Name WHI Voorhees Ancient Greece WHI SOL Narrative Review part 2 (to follow Narrative Review PPt. questions 1-57) Location Group of islands and the Balkan and Peloponnesus Peninsulas, surrounded by the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas; also colonies are located on Asia Minor (Anatolia) o Athens, Sparta, Troy, Macedonia Economic and Social development Agriculture Limited arable land led to trade and colonization Commerce helped spread Hellenic Culture Shifted from barter to money economy (coins) Political Development Mountainous terrain helped and hindered development of city-states Athens and Sparta became greatest city-states o Promoted civic and commercial life Religion Based on polytheistic explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities and life events; inspiration for Western literature, art, and architecture Greek Gods and Goddesses o Zeus, Hera, Artemis, Athena, Apollo, and Aphrodite Social Structure and citizenship in the Greek Polis Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government Women, foreigners and slaves had no political rights Athens Athens went through other types of governments before becoming a democracy: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Tyranny Tyrants who worked to reform Athens: Draco and Solon Democratic Principles which started in Athens: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen Sparta Oligarchy (rule by the elite) Rigid Social Structure Militaristic and aggressive society Persian Wars (499-449 BCE) Persia vs. united Athens and Sparta Athens victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis (naval battle) left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea Athens preserved its independence and continued to gain power and extend democracy Golden age of Pericles (Between Persian and Peloponnesian Wars) Pericles extended democracy most male citizens had equal voice Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction of Persian wars, including the building of the Parthenon
Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world between Athens and Sparta Athens and the Delian league vs. Sparta and the Peloponnesian league. Result: slowed cultural advancement and the weakened the power of the Greek city-states What building is pictured here? 58. On what peninsulas is Greece located? 59. Describe the effect of Greece s geography on its political development? 60. Why did Greece have to trade and colonize? 61. What type of government did Athens have (first one in history)? 62. Who were citizens in Ancient Athens? 63. What tyrants reformed Athens? 64. What city-state was militaristic and aggressive? 65. Why is the Golden Age of Athens sometimes called the Age of Pericles? 66. What building did Pericles have rebuilt? 67. Who fought in the Persian wars? 68. Who won the Persian wars? 69. Who fought in the Peloponnesian wars? 70. What are the results of the Peloponnesian war?
Greek Contributions to Society Drama Sophocles Poetry Homer History Herodotus, Thucydides Sculpture Architecture (columns) Science Archimedes Math Pythagoras Philosophy Plato, Socrates, Aristotle Phillip II and Alexander the Great From Macedonia, not Greek Took over most of Greece Alexander the Great (son of Phillip II) Conquered most of the known world at the time, Greece, Persia, northern Africa, India etc. Was perhaps the greatest military leader in the history of the world Effect of this was the spread of Greek Hellenistic culture Hellenistic Age Blend of Greek and Oriental Elements, spread through trade and conquest. 71. Who took over Greece after the Peloponnesian war? 72. Where was Alexander the Great s empire? 73. What is Hellenistic culture? 74. How did Hellenistic culture spread? Rome Location In the middle the Italian peninsula on the Mediterranean Sea. Alps provided protection to the north Mediterranean sea allowed protection and easy trade Religion Based on Greek polytheistic religion, explained natural phenomena and life occurrence Roman Gods: Jupiter, Juno, Diana, Minerva, Venus Social Structure Patricians Powerful Nobility (few in number) Plebeians Majority of population the peasantry Slaves Not based on race, but on power Citizenship Belonged to Patricians and Plebian men (and a few select foreigners) Rights and responsibilities of citizenship include taxes and military service, etc. STARTED AS A REPUBLIC (Representative Democracy) Representative Democracy Assemblies and Senate (Senate had the most power) Consuls (oversaw the government) Twelve Tables (Laws of Rome hung publicly in the Forum)
Punic Wars Rome vs Carthage (Northern Africa) 264-146 BC Rome and Carthage competed for control of trade routes in western Mediterranean Sea Hannibal from Carthage invaded Roman peninsula After three wars, the Romans won and destroyed Carthage and trade is expanded for Romans Spread of Roman culture Across Africa, Asia, and Europe (especially Gaul (France) and the British Isles) Decline of the Roman Republic (and beginning of Imperial Rome) Spread of slavery in the agricultural system (weakened small farms) Migration of small farmers into cities, increased unemployment Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar (who claimed to be dictator for life) Devaluation of Roman Currency (money lost value) Origin of Imperial Rome (Roman Empire with Emperor) First Triumvirate (Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey) ends in civil war, Julius Caesar is crowned dictator for life, and is subsequently assassinated by the Roman Senate Augustus Caesar (nephew of Julius Caesar) Civil war with Marc Anthony Caesar becomes Rome s First Real Emperor Empire becomes unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military to maintain power The Pax Romana Roman Peace 200 years of peace and prosperity under imperial rule started by Augustus Caesar; Expansion and solidification of Roman empire Impact of Pax Romana Economy established uniform system of money, guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman Roads, promoted prosperity and stability Social Impact Returned stability to social classes, increased emphasis on the family Political Creation of Civil Service (civilians work for government) Developed uniform code of law (for entire empire) Christianity (origins and impact on Roman Empire) Had its roots in Judaism Jesus of Nazareth founds and is deemed messiah (savior) Christianity conflicted with Roman Polytheistic religion Beliefs Monotheistic Jesus is son and incarnation of God Life after Death (salvation/heaven for believers) New testament is the writings of/about Jesus and his apostles Spread of Christianity Spread by the apostles, included Paul Slowed as a result of roman persecution Adopted and legalized under Constantine
Impact of the Church on Rome in the late Roman Empire Church became an example of moral authority Loyalty to the church became more important than loyalty to the emperor Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe. 75. Where was Rome located? 76. What mountains lay to the north of Rome? 77. Who were the powerful nobility in Rome? 78. Who were the commoners in Rome? 79. What type of government did Rome develop? 80. What is the written Roman law code? 81. Where are the laws hung? 82. Who fought in the Punic Wars and who won? 83. Who was in the First triumvirate? 84. What happened to Julius Caesar? 85. Why did the Republic decline? 86. Who was the first emperor? 87. What is the Pax Romana? 88. What are the effects of the Pax Romana on Rome? What building is pictured here?
89. Where was Christianity founded? 90. Who is the founder? 91. What is the holy book? 92. How did Christianity spread? 93. Who legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire? 94. In the late Roman Empire, what role did the church serve? 95. What contributions did Rome make in the way of law? 96. What building was used for gladiator games? 97. Who wrote the Aeneid? Ancient Roman Contributions to society. Art/architecture: Pantheon, Coliseum, forum Technology Roads, Aqueducts, Roman arches Science Ptolemy (astronomy) Medicine Language Latin Literature Virgil The Aeneid Religion Mythology and Christianity Law Innocent to proven Guilty Causes of the decline of the Western Roman Empire Economy The cost of defense and inflation Military army membership starts to include invaders decline in discipline Moral Decay People lose faith in Rome and family Politics Civil conflict and weak rulers Attacks on outskirts of empire Division of the Roman Empire Constantine moves capital to Byzantium, naming the city Constantinople Western roman emperor lasts till 476 AD when it ceased to have an emperor Eastern Roman Empire becomes Byzantine Empire 98. Why did the Roman Empire decline? 99. When did the Roman Empire fall? 100. What did the Eastern half of the Roman Empire become?