2015/HLPD-FSBE/012 Session: 1 Contribution of Marine Protected Areas to the Blue Economy and Sustainable Fisheries Purpose: Information Submitted by: Philippines High Level Policy Dialogue on Food Security and Blue Economy Iloilo, Philippines 4-6 October 2015
Contribution of Marine Protected Areas to the Blue Economy and Sustainable Fisheries Dr. Theresa Mundita S. Lim Biodiversity Management Bureau Outline of presentation: Status of Philippine biodiversity Status of coastal fisheries Declining fish catch over time Change in species composition from highly valued to less valued Status of biodiversity/ ecosystem services supporting the fisheries MPAs and MPA networks to help resolve the problem Marine Protected Areas (MPA); MPA Networks Management of habitats: seagrass, mangroves, coral reefs, mudflats, water quality (plankton communities) Other key proposed interventions 2 1
PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY The Philippines is one of the 18 megadiverse countries in the world host some 70 percent of the world s biodiversity resources Partnerships for Biodiversity Conservation: Mainstreaming in Local Agricultural Landscapes Conserving Biodiversity to Promote Inclusive Economic Growth The Coral Triangle 5.7 million km 2 of marine area (19 times the size of the Philippines) 6 Economies: Indonesia Malaysia Papua New Guinea Philippines Solomon Island Timor Leste 2
Around 500 of almost 800 known coral species in the world is found in the Philippines CORALS covers an estimated 27,000 km 2 More than 21 species recently described in Palawan *A sq. km. of coral reef in excellent/good condition is estimated to supply about 30 tons of economically valuable fish and invertebrates per year (DENR, 2011). *The country s coastal and marine resources, particularly coral reefs, supplies about 10 15% of marine fishery production that contributes to economic growth and poverty reduction of about 60% of the population within the coastal areas and about 1 million people engaged in fishing (Cabrido, 2002 cited in DENR, 2012). Source: ENR Framework, 2013 State of Coastal and Marine Sector 3
Status of fisheries in the Philippines Year CPUE in 2000 is less than 0.05 that in 1948 Trend of catch per unit effort since 1948 (Dalzell et al 1987) Silvestre and Pauly 1989; Dalzell and Corpuz 1990; BFAR 1997, Campos 2004) Source: http://www.oneocean.org/flash/the_philippine_seas.html 7 4
Status of fisheries in the Philippines While CPUE has been in a steep decline, total marine capture fisheries landing for both commercial and municipal fishing increase over time This can only be possible by: Increasing fishing effort Shifts in catch composition from more valued to less valued fish BAS 2001 9 Status of fisheries in the Philippines >20 kg 10-20 kg <10 kg Majority of small scale fishers obtain less than 10 kg per trip per day On average there are 2 fishers on a boat Take home of a fisher is less a third of the daily catch (gross less fuel and fishing costs divided by 3 (2 fishers plus boat)) Muallil et al. 2014. Catch rate in Philippine small scale fisheries 10 5
Status of fisheries in the Philippines Reef-associated demersal Non-reef demersal Pelagic Filipino fishers exploit all types of fish using various types of fishing gears Spatial variation Reef associated and non reef demersal constitute significant part of catch Muallil et al. 2014. Catch rate in Philippine small scale fisheries 11 Not so good news: Resources in decline Resource/ Habitat Status Source Corals Degraded state BFAR NFRDI PAWB. 2005. BINU Seaweeds Unknown (except declining seed source) do GTZ. 2009. Seagrasses Heavily stressed BFAR NFRDI PAWB. 2005. BINU Mangroves Degraded state do Invertebrates Declining trend do Demersal fishes Declining trend do Small pelagic fishes Declining trend do Tunas Stable trend (except Bigeye tuna) WCPFC. 2009 Sharks and rays Declining trend NPOA Sharks. 2009 Marine turtles Threatened BFAR NFRDI PAWB. 2005. BINU Marine Mammals Threatened IUCN Red List. 2009 6
Status of our coastal habitats Coral reefs (est. 25 27 million hectares) Less than 6% in good to excellent condition (>50% live coral cover) 53% of reefs in fair condition (25 49.9% live coral cover) 41% of reefs in poor condition (<25% live coral cover) Good 5.7% Excellent 0.2% Poor 40.8% Fair 53.3% 13 Seagrass beds (est. 97,800 to as high as 27 M hectares) important in the life cycle of many commercially important species 30% and 50% of Philippine seagrass beds have been lost due to industrial development, ports, and recreation in the last 50 years. 7
Mudflats (Size???) We know little too except important in recycling of nutrients and feeding grounds of many species 15 Status of fisheries resources affected by effects of climate change Pratchett et al. 2008 Photos source: www.reefguide.org/indopac Effects of coral bleaching climate change related disturbance 16 8
