to participate. Figure 2: Number of visitors according to age Global 6% 22% 24% 24% 15% 7% Fall 7% 18% 20% 23% 19% 12% Winter 3% 18% 25% 30% 18% 5% Spring/Summer 9% 31% 28% 19% 8% 5% 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Final Report October 2012 20 Accompanying persons: Most users visit Gatineau Park with their partner or family. Visiting the Park alone or with friends is less frequent, and only a small proportion of users (1%) come with organized groups. During the winter season, 31% of users come to the Park alone, a much higher proportion than during other seasons. Visiting the Park with friends is more common among young people during the spring/summer season. Figure 3: Accompanying persons Global 16% 32% 31% 23% 1% Fall 8% 35% 39% 20% 2% Winter 31% 34% 19% 19% 1% Spring/Summer 8% 28% 37% 29% 1% Alone With partner With family With friends With organised group
Final Report October 2012 21 The following table illustrates the popularity of activities per season. Note that ski touring is the most popular activity during the winter and hiking/walking during the fall. Swimming and hiking/walking are virtually tied during the spring and summer seasons. Table 4: Popularity of activities per season in Gatineau Park Main purpose Activities of visit (%) Winter Other activities (%) Ski touring 68 7 Snowshoeing 16 21 Hiking / Walking 13 10 Downhill skiing 1 (*) 10 Fall Hiking/Walking 54 32 Nature observation 31 26 Cycling 3 12 Guided tour 2 2 Picnic 1 8 Spring/Summer Swimming/Beach 32 12 Hiking/Walking 31 15 Cycling 11 11 Nature observation 7 5 Picnic 7 18 Car drive 5 1 (*)Based on interviews in parking lots/sites other than Camp Fortune
Final Report October 2012 22 2.2.4 User satisfaction These statistics come mainly from surveys conducted by Environics between 2010 and 2011. Almost all users are satisfied with their visit to Gatineau Park. Most think the Park helps to increase their sense of pride in the city and give the CCR a unique flavour. A major objective of the study was to determine the level of satisfaction of users of Gatineau Park. The survey asked users to express their overall satisfaction and the reasons that justified their evaluation. They were also asked if they had any suggestions as to how to make the Park experience more meaningful. Overall level of satisfaction: Almost all users are very (80%) or generally (17%) satisfied with the time they spent at the Park. Only 2% are not very satisfied or dissatisfied with their visit. The highest rate of satisfaction (86% very satisfied) was for the fall season. The level of satisfaction does not vary according to the different user groups. Figure 4: Level of general satisfaction per season Global 80% 17% 2% 1% Fall 86% 13% * 1% Winter 76% 21% 2% 1% Spring/Summer 78% 18% 3% 1% Very satisfied Generally satisfied Not very satisfied/dissatisfied DNK/NA
Final Report October 2012 23 Reasons to be satisfied: We asked users of the Park during the spring and summer to identify the main reason for their satisfaction. The most common answers mentioned the scenery, the weather, the cleanliness of the Park, the trails, the beaches, the water, and other facilities such as toilets. Reason to be dissatisfied: Among the few unsatisfied users, the reasons most often mentioned were the poor quality of the tracking of the Park s trails, health and safety considerations and the inaccessibility of some areas of the Park. The small sample of customers dissatisfied with their visit to Gatineau Park did not allow for a more detailed analysis.
Final Report October 2012 24 3 GENERAL TRENDS Outdoor recreation activities are an essential component in the lives of Canadians. The growing popularity of outdoor recreation is probably connected with the richness of the natural and recreational heritage that we have access to. The outdoors can be defined in a number of ways. This may be because the population is becoming more diversified. It comprises ethnic, cultural and generational groups that all have a different perception of the outdoors. Some approach it in a playful way, while others take it more seriously. Thus outdoor enthusiasts, depending on their level of commitment, will look for different benefits and will have different expectations in regard to outdoor activities, sometimes even in conflict with others. Generally, the literature suggests three main findings in regard to the outdoors in Canada: 1. Outdoor leisure activities play a significant role in how Canadians use their free time; 2. Participating in outdoor activities has remained steady over the last few decades; 3. Outdoor activities are evolving and new trends are emerging 7. Rapid changes of participation in these activities are not likely, but would be introduced gradually instead, taking into account a variety of factors related to demographics, the environment, technology and the sociocultural aspect. Demographics Population growth and aging. Increased cultural diversity. Better educated, more urban population. Technology and infrastructure Innovation and improvements of recreational and outdoor equipment. Use of the Internet as a planning tool for tourism and recreation. Improvements in transportation corridors in and towards natural zones (for example: Des Allumettières and the extension of Autoroute 5). 7 Donohoe, H., Outdoor recreation trends and Gatineau Park, March 2009
Final Report October 2012 25 Environment Climate change. Increasing pressure on natural areas from urban development, particularly on the southern edge of the Park, between the Eardley Escarpment and the Ottawa River. Natural spaces protected in insufficient numbers near urban centres. Sociocultural aspect More priority for the concept of quality of life, and a better understanding of the relationship between outdoor activities and their health benefits. Greater economic accessibility. Remarkable rise in the practising of outdoor leisure activities and nature tourism in Canada. Diversification of cultural values. New enthusiasts, different expectations.
