607 SOCIAL STUDIES 607 Date: Name:
SOCIAL STUDIES 607 WORLD HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY WORDS TO KNOW... 2 Chapter 1: The Golden Age of Ancient Greece... 3 Section 1: The Persian War... 3 Section 2: Pericles and Athens Government... 6 Section 3: Ancient Greece s Arts and Letters... 7 Chapter 1 Review... 9 Chapter 2:The Golden Age s End... 11 Section 1: The Peloponnesian War... 11 Section 2: The Great Philosophers... 13 Chapter 2 Review... 16 Chapter 3: Alexander s Empire... 18 Section 1: Alexander s Rise... 18 Section 2: Alexander the Great... 20 Chapter 3 Review... Error! Bookmark not defined. UNIT REVIEW... Error! Bookmark not defined. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 1
OBJECTIVES When you have successfully completed this Unit, you should be able to: 1. Trace the transition from tyranny and oligarchy to early democratic forms of government and back to dictatorship in ancient Greece, including the significance of the invention of the idea of citizenship (e.g., from Pericles' Funeral Oration). 2. State the key differences between Athenian, or direct, democracy and representative democracy. 3. Outline the founding, expansion, and political organization of the Persian Empire. 4. Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, with emphasis on their roles in the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. 5. Trace the rise of Alexander the Great and the spread of Greek culture eastward and into Egypt. 6. Describe the enduring contributions of important Greek figures in the arts and sciences (e.g., Hypatia, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Thucydides). WORDS TO KNOW Alexander: Conquered most of world known to him Alexandria: City in Egypt that became cultural center of Hellenistic Age. Archimedes: (ar-kuh-mee-deez) Applied math to engineering Aristarchus: (air-uh-star-kus) Alexandrian who used math to prove Earth moves around sun. Aristophanes: (air-uh-staf-uh-neez) Wrote comedies Aristotle: (Air-uh-stah-tul) Pioneered study of zoology and botany Battle of Chaeronea: (ker-uh-nee-uh) Fight in which Macedonia defeated Greece Council of 500: Group of Athenians who made government decisions Darius I: King of Peria Delian League: Athenian league Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 2
Direct: Democracy in which citizens vote on laws Euclid: (YOO-kluhd) Alexandrian who pioneered geometry Hellenistic Age: Era spanning several hundred years in which Greek culture spread to other lands. Herodotus: (he-ro-do-tus) Recorded Persian War King Porus: King of India who fought Alexander in his last battle. Marathon: Plain where Darius was defeated by Athens. Peloponnesian League: Spartan league Pericles: (PAIR-uh-kleez) Athenian leader Philip II: King of Macedonia Plato: Founded Athenian school called the Academy Representative: Democracy in which citizens elect representatives to vote on laws. Salamis: (SAL-uh-mis) Island where Xerxes was defeated by Athens Socrates: (SAH-kruh-teez) Great Athenian teacher Sophocles: (SAF-uh-kleez) Wrote tragedies Thucydides: (thoos-uh-di-deez) Recorded Peloponnesian War Xerxes: (ZERK-Zes) Son of Darius Chapter 1: The Golden Age of Ancient Greece Section 1: The Persian War Armies from Persia began conquering Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and other places in the Mediterranean around 540 B.C., including the northern Balkans and parts of Asia Minor. Around 500 B.C. Greeks there rebelled against the Persians. Athens sent troops to the area but they were not effective against the Persians. In 490 B. C., Darius I, the king of Persia, directed his troops to invade Athens. Athenian troops went to battle with the Persian army on a plain called Marathon. Though overmatched, the Athenians defeated the Persians after a daylong battle. Legend has it that a messenger ran all the way to Athens from Marathon to share the news of the Athenian army s victory. The Olympic Games began holding long-distance running competitions to commemorate the victory. The event called the marathon takes its name from that plain near Athens and recreates the messenger s joyful return to the city. Darius I died in 486 B. C. and his son Xerxes came to rule over Persia. In 480 B.C. Xerxes sent 200,000 soldiers and 800 ships to Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 3
attack Greece. Again, the Persians outmatched the Greeks, though this time the invaders faced naval fleets and soldiers from city-states, including Sparta, other than Athens. The Greeks defeated the Persians during a battle at sea near the island of Salamis. As a result of this invasion the city-states of Greece formed leagues, groups of allies, that protected each other. Sparta led the Peloponnesian league. Athens led the Delian league, which included city-states of the Asian Minor, and Aegean islands. Directions: Fill in the blank with the letter of the correct answer. 1. Darius I was. a. The king of Crete b. The king of Persia c. An invader from Egypt d. The son of the king of Crete 2. The Persians began conquering Babylon, Assyria, Egypt and others in. a. 776 B.C. b. A.D. 1040 c. 540 B.C. d. 500 B.C. 3. In 480 B.C. sent 200,000 soldiers and 800 ships to attack Greece. a. Zeus b. Hera c. Darius I d. Xerxes 4. The Greeks defeated Xerxes at. a. The Battle of Salamis b. The Battle of Salami c. Marathon d. Athens Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 4
