DEVELOPMENT IN CODES FOR NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES
MEMBER STATES OF MERCOSUR 2
RETAINING SILOS (silo warehouses) 3
FILLING PRESSURES IN A RETAINING SILO: 4
1989/90 1990/91 1991/92 1992/93 1993/94 1994/95 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 DEVELOPMENT IN CODES FOR NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES GRÃOS: ÍNDICES DE EXPANSÃO DA DEMANDA MUNDIAL - 1990=BASE 100 320 300 280 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 SOY SOJA CORN MILHO RICE ARROZ WHEAT TRIGO TOTAL TOTAL 207% 108% 74% 46% 36% GRAINS: GLOBAL DEMAND EXPANSION INDEX SINCE 1990 Base = 100 5
2000 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 DEVELOPMENT IN CODES FOR NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES CHINA: PROJEÇÃO DA DEMANDA DE CARNES ATÉ 2023 - KG/HAB/ANO 68 66 64 62 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 38 40,2 2016-2023: +7,5 kg/person/year x 1,33 trillion CHINESE PEOPLE 52,7 53,554,8 51,1 56,4 57,859,2 60,5 61,963,2 64,6 64,9 65,3 CHINA: MEAT DEMAND PROJECTION UNTIL 2023 kg/person/year 6
2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 2000/2001 2001/2002 2002/2003 2003/2004 2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011 2011/2012 2012/2013 2013/2014 2014/2015 2015/2016 2016/2017 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 DEVELOPMENT IN CODES FOR NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES SOJA: PRODUÇÃO NOS PAÍSES DO MERCOSUL EM MILHÕES DE TONELADAS BRASIL ARGENTINA PARAGUAI URUGUAI BRAZIL ARGENTINA PARAGUAY URUGUAY 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 MILHO: PRODUÇÃO NOS PAÍSES DO MERCOSUL EM MILHÕES DE TONELADAS BRASIL ARGENTINA PARAGUAI URUGUAI BRAZIL ARGENTINA PARAGUAY URUGUAY 10 SOY PRODUCTION IN MERCOSUR COUNTRIES, IN MILLION TONS 0 CORN PRODUCTION IN MERCOSUR COUNTRIES, IN MILLION TONS 7
COUNTRY GRAIN PRODUCTION * STORAGE CAPACITY DEFICIT / SURPLUS FARM CAPACITY FARM CAPACITY MILLION TONS MILLION TONS MILLION TONS MILLION TONS % USA 574.9 636.7 61.8 353.8 56% BRAZIL 234.4 162-72.4 25 15% ARGENTINA 125.5 75.1-50.4 16 21% URUGUAY 6.8 6.8 0 0.3 4% * Includes soy, corn, wheat and rice production. OBS: It does not include the capacity in bag silos Made by Carlos Cogo Consultoria Agroeconomica STORAGE: COMPARISON BETWEEN HARVEST AND STATIC CAPACITY IN 2016 8
In Brazil, only a small part of grain production (approximately 8,5%) is stored in silo-bags. The rest of the deficit is resolved storing in the open air, with losses above 10%. (La Nación, Buenos Aires) 9
CORN STORED IN THE OPEN AIR MATO GROSSO (AUGUST/2015) 10
VERTICAL SILO CLUSTERS TGM - Montevideo HORIZONTAL SILO WAREHOUSES Corporación Navíos - Nueva Palmira 11
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FILLING PRESSURES IN A RETAINING SILO: 13
ANDRÉ & MARCEL REIMBERT: Assuming that the internal friction angle is equal to the natural slope angle: 14
UNE 1991: The evaluation of the lateral pressure ratio K should take account of the restraint provided by the wall against outward movement of the stored solid. Where a structural analysis is used to demonstrate that the wall can displace sufficiently in its elastic range, a lower value of K may be adopted. 15
Given the width/height ratio, the grain always reaches the wall after falling down the grain slope. 16
Silo warehouse during a rice harvest season in Uruguay 17
The pressure obtained from Reimbert's passive thrust, adopting an internal friction angle of 30 for rice, turns out to be twice the value of the original calculation. Considering also that the stored grain height is a meter over the design value, we would have a shearing stress 3 times higher and a bending moment 3.6 times higher than the design loads. 18
CRACKS IN SILO WAREHOUSE WALL DUE TO OVERLOADING 19
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DEVELOPMENT IN CODES FOR NEW AND EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES Thank you for your attention! Many thanks to agro-business consultant Dr. Carlos Cobos for his contribution to this presentation 21