Final Report October 2012 26 4 ANALYSIS OF THE ACTIVITY OFFER Recreation in Gatineau Park is enjoyed through a series of activities, some of which have been practiced here for a long time. From the point of view of the Park s Master Plan, several of these activities support the Park s objectives for conservation, while others need to be revised. In this context, it is essential to prepare a detailed analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the current offer and to cast a critical eye on the opportunities and constraints for each activity. 4.1 Summer hiking General analysis The network of hiking trails is the backbone of the activity offer in a Park. It offers opportunities for exploration and discovery. The Park s official network of summer trails covers 165 kilometres, mainly in the Gateway Sector, the Parkway sectors and the Philippe Lake Crescent sector. The La Pêche Lake and Heart of the Park sectors also include portions of the network, but the density is less. The network offers many opportunities for a diverse clientele: Interpretation trails (some are accessible to individuals with reduced mobility) Shared trails for hiking and mountain biking Hiking trails only A section of the Capital Pathway (paved surface). The trail network is mainly multi-use, and different clienteles must share the space. Even so, 75 km of the trails are reserved exclusively for hikers. Some sections offer looped circuits (e.g., Lauriault, King Mountain, Champlain, Wolf, Horizon trails). Trail managers acknowledge that loops offer a more varied nature experience - and one that visitors seek out, and Gatineau Park is no exception in this regard. Generally, Park visitors make short- and medium-length hikes. Full-day hikes are also possible, but the offer of longer hikes that involve an overnight stay is rare. A portion of the trail network offers a hike on a well-developed surface, and is thus accessible for the vast majority of the population. It is estimated that there are about 13 km (8%) of trails suitable for a hiker wanting a short visit and wearing only sandals. On the other hand, about 152 km (92%) of the network offers a rustic/natural experience requiring more serious preparation by the hiker (boots, backpack, provisions, etc.)
Final Report October 2012 27 Each official trailhead includes a parking area, a signage panel with map and information, and access to a dry toilet. An extensive signage system marks the trails, indicating destination, distance and direction. There are 24 official parking areas available in summer for the entire network. Shelters are provided in certain sectors. Main issues and opportunities As a portion of the network has been developed for cross-country skiing, the use of these trails for other vocations (hiking, mountain biking) is raising certain technical and maintenance issues. It has been acknowledged (NCC 1999 and 2000) that a good cross-country ski trail does not necessarily make a good hiking trail. Hiking trails do not need to be so even and can be narrower; viewpoints in winter and summer are often completely different; marshy areas very often cannot be crossed in summer. Moreover, these marshy areas often give rise to protection issues. The Master Plan offers a few opportunities for improving the network. Thus the trail suggested on the Plan along Mine Road is currently being installed and will link the Capital Pathway to the Park network. It will also facilitate access to the Park by bicycle, a sustainable method of transportation. The possibility of creating a trail to enjoy the panoramas of the cultural landscapes in the Meech Valley remains valid, in addition to improving access to the Mudd Lookout in the Philippe Lake sector. Finally, in accordance with the Master Plan, it is important to maintain the existing visual openings over the valley and the escarpment, which the hiker accesses via the trails in the Parkway sectors, e.g., King Mountain. On the Master Plan, we see that depending on the zoning, the number of km of trails has reached full capacity in certain places. However, the Plan also points to the possibility of creating links in other zones, which would offer visitors trail loops. Moreover, in addition to the network of official trails, there are about 190 km of unofficial trails in Gatineau Park. Standards for maintenance have been established and improved over the last few years. We see that some trails require major work, because they have reached the end of their lifespan due to wear and tear and the passage of numerous hikers. Actual development and maintenance standards for the trails sometimes require major resources. With the use of proven, established techniques in this field, making sure development is sustainable and maintenance is kept to a minimum, it would be opportune to update the respective standards for the main trails and the rustic/nature trails. The consolidation of the proposed ecological corridors resulting from the Ecosystem Conservation Plan could provide opportunities for modifying the network and incorporating an offer on the periphery, both in summer and in winter. Conflicts arise among the various user groups, in particular between hikers and mountain bikers, and between dog owners and other users. The Code of Conduct for hikers could be updated and re-distributed. There is a link connecting the Trans Canada Trail and the Visitor Centre in Chelsea, but it is not optimal. Moreover, a hiker using the Trans Canada Trail would have difficulty in walking from north to south in a single day, and an overnight stay would be problematic.
Final Report October 2012 28 4.2 Mountain biking General analysis The practice of mountain biking can usually be divided into four disciplines: cross-country; downhill; freeriding; and long-distance events, such as marathons. Mountain biking has been allowed in the Park since the early 90s. It is authorized between May 15 and November 30 on the 90 km designated for combined mountain biking and hiking uses. These trails, originally just for hiking, are now 2 metres wide and covered with a mix of soil and gravel to encourage recreational trail use. The Park does not have any narrow beaten earth trails (single track), as their effects on the environment have been deemed too great up to now (NCC, 2003). Camp Fortune, which is designated as an intensive recreation zone on the Master Plan, offers downhill and cross-country trails. On the other hand, these trails do not fully satisfy ardent mountain biking enthusiasts, who take themselves to other, narrower hiking trails in the Park, which are not designed for this purpose. This practice gives rise to use conflicts and surface erosion (DDM, 2002). Also, the current network does not include loops. In order to return by a different route, mountain bikers create loops by borrowing sections of hiking trails not designed for bikes. Thus these trails become busier than the official mountain bike trails (NCC 1999 b, NCC 2000, NCC 2001, NCC 2003). A survey taken among mountain bikers in 2008 and 2009 shows that: 11% were on their first visit to the Park, while 39% had been coming to the Park for up to 5 years and 61% for more than 5 years; 62% of mountain bikers frequent the Park once a week or less; 38% come twice or more; 2% of mountain bikers said they had used unofficial trails in the Park; 52% considered themselves intermediate mountain bikers, 30% were advanced riders and 18% were beginners; 77% were men with an average age of 36 years. The offer of mountain bike trails in the Capital Core is very limited. Municipalities offer few or no trails dedicated entirely to mountain biking.