5. After the Persian War the Greek city-states formed. a. Tribunes b. A senate c. An assembly d. Leagues 6. Athens belonged to. a. The Delian League b. The Peloponnesian League c. The Corinthian League d. The Major League 7. Sparta belonged to. a. The Delian League b. The Corinthian League c. The Cretan League d. The Peloponnesian League Strengthening Your Character: Humble means lacking boastful pride. 8. Look up the word boastful in a dictionary. Write its definition below. 9. Look up the word Pride in a dictionary. Write its definition below. Score questions 1 9 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 5
Section 2: Pericles and Athens Government The defeat of the Persians led to a period of great achievement in Greek culture. This era spanned from 479 B.C. to 431 B.C. and is known as the Golden Age. During this time Athenian democracy was made a cultural and educational center in Greece under a leader named Pericles. Nicknamed The Olympian by the writer Plutarch, Pericles was born to an aristocratic family in 494 B.C Pericles also wanted all citizens to be able to participate in public life. Under his rule, Athens democracy became more and more within reach for the average citizen.he is remembered for paying citizens to serve in the government. Pericles saw to it that jurors would be paid a salary for the days they served in court to make up for the wages they would have made at their jobs. In the United States today, jurors are paid a daily stipend, a tradition borrowed from the Ancient Greeks. A group called the Council of 500, decided what topic would be discussed at each assembly meeting. The men of the council were chosen randomly by drawing names from a bowl. Other government officials were selected this way. Members of a jury were chosen this way too. Athens was a direct democracy. A direct democracy is when each citizen makes a decision for the government. Most countries today have too many people for a direct democracy. The United States has a representative democracy. A representative democracy is when voters elect other citizens to make government decisions as their representatives. Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. 1. Pericles was born in B.C./A.D. (Circle one.) 2. The defeat of the Persians ushered in. 3. For what is Pericles remembered? 4. What is a direct democracy? 5. What is a representative democracy? 6. What did the Council of 500 do? Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 6
St rengthening Your Character: 7. The opposite of humble is arrogant. Describe using your own words what arrogant means. Score questions 1 7 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Section 3: Ancient Greece s Arts and Letters Pericles encouraged scientists to come to Athens. Hippocrates was one of the greatest of the Golden Age scientists. He was the first to understand that illness was created from earthly causes. Prior to Hippocrates, people believed that sickness was punishment from the gods. Hippocrates also wrote down rules for doctors to follow in treating their patients. Doctors still abide by these rules, and even make a promise at the start of their careers to do so. This promise is called the Hippocratic Oath. Pericles was generous to workers in the arts and the building trades because he wanted Athens to be the school of Greece. He solicited money for a fund so that people who were poor could take in a play at one of the brand new theaters he built. Pericles invited artists from other city-states to come to Athens. The result of Pericles investment in the arts was construction of new gymnasiums, temples, theaters, and other buildings decorated with wall paintings depicting scenes from Greek mythology and history. I swear by Apollo Physician and Asclepius and Hygieia and Panaceia and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfil according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant -The first paragraph to the Hippocratic Oath The Parthenon was completed in 432 B.C. Initiated to honor the goddess Athena, its ruins still stand on Athens acropolis. The Golden Age was a time of great literature. Herodotus, known as the first historian, wrote about the Persian Wars, which he described as the astonishing achievements of our own and other peoples. Sophocles wrote plays called tragedies because of their sad endings. Aristophanes, on the other hand, wrote funny plays called comedies. These writers are still being read today. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 7
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. 1. What did Pericles want Athens to be? 2. Who was Hippocrates? 3. What were his achievements? 4. When was the Parthenon completed? 5. What did Herodotus write about? Strengthening Your Character: 6. Look up the word haughty and write down its definition. 7. Look up the word assertive and write down its definition. 8. How are these words not like the word humble? Score questions 1 8 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 8
