IFR 91.157 Must be instrument rated to fly special VFR at Night (civil twilight to civil twilight, sun 6 degrees below horizon) 91.159 Unless in a holding pattern of 2 minutes or less, VFR cruising altitude applies when more than 3,000ft agl, unless otherwise authorized by ATC 91.167 Fuel requirements to point of intended landing, to alternate, and 45 mins thereafter (normal cruise speed) 91.169 No alternate required if 1hr before and 1hr after ETA weather is forecast 2,000ft ceiling and visibility 3sm. (Ceiling is lowest layer that is obscuring broken or OVC ) Alternates unless otherwise listed must have Instr Apprch Proc Precision 2sm 600ft Non precision 2sm 800ft No Apprch Proc needed if at planned ETA descent can be made from MEA and landing approach completed under basic VFR 91.171 VOR Checks Every 30 days VOT broadcasts 360 radial (reads 180 to the station) +/ 4 degrees Airborne check should be done over prominent landmark along designated airway at a low but safe altitude, at least 20nm from station +/ 6 degrees Dual VOR Check, air or ground +/ 4 degrees VOR ground checkpoint on ground is +/ 4 degrees Designated spots in Chart Supplement Check must be documented with: Date Place Bearing Error Signature 91.175 Descent below MDA never Descent below DA/DH Allowed when: Aircraft is Continuously in a position to land normally Flight vis is not lower than apprch proc vis mins. Has at least one of the following distinctly visible to the pilot:

Approach Light System (may not descend below 100ft above tdze using approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or red side bars are also distinctly visible. The threshold The threshold markings The threshold lights The REIL The visual approach slope indicator TDZ or TDZ markings TDZ lights Runway or RWY markings RWY lights Cannot land operating under 91,121,125,129,135 when flight vis less than mins. Must execute a missed approach immediately when: A/C is below MDA Upon arrival at DH/DA when above items are not in view, or when view is lost Whenever an identifiable part of the airport is not distinctly visible during a circling maneuver at or above MDA, unless the loss of sight results only from normal bank of the aircraft during the approach. Takeoff Minimums Applies to parts 121,125,129,135 not part 91 opps RVR If RVR mins are prescribed for takeoff or landing, but not available for intended use RWY, RVR can be converted using table in 91.175(h)(2) Must maintain last assigned altitude when being vectored for approach until on published portion of the approach No Procedure turns unless cleared by ATC or Apprch Proc Outer Marker can be replaced by PAR, Compass Locator, ASR, DME, VOR, or RNAV EFVS can allow descents below DH/DA and MDA 91.177 Cannot operate under IFR: Below MOCA Below MEA when more than 22nm from VOR when using VOR Navigation Below 2,000ft above highest obstacle within 4nm radius of flight path in Mountainous areas Below 1,000 above the highest obstacle within 4nm radius of flight path in non mountainous areas. CLIMBING Climb to a higher min IFR altitude shall begin immediately passing point at which higher altitude begins, except when ground obstructions intervene; the point at which higher altitude applies should be crossed at applicable MCA 91.179 IFR Altitudes

In controlled airspace must maintain assigned alt by ATC, unless VFR on Top then appropriate VFR cruise ALT Except in holding pattern or 2mins or less; when below 18,000ft, maintain odd thousands eastbound and even thousands westbound (0 179, 180 359 magnetic) 91.183 IFR Comms Must Report Required Reporting Points, time passing and ALT Unforecast weather conditions Any other information pertinent to the safety of the flight 91.185 IFR Comm Failures If in VFR conditions at time of failure, or VFR conditions encountered, continue flight under VFR If in IFR conditions ROUTE: Last Assigned, if radar vectored then by the direct route from point of failure to fix, route, or airway specified in the vector clearance In absence of assigned route, use expected In absence of both above, then filled route ALT Highest of the following: MEA for route flown, Assigned, Expected

91.187 Malfunction Reports Shall report as soon as practical malfunctions of: Navigational, Approach, Communications Equipment Must include when making report: A/C Identification Equipment Affected Degree to which capability of pilot to operate in IFR system is impaired Nature and extent of assistance desired from ATC. 91.205(d) 2 way radio Gyro Rate of Turn Slip Skid Sensitive Altimeter adjustable for Baro Pressure Clock with HH:MM:SS with second hand or digital presentation Generator/Alternator of adequate capacity Gyro Pitch and Bank (AI) Gyro Directional Ind. (DG, HSI) Opps above FL240 require DME or RNAV

IFR Facts ILS Localizer freq 108.1 111.95 Localizer reception 18nm out, 1,000ft. Above highest terrain, 4,500ft above antenna site Localizer 3 6 degrees wide, 700ft wide at approach RWY threshold Good for 10 degrees left or right of course out to 18nm, 35 degrees off course 10nm out LDA is not aligned with the runway, straight in mins may apply up to 30 degrees off of RWY heading, otherwise circling mins only SDF may have course width of 6 or 12 degrees Glide slope is 250 to 650 to side of RWY, transmits signal 1.4 degrees wide (vertically) Only guaranteed to provide vertical guidance down to DA/DH Glide path typically intersects MM at 200ft agl and OM at 1,400 agl Glide slope generally usable up to 10nm from station False glide path indications occur when far off of intended path

TCH is height that glideslope antenna on A/C would be VORs Depicted on Low Charts with Big Compass Rose, Little Compass Rose, or none for T Airways 4nm wide or 4.5 degrees wide when COP more than 51nm from station