C Final Report October 2012 29 Figure 2: NCC 2009 Average number of visits per mountain biker Main issues and opportunities The opportunities for mountain biking has not been revised in 20 years, despite the way the e sport has evolved. There are no narrow trails that would allow for an exploration of nature, nor are there any looped trails, and no links between the Camp Fortune network and that of the Park. There are no trails that meet the standards specific too mountain biking. User conflicts arise when trails are shared between mountain bike enthusiasts and hikers, specifically: When the configuration of the trail means mountain bikers increase their speed; When mountain bikers use a trail meant exclusively for hiking. Unofficial trails, especially those in conservation zones, may threaten the sustainability of Park resources. Design and maintenancee practices for trails could be upgraded in accordance with the new technical standards in effect. The opportunity in the region for mountain bike enthusiasts is limited, and sometimes non-existent, in several municipalities, putting much pressure on the Park s network.
C Final Report October 2012 30 4.3 Unofficial trails General analysis According to the latest observations, the Park has about 190 km of unofficial trails used byy hikers (see Appendix 1), mountain bikers, climbers, geocachers and other users. A major part of this network (70%) is in the Heart of thee Park sector in which the most valuable and most fragile ecosystem, the Eardley Escarpment, is located. Some trails have been established for several years; however, new trails have been created and these are particularly visible and noticeable. The Leave No Trace 8 philosophy is still not evident: there are markers, campfires, movements of groups of more than 15 people, etc. These trails offer unique attractions (viewpoints, level of difficulty, quality of the experience, perceived exclusivity) with which the official trails find it difficult to compete. The main attractions of these trails for hikers are the viewpoints, the solitude, the chance to explore. The Master Plan allows the public to walk anywhere in the Park. However, it strongly discourages the creation of unofficial trails. Main opportunities and issuess It is essential to point out the difference between a Leave No Trace backcountry hike and the creation of a trail marked by visitors. Some trails are so visible that novice hikers take them and become lost. Some trails are in fragile zones with endangered species protected by federal and/or provincial laws. The marking of unofficial trails is intensifying and runs counter to the Leave No Trace philosophy. 8 Leave No Trace involves having a minimal impact on the natural environment visited, by respecting the following seven principles: Plan ahead and Prepare, Travel and Camp on durable surfaces, Dispose of Waste Properly, Leave What You Find, Minimize Campfire Impacts, Respect Wildlife and Be Considerate of Other Visitors.
Final Report October 2012 31 4.4 Bicycle touring General analysis Bicycle touring is done mainly on the Parkways and on the section of the Capital Pathway (14 km paved in the Gateway and Parkway sectors). The Capital Pathway offers many opportunities for beginner and intermediate cyclists. The trail must be shared by hikers, in-line skaters, strollers, etc. Usage is high, because the trail is close to the urban area. The Parkways offer steeper slopes that attract intermediate and expert cycling enthusiasts. Paving quality is excellent because the Parkways are closed to motorized traffic in winter. The parkways are 15 m wide, which is the minimum width for a road, and the shoulders are grass. The Sunday Bikedays program, prohibiting access to the Parkways by motorized vehicles, is offered from May to the beginning of September. A section of the Gatineau Parkway is also closed to traffic on Saturday mornings in summer for the Short Loops program. Main issues and opportunities There is a strong demand for training (cycling and running) or sporting events on the Parkways due to their high level of difficulty and the quality of the paving. Over the years, the growing popularity of this activity has been accompanied by an increase in infractions of the Highway Code; this situation has led to impacts in terms of safety and also the quality of the outdoor experience. There is an issue in terms of infrastructure (e.g., parking), when special activities are held and large numbers of participants arrive. 4.5 Cross-country skiing General analysis Over the course of the last century, cross-country skiing has been developing in the Park, and is now offering a diversified network of highquality trails and services. Cross-country skiing is a very popular recreational activity characterized by low use of the Park s territory. The trails offer a diverse range of natural landscapes and many opportunities to explore the sector and the backcountry. The ski trails are structured in categories (NCC 2009): shared trails, classic trails, backcountry trails and training courses. The shared trails are the widest, and they are designed for practising two cross-country ski techniques: one compacted lane in the centre is for skate skiing, and one or more lanes are groomed next to these for skiers using the classic style. These trails are groomed regularly and meet the high requirements for services, while the backcountry trails receive a minimum of maintenance. The training course at Camp Fortune is 5 km in length and is used for crosscountry ski competitions. Near this course, on the leased land at Camp Fortune, there is a rated shooting range. This infrastructure is a training site and is sometimes used for biathlon competitions.