CHAPTER 1 REVIEW 25 POINTS POSSIBLE Make sure that all of your work is scored and corrected. Review this chapter, and then try to answer the following questions without looking back. Directions: Match each word or phrase on the left with the description which most nearly matches it on the right. Fill in the blank with the letter of the correct match. 1. Darius I 2. Pericles 3. Herodotus 4. Aristophanes 5. Xerxes 6. Hippocrates 7. Sophocles 8. Plutarch a. Wrote tragedies b. The first historian c. Nicknamed Pericles The Olympian d. Wrote comedies e. Athenian leader f. King of Persia g. Invaded Greece in 480 B.C. h. Discovered causes of illness Directions: Fill in the blank with the letter of the correct answer. 9. This era spanned from 479 B.C. to 431 B.C.. a. The Dark Ages b. The Iron Age c. The Classical Age d. The Golden Age 10. Pericles is remembered for. a. Paying citizens to serve in government. b. Making Athens into a Greek center of education and culture c. Making democracy more accessible for the average citizen. d. All of these Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 9
11. The Council of 500 a. Imposed taxes on citizens b. Decided what topic would be discussed at each assembly meeting. c. Plotted to overthrow Pericles d. Built libraries and temples in Athens. Directions: Circle True or False 12. (True/False) Sophocles wrote comedies. 13. (True/False) Hippocrates wrote the Hippocratic Oath. 14. (True/False) Aristophanes is remembered for his tragedies. 15. (True/False) Herodotus wrote about the Persian War. 16. (True/False) Athens was a representative democracy. 17. Write the definition for the word Humble: Score Chapter 1 Review Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 10
Chapter 2:The Golden Age s End Section 1: The Peloponnesian War Athens and Sparta were the two most influential city-states of ancient Greece. Each wanted to be the strongest and most influential. Sparta had the support of the Peloponnesian League, while the city-states of the Delian League backed Athens. Under Pericles leadership, Athens gained more and more power. Tensions between Sparta and Athens came to a head in 431 B.C. when Sparta and its allies attacked Attica. A war broke out between the two leagues. The war was called the Peloponnesian War. It lasted 27 years. Thucidydes was a Greek historian who recorded events that took place during the time of the Peloponnesian War. He wrote that Pericles, after the first year of the Peloponnesian War, delivered an address during a memorial service for the soldiers who fought for Athens. In his speech, Pericles gave numerous examples of Athens greatness. He wanted the families of the dead to know that the soldiers Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favors the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. - Pericles Funeral Oration fought hard for a worthy cause. For in magnifying the city I have magnified them, and men like them whose virtues made her glorious, said Pericles. This period was a bad time for Athens. A quarter of the Athenian army died from a plague. The city-state lost their great leader Pericles in 429 B.C. Thirty tyrants gained and then lost power in Athens after the death of Pericles. Athens surrendered to Sparta in 404 B. C. A year later, democracy was restored in Athens. Directions: Circle True or False. 1. (True/False) The Peloponnesian War was started by Sparta. 2. (True/False) A quarter of the Athenian army died of the plague. 3. (True/False) Pericles described the decline of Athens in a funeral speech. 4. (True/False) Democracy was restored in Athens a year after the war ended. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 11
Directions: Choose the best ending for each sentence: 5. Pericles historical speech was recorded by. a. Herodotus. b. Thucydides. c. Aristophanes. d. Sophocles. 6. Sparta started the Peloponnesian War by. a. Attacking Athens on the plain of Marathon. b. Attacking Athens from the sea. c. Marching into Athens. d. Attacking Atticus. 7. The Peloponnesian War lasted. a. 100 years. b. One year. c. 47 years. d. 27 years. 8. Pericles gave the speech so that. a. Athenians would quit fighting the war. b. Athenians would know that the dead fought for Athens, a noble cause. c. Spartans would lose heart and give up the battle. d. Members of the Delian league would fight harder. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 12
Strengthening Your Character: A synonym is a word that means the same or nearly the same as another word. Following are some synonyms of this unit s character trait, Humble. Look up each word in a dictionary, and write its definition in the space provided. 9. Meek: 10. Modest: 11. Unassuming: Score questions 1 11 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Section 2: The Great Philosophers While Athens crumbled, one of its citizens came to be regarded as its greatest teacher and thinker. Socrates taught by asking his students questions. This forced them to think more deeply than if he had just told them the information directly. This method of teaching continues in colleges and universities today and is named the Socratic method after the great teacher. Socrates wanted Athens to be restored to its former glory. He prodded officials of the city-state to make them think about what was happening in Athens. The Spartan government didn t appreciate this. In 399 B.C. Socrates was sentenced to death after being convicted of teaching dangerous ideas to youth. The court s method of execution was forcing Socrates to drink a cup of poison. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 13