Philippines adopted framework of CTI to address problems in coastal and marine environment, including fisheries Seascapes designated and effectively managed Ecosystem approach to management of fisheries and other marine resources fully applied MPAs and MPA Networks established and effectively managed Climate change adaptation measures achieved Status of threatened species improving 17 MPAs favor rebuilding of fish stocks Improving conditions of habitats (coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, rocky, sandy, and muddy flats) Reduce illegal fishing practices, with site focused monitoring and enforcement activities 18 9
MPAs effect on Climate Change resiliency Effective management of coastal resources through a range of options including locallymanaged regional networks of marine protected areas, protection of mangrove and seagrass beds and effective management of fisheries results in a slower decline in these resources. The Coral Triangle and Climate Change MPAs aid recovery of fishery Abesamis et al. 2014. 20 10
MPAs aid recovery of fishery Alcala et al., 2004 21 LEGAL FRAMEWORK fundamental law in the Philippines that defines the processes in establishing and managing protected areas 50 marine PAs have been placed under the System, 33 of which have specific Presidential Proclamations, covering 1.57M ha 11
* NATIONALLY MANAGED PROTECTED AREAS One of the most important of the Philippines MPAs is Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (Nañola et al. 2004) 12
NATIONALLY MANAGED PROTECTED AREAS APO REEF Natural Park One of the most important of the Philippines Reefs Natural Park, which has also been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO Fish biodiversity Tubbataha and Apo Reef areas 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Pattern of species richness based on sampling in early to mid 1900s(Carpenter and Springer 2005) Interpolated species diversity map of fish species in the Philippines from fish visual census data (1990s to 2008) (* Nañola et al, 2010) 26 13
MPAs emerging governance types Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities, and local government units 14
Twin Rocks Marine Sanctuary (Verde Island Passage) Area: 22.91 hectares Key Management Practices Regular coastal monitoring by the Local Government s MPA and Maritime Law Enforcement Network Annual LGU budget allocation: P700,000 (marine law enforcement) P350,000 (sanctuary management) Incentive programs for boatmen Impacts Consistent increase in live hard corals, fish biomass, and fish catch Generated high income from tourism activities Increased public awareness on sanctuary management Source: MSN MPA Awards 2011 116 118 120 122 124 126 Sulu-Sulawesi Seascape Designating Marine Protected Areas and MPA Networks 14 12 10 8 South China Sea Scale 1:7,000,000 100 0 100 200 kilometers Palawan Passage L u z o n S e a Verde Is. Passage Mindoro Strait PHILIPPINES S u l u S e a Moro Gulf P h i l i p p i n e S e a 14 12 10 8 Transboundary Cooperation 6 4 MALAYSIA (Borneo) M i n d a n a o S e a 6 4 2 East Kalimantan S u l a w e s i S e a Prepared by: 2 INDONESIA 0 116 118 120 122 124 126 0 15
Turtle Island Heritage Protected Area (TIHPA) A transboundary agreement for the conservation and protection of marine turtles between Malaysia and the Philippines signed on May 31, 1996 Coral Triangle National Plan of Action Goal#3: Marine Protected Areas Established and Effectively Managed Using the MPA Effectiveness Management Tool (MEAT), an assessment of nine out of 33 NIPAS MPAs showed 33 per cent of the nine NIPAS MPAs are effectively managed. The total area of the sampled MPAs is 330,570 hectares or 47 per cent of the 700,018 hectares of assessed NIPAS MPAs. The 2011 MPA Awards showed that 70 MPAs or 64 percent of the 110 locally managed MPAs that turned in applications are effectively managed. The aggregate total area of these 70 MPAs is only 4,305 hectares or 14 per cent of total area of locally-managed MPAs assessed using MEAT. 32 16
Other Benefits from Effective MPA Management CORAL REEFS ARE LIVING BREAKWATERS Value of coral reefs as breakwater : US $800,000 / kilometer Apo Reef NP Source: David et al 2009. 17
ECOTOURISM Ecotourism Development in Protected Areas 47 Protected Areas developed for ecotourism Increasing visitors in PAs, with a projected total revenue of 12 B US$ per year YEAR VISITORS 2011 568,891 2012 610,201 2013 970,399 2014 1,581,355 2015 546,281 TOTAL 5,133,999 18
Parks and Protected Areas More than instruments for conserving nature, protected areas are vital to respond to some of today s most pressing challenges, including food and water security, human health and well being, disaster risk reduction and climate change. www.bmb.gov.ph With great power, comes great responsibility --- Spiderman 19