Final Report October 2012 32 Services related to cross-country skiing include maintained parking lots with trail information, user-pay boxes and toilets. Ten day-use shelters with woodstoves are used as destinations. Visitor services include an extensive trail signage system, ski patrol and emergency radios in the shelters. Visitor information includes a detailed map of winter trails, the services offered by the Visitor Centre for Gatineau Park, a Web site and an information phone line with pre-recorded messages. Trails are groomed regularly by a team that usually works at night. We note that the network does not offer any heated facilities or waxing rooms at the main starting points, except at the Relais plein air. Gatineau Park has hosted the Gatineau Loppet since 1983. Several races are offered to some 2,500 elite and amateur skiers from 20 countries. This event is an international cross-country ski competition on the World Loppet circuit, which authorizes one race per country. This gives the Capital Region good visibility in the world of cross-country skiing. In 2010-2011, there were more than 6,000 cross-country ski season pass holders. We note that much of this activity is practiced by a limited number of visitors. There is a marked difference between the Philippe Lake Crescent clientele (recreational) and the Parkways sector clientele (recreational and training) in the type and the level of skiing. A gap exists between the expectations of certain skiers who wish to train and the product offered in terms of the frequency and quality of grooming. The popularity of the winter trails and the related infrastructures is increasing, alongside conflicts among users. Snowshoers and walkers want to have access to more trails and to the shelters that so far are only accessible by ski. Skiers are expressing their frustration in regard to walkers or snowshoers who damage the ski trails when they wander onto them. Classic-style skiers are frustrated by the behaviour of certain skate skiers who ruin the classic tracks. Visitors are not respecting the rule about pets, allowing their dogs to run free off the leash, or taking them on unauthorized trails. In addition, the regional opportunity for skiing, snowshoeing and winter hiking is limited or not well known, making the Park the main destination for many people. Main issues and opportunities The Philippe Lake area is not used to its full potential as a winter starting point. The quality and variety of the terrain and the natural setting, as well as the infrastructures already in place, form a solid base. However, some of the winter infrastructures (trails, rest areas, shelters, parking lots) would need to be reviewed. Issues in regard to capacity and infrastructures: Demand for parking spaces exceeds the available infrastructures during beautiful weekends in winter, especially in the Parkways sector. Shelters are regularly filled to capacity on weekends and in the evening. The Relais plein air is a facility that is underused.
Final Report October 2012 33 There are no heated infrastructures (shelter, waxing room) at starting points in the Parkways sector (except for the Relais plein air) or in the Philippe Lake sector. A portion of the skiing clientele, in particular those who wish to train, are asking for higher quality services. For some, there are gaps between the offer, the Park s vocation and user expectations. The training course presents an opportunity to respond to the needs of specific clienteles. Snow conditions vary (rain, changes in temperature, freezing rain, thaw), presenting challenges in terms of maintenance and availability of trails. These variations will only increase, given climate change. Mechanical maintenance requires the use of heavy equipment, which adds to greenhouse gas emissions and requires wider trails 9. For visitors to the Capital, the logistics of a cross-country ski excursion remains a challenge because of equipment rental, finding the way in an extensive network and the limited availability of heated starting points. There are conflicts among the various user groups (between skiers [classic and skate skiing] and between skiers and snowshoers/walkers). The Code of Conduct was updated in 2011 and will have to be widely distributed. 9 Demsis 2009, estimate of close to 100,000 litres of diesel fuel during the winter season
Final Report October 2012 34 4.6 Snowshoeing General analysis Over the years, there has been a resurgence of interest in snowshoeing, due to new technologies and the search for an affordable winter activity. The Park offers 55 km of marked trails, mainly in the Parkways and Lake Philippe Crescent sectors. A good portion of these trails was added just in the last few years. The new trails also provide access to the day-use shelters in the Philippe Lake Crescent sector and to the cabins for overnight stays. Rest areas with access to firewood are available on certain trails. Snowshoeing enthusiasts are also allowed off-trail in all sectors. We note that outdoor clubs are now organizing some backcountry activities in the Heart of the Park sector. Snowshoeing is a recreational activity that requires fewer services than cross-country skiing, because no trail grooming is involved. Maintenance work (clearing, installations to avoid wet areas, signage) is done in the fall. This type of activity has minimal impact on the environment and trails can be added easily, because they have a seasonal vocation. Main issues and opportunities Demand for marked trails and destinations (shelters, cabins) is rising and is not satisfied by what is currently available. The popularity of snowshoeing leads to user conflicts in winter: skiers versus snowshoers & walkers. The Code of Conduct should be widely distributed. There is no charge for snowshoeing activities despite the services offered, which are in part similar to those offered to skiers. 4.7 Winter hiking General analysis Gatineau Park offers 10 km of compacted trails for walking in the Parkways sector: the Pioneer Trail, the Lauriault Trail and the Sugar Bush Trail. These trails are popular. They are also the only winter trails on which pets are allowed. The Sugar Bush shelter is available to walkers. Main issues and opportunities Some visitors would like to have more kilometres made available for walking. Conflicts arise between walkers and skiers when walkers use the ski trails for hiking or to reach a destination such as a shelter. There is no charge for winter hiking despite the services offered, which are in part very similar to those offered to skiers.