A student of Socrates named Plato proved to be another great thinker. He believed that a ruler should be a good person, and that wisdom and learning are what make people good. Plato believed only philosophers, lovers of wisdom, should be rulers. He started a school in 385 B.C. for philosophers to study citizenship and leadership. Plato believed that a good citizen is a person who is informed, understands other viewpoints, and acts responsibly. Aristotle studied for 20 years at Plato s Academy, and later become known for his writings along with Plato and Socrates. Aristotle s interests were wide and included astronomy, science, law and economics. Aristotle pioneered the study of zoology, the study of animals, and botany, the study of plants. Choose the best ending for each sentence: 1. Socrates was. a. Next in line to Pericles for leader of Athens. b. General in the Spartan army. c. Athens great teacher. d. A slave who later served in the assembly. 2. Socrates taught by. a. Memorization. b. Experience. c. Asking questions to force students to think for themselves. d. Forcing students to copy lessons by hand fifty times. 3. Socrates was sentenced to death for. a. Teaching dangerous ideas for young people. b. Plotting to overthrow the government. c. Stealing money from the general fund. d. Spying for Sparta. Directions: Circle True or False. 4. (True/False) Plato was the person who sentenced Socrates to death. 5. (True/False) Plato believed that lovers of wisdom should be the ones who rule. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 14
6. (True/False) Aristotle was a student of Socrates. 7. (True/False) Aristotle pioneered the study of zoology and botany. Strengthening Your Character: 8. The opposite of humble is arrogant. Think of a time when somebody was arrogant to you. How did you feel? What did you say or do? (Use at least 5 sentences in answering these questions.) Score questions 1 8 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 15
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW 20 POINTS POSSIBLE Make sure that all of your work is scored and corrected. Review this chapter, and then try to answer the following questions without looking back. Directions: Match each word on the left with the appropriate word or phrase on the right. Fill in the blank with the letter of the correct match. 1. Aristotle (a) War between Sparta and Athens 2. Peloponnesian league (b) Thought rulers should be lovers of wisdom 3. Thucydides (c) Famous teacher killed by Spartans 4. Attica (d) Athenian league 5. Peloponnesian War (e) Wrote about the Peloponnesian War 6. Plato (f) Studied zoology and botany 7. Delian league (g) Spartan league 8. Socrates (h) Site of attack on Athens at the beginning of the Pelopponesian War Directions: Fill in the blank with the letter of the correct answer. 9. The Pelopponesian War began when. a. Athens attacked Sparta by sea. b. Sparta attacked Athens on the plain of Marathon. c. Sparta attacked Attica d. Athens marched into Sparta 10. Pericles addressed his famous speech to. a. Mourners for soldiers killed in the first year of the Pelopponesian War b. The Council of 500 c. Students at Plato s Academy d. None of these Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 16
11. Plato believed a good citizen is one who a. Works hard, pays taxes, plays by the rules. b. Doesn t ask questions of his leaders. c. Is informed, understands other viewpoints, and acts responsibly. d. Produces many goods and services for his fellow citizens to buy. 12. In 385 B.C., Plato a. Ran for elected office in Athens. b. Invaded Sparta. c. Wrote a speech for Pericles. d. Began a school for philosophers to study citizenship. 13. Aristotle studied at Plato s Academy until a. Plato died in 347 B.C. b. He discovered the science of zoology. c. His death in 322 B.C. d. He was satisfied he had learned enough. Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct answer. 14. Name a word that is similar to humble 15. Write down the definition of this word. Score Chapter 2 Review Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 17
Chapter 3: Alexander s Empire Section 1: Alexander s Rise The ancient Greeks had never been united under one leader until invaders from a land north of the Greek mainland on the Balkan Peninsula called Macedonia defeated Athens in 338 B.C. during the Battle of Chaeronea. With this victory, the king of Macedonia, Philip II, controlled almost all of Greece. He established a league called the League of Corinth, which he required each city-state to join. In 336 B.C. King Philip sent a small army to Asia in a plan to take over Greek city-states ruled by Persia. He died before he could fulfill his dream of liberating these city-states from Persian control. King Philip was murdered at his daughter s wedding. King Philip s 20-year old son Alexander was next in line to the throne. In 334 B.C. Alexander and his army of 35,000 soldiers crossed the Hellespont Strait between Europe and Asia Minor and liberated Greek city-states from Persian rule. His father had dreamed of releasing Greek city-states from foreign rule. Some say that Alexander's reasons for invading Asia were other than unifying the Greek city-states. He also sought revenge on the Persians for their invasion of Greece in 490 B.C. Alexander s conquests were the stuff of legends. He won his first battle against the Persians at Granicus when he was only 22. One story has it that when Alexander invaded the Asia Minor, he arrived at the same spot in Troy as Achilles had in the Iliad. He went into Gordium, home of the famous Gordian Knot. There was a famous legend that King Gordius, father of Midas, made a knot to his chariot Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 18