Final Report October 2012 35 Hiking is often done accompanied by a pet, and the rules are not always followed. 4.8 Lodging services (summer and winter) General analysis There are three main types of camping: rustic camping offering a minimum level of comfort, camping with services, usually called a developed campground, providing a higher level of comfort, and turn-key camping / camp-ready installations. Rustic camping does however offer certain amenities (campfire site, dry toilet, among others), to limit impacts on the surrounding environment. To respect the quality of the experience, users are made aware of the need to preserve the tranquillity of the sites. In order to make the sites accessible to as many people as possible, seasonal (long-term) camping is not permitted. Wilderness camping (camping randomly in an undeveloped location) is also not permitted. Camping in North America has evolved considerably over the last few years. We have seen rapid growth in the availability of turn-key camping / camp-ready installations 10, which is specifically adapted for a less experienced clientele or for visitors to the Capital Region. The average occupancy rate for camping in the Park has decreased slightly: 2007 (50%), 2008 (47%) and 2009 (47%). There are few opportunities for growth with the existing infrastructures. In addition, we noticed that the frequency of use of the group sites is limited. An opportunity exists to revise this offer. The Park offers a variety of opportunities for lodging and overnight camping, canoe-camping, turn-key camping / camp-ready installations/yurts and shelters. The Philippe Lake family campground has 288 sites distributed over four sections. The largest section is at Philippe Lake, and has several sub-zones with 225 campsites, beaches, an amphitheatre and a convenience store. The second section at Taylor Lake offers 33 sites reserved for tents in a semi-rustic setting (dry toilets only). The third section is the Renaud Loop, where the terrain allows for access by camper vans, trailers, tent-trailers and tents (24 sites). Services are limited (dry toilets and water points). The last section offers six group sites. Turn-key camping / Camp-ready installations first made an appearance in 2010, and there are now three yurts available for campers. In addition, the Brown Lake cabin may be rented in summer. The Pines Cabin, Philippe Lake Cabin and the Renaud shelter serve campers at the group sites. In all three sections, up-dating the camping infrastructures began with the rehabilitation of the sanitary blocks. However, other infrastructures on the campground are aging and have changed little over 30 years. We should also point out the absence of a community shelter that would accommodate groups of visitors for interpretation and communication purposes. There is no 10 Turn-key camping / Camp-ready installations: Tents, tent-trailers or trailers already installed and fully equipped for use by campers.
Final Report October 2012 36 cooking shelter that would allow campers to be protected from inclement weather while cooking. There are few sites that would accommodate RVs. In short, all the amenities on the site should be revised, based on the needs of visitors, which have evolved over the past 30 years. Canoe-camping on La Pêche Lake is really more like camping by canoe, where the excursion is usually planned individually over several days. More isolated areas can be explored and campers can enjoy a wilderness experience. At La Pêche Lake, this activity does not require advanced skills. It is therefore accessible to a wider clientele. La Pêche Lake has 11 launch sites, with 33 campsites. Campers can bring their own craft or rent them at the reception kiosk. Launch sites have certain services: dry toilets, picnic table and posts for storing food. There is also a group site on the shore, next to the reception kiosk. Winter lodging is available throughout the Philippe Lake Crescent sector. There are eight installations altogether (4 cabins/4 yurts): Taylor Lake Yurt, Wanakiwin Yurt, Ohomisi Yurt, Richard Yurt, Brown Lake Cabin, Philippe Lake Cabin, The Pines Cabin and Lusk Lake Cabin. These installations are very popular on weekends but are used less during the week as they are rented more by the local clientele. It would be possible to link these installations to an experience for visitors to the Capital Region. We note that the most popular infrastructures are those closest to the starting points. Also, the concept of hiking and lodging cabin to cabin is not popular in the Park. The current clientele prefers to use a cabin/yurt as a starting point and make circular day trips in the form of loops. Main issues and opportunities All development of lodging sites needs to be reviewed by basing changes on user needs, which have changed over 30 years. An overall approach for the Philippe Lake sector and the La Pêche Lake sector needs to be established, based on the existing infrastructures. What is currently offered does not maximize the opportunity for offering visitors to the Capital Region the chance to have a complete nature experience: lodging, discovery of nature on foot, by bicycle or on skis or snowshoes, nature interpretation and connecting with Canadian values for nature conservation. In addition, linking the experiences offered in the region that are related to this Canadian nature experience presents an opportunity for partnership. Despite the importance of the environment in the Park experience, the various lodging alternatives offer few opportunities for providing information about it and making visitors aware of it. Generally, we see that: There is opportunity for growth with the existing infrastructures. The turn-key camping / camp-ready installations formula for lodging is particularly suitable for a less experienced clientele. However, the offer is limited in the Park. The layout of the camping sites at Philippe Lake is more like a traditional campground (proximity, noise) than a campground in a natural Park environment (isolation, peace, natural atmosphere).
Final Report October 2012 37 Winter camping use is low. The use of group sites in summer is limited. There is opportunity for revising the vocation of these sites. In canoe-camping, certain campsites offer a less attractive experience for the visitor. We note that campers move away from their assigned sites and thus double their impact on the natural environment, i.e., their impact on both the official site and the unofficial site. Canoe-camping at La Pêche Lake can give canoeists access to more fragile zones. Education is especially important. The use of cabins/yurts in winter is greater on weekends and more limited during the week; the clientele is mostly local. The cabin to cabin experience is not all that popular in Gatineau Park. In regards to infrastructure, we note that: Updating the infrastructure for camping has begun with the rehabilitation of the sanitary blocks. Certain services grouped together while others are far apart, thus affecting the management and quality of the services. There are no community shelters enabling users to gather for interpretation or communication purposes. There are no cooking shelters enabling campers to cook and shelter themselves from inclement weather. There are only a few sites that can accommodate RVs / motor homes.
Final Report October 2012 38 4.9 Bodies of water (beaches, water sports, fishing) General analysis The Park has numerous lakes, some of which offer public infrastructures: Meech Lake, Philippe Lake and La Pêche Lake. On these, the Park operates six beaches, five of which are accessible to the general public. These beaches are universally accessible and require no special equipment. The Park offers lifeguard services at specific times. There is a fee for parking at the beaches in summer given the increased amount of services. There are boat launches for non-motorized water sports at Meech, Philippe and La Pêche lakes. Enthusiasts explore the lakes and streams mainly by kayak or canoe. Several of the lakes offer fishing. The O Brien and Blanchet beaches are small beaches on Meech Lake, and are very popular in summer. Due to environmental reasons and the availability of land, they cannot be enlarged. There is also a boat launch site between the two beaches: the McCloskey boat launch, for non-motorized water sports (canoe & kayak). The demand for swimming and for the boat launch on summer days is often greater than the capacity of the sites (beaches and parking lots), both by day and in the evenings. This situation leads to traffic problems at certain times. The Breton and Parent beaches on Philippe Lake are open to the general public. These sites are also used for family picnics. The sanitary blocks for the beaches have been renewed in the past few years. We note a general reduction in use since the 1980s, with some stabilization in recent years. However, we see that the Philippe Lake beaches are filled to capacity during heat waves. Smith Beach is reserved for campers at Philippe Lake. The beach on La Pêche Lake is a beautiful, large, natural beach with a picnic area. There is also a boat launch for non-motorized craft. Main issues and opportunities Generally, we note that: The waterways are heavily used during periods of very warm weather; these heat waves are becoming more and more frequent due to the effects of climate change. Non-motorized water sports are increasing in popularity and this is reflected in the use of the boat launches. Swimming remains a very popular activity and according to the regulations in the Province of Quebec, beaches must be supervised and developed to receive a prescribed number of bathers. This provision incurs costs, which are partly recuperated through user fees. Even though it does not represent a danger to health, the occurrence of swimmer s itch is unpleasant for the clientele. Beach activities alongside waterfowl and their excrement present challenges in terms of management, cleanliness and landscaping. Swimming can also affect water quality when a beach is heavily used.
Final Report October 2012 39 Infrastructures for beach areas are aging, even though repairs have begun (sanitary blocks on some beaches). Beach management presents challenges: Periods of very warm weather lead at times to excess numbers on sites. Swimming continues after the regular operating hours during heat waves. Beach installations must be revised in the medium and long term in order to keep the beaches clean. This means discouraging nesting by certain birds, resulting in less excrement. Adding beaches in the Park is not possible. Unofficial landing areas are used by kayakers and canoeists and these activities could affect the health of the shoreline. There are fees for beach parking in the summer, due to the increased level of services. Perception of inequality with other users, such as hikers. Despite the importance of beach use in the Park experience, it offers few opportunities for providing information about, and making visitors aware of, the environmental issues. There are swimming destinations in the backcountry: Brown Lake, Curley Lake, although this use is not authorized. 4.10 Rock climbing General analysis Rock climbing has been practiced informally for several decades along the Eardley Escarpment, which is in the conservation zone inside the Park. One of the objectives of the ECP was to rule on the activity of rock climbing in the Park in accordance with the orientations of the Master Plan. This recommendation was carried out with the aim of minimizing the impacts of the practice on the exceptional natural environments and their endangered species. The option of banning the activity altogether on the Escarpment was considered, but deemed unrealistic, because it had been tried in other parks with little success. Rock climbing is now an official activity and its practice is supported by an agreement. In 2006, a temporary agreement with climbers concentrated the activities and reduced certain impacts on the environment. A new agreement has been in place since 2011. Climbing sites in the Park were evaluated, identifying five walls on three different sites that presented fewer environmental constraints in terms of rock climbing. The three walls at the Twin Ribs site (Down Under, Eastern Block and The Left Twin), the Western Cwm wall and the Home Cliff - Centre wall represent a total of about 64 routes. These walls need very specific development to provide increased protection of the natural environment along the Eardley Escarpment. Other existing sites must be closed to climbing and
Final Report October 2012 40 restored to their natural state. These sites and walls have great ecological value, are less damaged and offer good restoration potential. There are different types of rock climbing: traditional, sport, top-roping and bouldering. Ice climbing and mixed climbing are becoming more and more popular. A user survey was taken in 2008. We note that: 73% of climbers have been visiting the Park for up to five years (28% of these for less than one year). 64% have visited sites up to 10 times in the past 12 months, while 13% visited more than 25 times. The five most visited walls are Home Cliff, Western Cwm, Farm Rock, Down Under and The Shrine. 72% of climbers are male, 47% are between 25 and 34 years of age. 29% come from the Quebec side of the CCR, 56% from the Ontario side. Main issues and opportunities Use of the walls in summer (Home Cliff, Western Cwm, Twin Ribs (Down Under, Eastern Block and The Left Twin)) requires very specific development to provide increased protection of the natural environment along the Eardley Escarpment. The decision to maintain certain climbing walls involves major investments, which will need collaboration from the milieu. In addition to the ecological questions, and considerations in regard to controlling the number of visitors, on-site safety and civil liability, this activity must continue to be reviewed with the entire climbing community, because it requires unique expertise in terms of the development, observation and inspection of installations, services and infrastructures.