that could be untied only by the man who was destined to rule the entire world. Alexander unraveled the knot by slashing it with his sword. After the conquests in Asia Minor, Alexander marched southwest into northern Africa. He defeated Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia and before marching back into Asia. By 331 B.C., Alexander had built an empire from the Danube River in Europe to the Nile River in Africa. What moved Alexander to take on the world? He is said to have wanted very much to see the ocean that was believed to surround Europe and Asia at the edge of the earth. Others say he simply had dreams of conquering the world as he knew it. This would have meant adding Eastern Europe, northern Africa and Asia to Macedonian rule Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. 1. Phillip II was. 2. Macedonians defeated Athens at the. 3. After King Philip s death his son took over the throne. 4. The entire world for Alexander meant,, and. 5. In 334 B.C., Alexander and his army marched across the into Asia Minor. 6. He then marched into northern Africa and conquered,, and. 7. By 331 B.C., Alexander had built an empire from the to the. 8. In, Alexander slashed with a sword. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 19
9. What are some reasons why Alexander invaded Asia? Score questions 1 9 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Section 2: Alexander the Great Alexander became known as Alexander the Great. He built cities throughout the areas he conquered and named them after himself. Alexandria, a city in Egypt, eventually equaled Athens as a center of learning and culture. Alexandria s library boasted 500,000 scrolls at one point. The library collected material on mathematics, astronomy, botany and medicine, to name a few examples. Alexandria became the new center of learning. A mathematician named Euclid was the first to study geometry. Alexandrian doctors pioneered knowledge of the brain and the nervous system, helping Alexandria to become a center of medical technology. Greeks began settling in parts of Alexander s empire. Soon people of Europe, Asia and Africa learned the Greek language and culture. They studied Greek philosophy and literature and worshiped Greek gods. Alexander, in turn, adapted many customs of the people he conquered to Greek culture. This began an era of increased activity among many people spanning several centuries called the Hellenistic Age. Hellenistic means Greek-like. During this age, geographers charted new maps and made new discoveries about Earth. Archimedes in Sicily discovered ways to apply math to engineering. Aristarchus used math to prove that the earth revolves around the sun. After defeating Persia, Alexander led his troops to the Indus River where he fought King Porus of India. After the king s surrender, Alexander wanted to continue on into India to the Ganges River. His soldiers, however, refused to go. These battlehardened warriors simply would not go any further. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 20
Alexander returned to Babylon in 326 B.C. He died that same year just before his thirty-third birthday. According to legend, when asked who would rule the empire upon his death, Alexander said that control would go To the strongest! However, rivalries among Alexander s generals prevented a strong ruler to replace the conqueror. The empire crumbled into separate lands. The largest of these lands were Egypt, Syria, and and Macedonia Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. 1. Name the three scientists of the Hellenistic Age: a. b. c. 2. Describe Alexandria, Egypt: 3. Why did Alexander stop battling? Where was the site of his last battle? 4. The Hellenistic Age spanned. 5. Name three characteristics of the Hellenistic Age a. b. c. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 21
Strengthening Your Character: 6. Write the definition of Humble below: 7. Read the following sentences. Place an H for Humble in front of the sentences demonstrating a patient attitude. Place an A for Arrogant in front of the statements demonstrating an impatient attitude. a. My friends should consider themselves lucky to know me. b. I am lucky to have such great friends. c. I am definitely the best athlete on the team. d. It s hard to be modest when you are so great. e. If I work hard and study, I might do well on the test. Score questions 1 7 Now. Correct any wrong answers. Rescore. Copyright 2002, Starline Press, Inc. Page 22