Final Report October 2012 41 4.11 Caving General analysis The underground environment provides opportunities for fascinating discoveries from several aspects. Geologically captivating and complex, it is also home to specific flora and fauna. The frequent passage of visitors may have a negative impact on these often fragile environments. The caving opportunities outside the Park are significant (91 sites in the Outaouais region). The Lusk Cave, located in the Philippe Lake Crescent sector, is a superb example of a marble cave. The round-trip hike from Parent Beach totals 10 km of easy trails. Interpretation panels are installed at the mouth of the cave. We note that some of the installations at the site and on the trails have reached the end of their lifecycle. There are other caving sites in the park, notably to the south of La Pêche Lake and even on the Mackenzie King Estate. However, the cave near La Pêche Lake is also a sensitive habitat site for bats, and access cannot be granted; the others are of limited interest. Main issues and opportunities There is an opportunity to make visitors more aware of the Lusk Cave site and its fragility, and also to tie in with the geological resources in other parts of the country. 4.12 Picnicking General analysis Picnicking can easily be offered in all Parks, and it does not require complex equipment or infrastructure. Given the development history of Gatineau Park, and in particular the Parkways, there are already several picnic sites in the Park: Dunlop, Penguin, Church Hill, Mulvihill, Lauriault, Luskville, Etienne-Brûlé, Chelsea and Sugar Bush. Observations on the ground showed that the clientele who come specifically to picnic is multigenerational and multicultural. The infrastructures (tables, BBQs) have been adapted since the 90s to respond to these trends. We note however that there are no shelters for picnickers when it rains, or any infrastructure for large groups.
Final Report October 2012 42 Main issues and opportunities There is no data on how often the picnic sites that are not connected with waterways are used; Infrastructures must be updated. 4.13 Nature observation and birdwatching General analysis Birdwatching and nature observation are linked to hiking on the trail network and in the backcountry. The Park offers guided or self-guided interpretation activities. We note that in the Park, birdwatching clubs hold their activities in particular in the Philippe Lake, Gateway and Heart of the Park sectors (escarpment and western sector) during the summer season, and particularly in the Heart of the Park in winter. The variety of habitats in the Park (forests, farming, etc.) makes the destination interesting because it attracts a variety of species. Main issues and opportunities The number of interpretation programs (guided or self-guided) offered is modest compared to the number of visitors to the Park. Parking infrastructure in the western sector, particularly on the Eardley-Masham road, is non-existent and this makes access to the backcountry observation sites more difficult. Infrastructure for birdwatching on the Lac des Fées Trail is aging. 4.14 Hang-gliding and paragliding General analysis Hang-gliding and paragliding activities are permitted in some National Parks in accordance with specific criteria for these sites, in particular the environmental impact on the natural milieu. In the Park, hang gliding and paragliding activities have been carried out for many years in the Heart of the Park sector on the Eardley Escarpment. An agreement was reached with an association during the 80s up until 2007 that included certain installations, such as an access trail. There has not been an agreement in place for this activity since 2007, as the association has ceased its activities in the Park. Hang-gliding and paragliding activities continue to be carried out from time to time on the Eardley Escarpment and on the Wolf Trail. In addition, the Ecosystem Conservation Plan (DDM 2010) identifies the Eardley Escarpment as a particularly precious and fragile ecosystem that makes this type of activity less suitable.
Final Report October 2012 43 We note: That motorized paragliding is becoming more and more popular as an activity, but is not carried out in the Park These activities require technical training and are less accessible for the majority of users. Main issues and opportunities According to occasional observations on the ground, the informal practice of paragliding continues. We note that there is an absence of formal training for the activity. 4.15 Geocaching and orienteering General analysis The aim of geocaching is to find hidden containers (caches or geocaches) using a GPS device. Geocaches are installed right around the world, and their positions (coordinates) are posted on the Internet. GPS users then search for these geocaches. Participants in the orienteering course follow a route using a compass, landmarks and maps. There is an agreement between the NCC and the Ottawa Orienteering Club. This club holds about six activities per year in the Park. Geocaching has taken off since the mid-2000s with the arrival of affordable technology. Parks Canada has developed a management policy, and the Park is very interested in managing the activity on its territory. Problems created by geocaching are off-trail circulation, impacts on the natural environment and public safety. In 2009, after observations on the ground and searches on websites giving the locations of geocaches, the Park found that it had 200 geocaches listed on the Internet within the Park. Those who manage the geocaching websites decide whether the coordinates of a geocache will be published. They have given their support to the Park by removing the information on the geocaches located within integral conservation areas. We note that geocaching is an activity that is growing in popularity and one that offers opportunities for exploring and discovering the natural and cultural heritage, and that collaboration with clubs and those in charge of these activities is a good thing. Main issues and opportunities Maintain agreements with certain users in order to avoid having the locations of geocaches in conservation zones posted on the Internet. Take advantage of the popularity of geocaching to promote messages about the conservation of the natural and cultural heritage.
Final Report October 2012 44 4.16 Horseback riding General analysis Horseback riding is offered under a management agreement with an association that provides training and maintains the 11 km trail in the Heart of the Park sector. A 5-km section will have to be moved in 2014, because it runs through an integral conservation zone and a unique ecosystem. The equestrian trail runs along the base of the Eardley Escarpment. The section between Luskville and the Eardley-Masham road is in the extensive recreation zone (8 km) most suitable for this activity. Studies 11 have shown the impacts of this activity on the environment: damage caused to vegetation, increase in the depth and width of the trail, compaction and erosion of the soil, chemical changes in the quality of the soil and water, introduction of exotic plants, disturbance for wildlife, conflicts among users and safety risks. Certain sections of the equestrian trail through the Park have clay soil, and problems of soil degradation have also been observed (NCC, 2007). We note that: An agreement has been in place with the Pontiac Equestrian Association since 2010. This could help to establish data about the use of the trail by riding enthusiasts. Horseback riding requires major infrastructure, particularly to welcome visitors from outside the region. Maintaining such a trail requires resources that could be substantial because of the geography of the trail and the number of users. However, the agreement in place with the Pontiac Equestrian Association means that this issue can be addressed. The Trail can be accessed at several locations and is sometimes used by ATVs (non-authorized use). Main issues and opportunities A 5-km section of the existing trail runs through the integral conservation zone and a unique ecosystem, and must be moved. An agreement is in place with the Pontiac Equestrian Association. 11 Widner and Marion 1994, Landsberg et al. 2001, and Philipps and Newsome 2002
Final Report October 2012 45 4.17 Downhill skiing General analysis Downhill skiing is available at Camp Fortune. This is a recreational activity characterized by heavy use of the territory and by numerous installations (buildings, ski lifts, etc.). Camp Fortune is a 168-hectare ski station managed by a tenant with a 25-year lease. The station has 23 runs, 12 of which are illuminated, and is thus able to meet the needs of the various categories of users. All the main runs have snowmaking equipment using water from Ruisseau Fortune. This can affect ecosystems in certain situations. 15 minutes from downtown Ottawa and from Gatineau, this station is very popular. Global warming, aging infrastructure, the increased interest in this activity and financing are the main challenges for downhill skiing in North America. Main issues and opportunities The overall look of the site does not match that of a conservation park; among other things there are several small buildings in poor condition and the visual identity is varied. In consideration of amenities and heavy equipment required for downhill skiing, attentive and regular care is essential. Managing the site is difficult because it involves several stakeholders: tenant, real estate managers, sponsors and Park officials. Although the infrastructures for downhill skiing have been improved since the 90s, they are aging and their condition and appearance in development terms does not fit well with the image of a Park. The visual identity could come closer to that of a conservation park. Parking infrastructure is insufficient on busy weekends, and this leads to problems and illegal parking. 4.18 Aerial Rope Course General analysis The aerial rope course at Camp Fortune is the responsibility of the tenant. This activity offers outdoor fun in the treetops. The activity includes three circuits of varying difficulty with a series of aerial walkways, zip-lines and obstacles. Main issues and opportunities Massiveness of the infrastructure and potential environmental impact. Future of the activity if the tenant changes.
Final Report October 2012 46 4.19 Shooting range and biathlon General analysis The shooting range is at Camp Fortune in the intensive recreation zone. The range is rated and is used for training and biathlon competitions. There is an agreement in place between the tenant of Camp Fortune and a local ski and biathlon club to manage the range. We note that practising the activity at a shooting range is limited to regular enthusiasts, given the training that it requires. Main issues and opportunities The future of the shooting range is dependent on an agreement between the Camp Fortune tenant and a rated club. 4.20 Issues affecting more than one activity Main issues and opportunities The increase in the local population and the number of users requires extra effort in managing the infrastructures, user conflicts and the range of outdoor activities offered. The evolving portrait of the Canadian population requires adjustments in the offer of services, such as proactive communication about the Park s vocation and conservation issues. The use of social media by groups of users (not necessarily representative of the majority of users) allows them to lay claim to their specific needs to the detriment of a larger pool of clienteles. Market segmentation is reflected in the demands of certain users in terms of the level of services, new activities, etc. The aging of the population and health concerns are giving rise to a series of impacts, such as an increase in the number of visits to the Park and the search for activities of significance and of educational value for these users. Current infrastructures and the level of services offered at the moment do not always meet the expectations of some users who wish to improve their physical fitness and as a consequence, reap the benefits for the state of their health. There is a gap between these expectations and the mission established for the Park. Climate change requires adjustments to be made to infrastructures (e.g., trails resistant to precipitation and sun shelters) and will lead to the redefinition of certain seasons (e.g., a shorter snow-cover season). The winter activity offer is leading to user conflicts. A new balance must be found among the different types of ski, snowshoeing and hiking activities.
Final Report October 2012 47 The summer activities on the trail network are also leading to user conflicts and the trail network must be adapted: loops, views, variety of experiences, respect for the codes of ethics. The demand for new activities is constant and varied (e.g., skijoring, tobogganing, aerial ropes, segway, diving, dog-sledding).
C Final Report October 2012 48 5 ANALYSISS OF THE ACTIVITY OFFER BY SECTOR The section that follows presents the specificc characteristics of each of the five sectors identified in the Master Plan for Gatineau Park in terms of outdoor activities. It does not relist all the names of the activities. It presents the findings and the issuess for each sector, identified in collaboration with management at Gatineau Park, the NCC and users. Figure 3: Locations of the sectors in Gatineau Parks