The United Kingdom HISTORY, PLACES OF INTEREST
HISTORY
Early History Stone Age - first signs of inhabitants No written history before second half of 1 st century BC About 325 BC - Pytheas About 50 BC Julius Caesar Celtic Britain/The Iron Age (800 BC 50 AD) Settled today s London, around 800 BC Hillforts Trade with Continental Europe
Roman invasion 43 AD, Claudius Provincia Britannia Hadrian s Wall Antonine Wall Improvements Agriculture Urban planning Industrial production Architecture Roman Britain
Antonine Wall o142 AD o63 km, 3m high and 5m wide Hadrian s Wall o122 AD onorthen limit of the Roman Empire o117 km ofrom the River Tyne to the Solway Fith ounesco, since 1987
Seven Kingdoms The Heptarchy (500 850) East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, Wessex 9 th century Viking raids Alfred the Great King of Wessex Unifier Leader of an Anglo-Saxon nation
The Battle of Hastings Since 1016 Danish kings ruled England January 1066 - childless Edward the Confessor died 1066 the Battle of Hastings 14 October 1066 William the Bastard x king Harold Godwinson Decisive Norman victory William became William I or William the Conqueror
Bayeux Tapestry Embroidered cloth from 11 th century 70 metres long and 50 centimetres tall, 50 scenes Events leading up to the Norman conquest of England, mainly the Battle of Hastings UNESCO
Death of Harold
12 th century Henry I. Of England (1100-1135) 1100 Charter of Liberties abuses of royal power and vacant sees, over-taxion, practices of simony and pluralism Ignored by later monarchs Inspiration for Magna Charta Richard I. The Lionheart (1189-1199) central Christian commander during the Third Crusade With Philip II of France x Saladin did not retake Jerusalem Iconic figure in England and France, also linked with Robin Hood
University Oxford University established around 1167 evidence of teaching from 1096 Second-oldest university in the world After disputes in 1209, some academics fled to Cambridge where they established the University of Cambridge These two ancient universities are referred to as Oxbridge Cambridge University Second oldest university in the English-speaking world fourth-oldest surviving university in the world
Magna Charta 1215 Magna Charta King John of England and Archbishop of Canterbury Peace between King and a group of rebel barons Limits the power of rulers Protection of church rights Protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment Access to swift justice Limitations on feudal payments to the Crown First document limiting the powers of the monarch Inspiration for The United States Constitution
Hundred Years War (1337-1453) War over English feudal claim to the French crown Results: England lost all French territories (except Calais) France united to one territory England Wars of the Roses English victories: war at Crécy, Poitiers, Agincourt Battle of Crécy 1346 John of Luxemburg was killed there
Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Joan of Arc (1412-1431) Roman Catholic saint, heroine of France Received visions of the Archangel Michael and other saints to support Charles VII and recover France from English domination Siege of Orléans - gained only after nine days Several victories Charles VII's coronation at Reims 1430 - Captured by the Burgundian faction (English allies) 1431 - Burned at the stake
Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) Wars over the claim to the throne House of York x House of Lancaster Initial Yorkist victories 20 years of their rule 1485 - Battle of Bosworth Field King Richard III killed Lancastrian final victory Henry Tudor Married Elizabeth of York Tudor dynasty End of Plantagenet dynasty
the Church of England Estabilished during the reign of Henry VIII Governed by monarch, headed by archbishop Henry VIII (1509-1547) Wanted annuled his marriage to Catherine of Aragon Conflict with the Pope They had no son, only Mary ( Bloody Marry ) Married six times two were executed Only 3 children, one son - Edward VI died when he was 15 Radical changes to the English Constitution greatly expanded royal power,
After Henry s Dead Henry VIII (1509-1547) Edward VI (1547-1553) Lady Jane Gray (1553 only 9 days) Mary I (1553-1558) Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
The Elizabethan Era Golden Age of English history development of crafts, trade, education and culture Literature and theatre W. Shakespeare and Ch. Marlowe Seafaring, colonialism (North America,India) F. Drake, W. Raleigh 1588 - defeat of the Spanish Armada England became a European power Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn illegitimate, their marriage was annulled Childless, without husband Last monarch of the Tudor dynasty Relationship with Robert Dudley Convenient group of advisers: William and Thomas Cecil,
The Glorious Revolution 1642 civil wars between the Parliament and Crown 1649 execution of king Charles I England ruled by Oliver Cromwell (Lord Protector of the Commonwealth) 1660 re-establishment of monarchy, Charles II 1688 The Glorious Revolution 1689 the Bill of Rights Civil rights, prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment Free elections, and freedom of speech in Parliament power into the hands of the Parliament
The United Kingdom of Great Britain 1 May 1707 - The United Kingdom of Great Britain Acts of Union Result of the political union of: the Kingdom of England (including Wales) the Kingdom of Scotland Without Ireland
The United Kingdom of Great Britain
Wars in the 18 th century War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1715) Great Britain+Holly Romain Empire x France Indecisive result French prince got the Spanish throne but he lost large lands Seven Years War (1756-1763) All Europe (except the Ottoman Empire) two coalitions: Kingdom of Great Britain + Prussia + Portugal Kingdom of France + Holy Romain Empire + Russia + Spain Britain as the world's predominant power Britain gained Canada, Florida, Grenada,
First Prime Minister of Great Britain Sir Robert Walpole First Prime Minister The longest serving Prime Minister (1721-1742) The Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1741) Great Britain x Spain Decisive Spanish victory Walpole resign from the Government
The American War of Independence (1775-1783) The Revolutionary War (1775-1785) Great Britain x British North American colonies Leads to the loss of the 13 American colonies declared themselves the independent USA George Washington first President of the United States (1789 1797) the United States Constitution conflict gradually expanded into a world war Britain combating France, Spain and the Netherlands France want revenge after the Seven Years' War
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 1 January 1801 The UK of Great Britain and Ireland 1800 The Act of Union
The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) France led by Napoleon I x Europe UK, Russia, Austria Firstly, Napoleon conquered much of Europe 1812 Invasion of Russia 1814 exile on the island of Elba 1815 - Battle of Waterloo Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson 1805 Battle of Trafalgar British victory
The Victorian Era Period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change Long period of peace, prosperity Great expansion of the British Empire Victorian attitudes and culture Victoria (1837-1901) Second longest-reigning British monarch "the grandmother of Europe" Her 9 children married into royal families across the continent
20 th century
First World War (1914-1918) 28 June 1914, Sarajevo assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria First World War 28 July 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Two alliances: The Allies UK, France, Russia Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary 1915 Battle of Ypres, 1916 Battle of Verdun, Battle of Somme Victory of the Allies
First World War (1914-1918) Results: End of the German, Russian, Ottoman, and A-H empires Formation of new countries Establishment of the League of Nations
Second World War (1939-1945) Second World War 1 September 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany Two alliances: The Allies UK, USA, France, Russia The Axis Germany, Italy, Japan 1940 the Battle of Britain Air battle Luftwaffe vs. RAF Results: Fall of Nazi Germany, Japanese and Italian Empires Creation of the United Nations US and Soviet Union become superpowers
Second World War (1939-1945)
PLACES OF INTEREST
London Buckingham palace Tower of London, Tower Bridge London Eye Palace of Westminster - Big Ben Westminster Abbey St Paul's Cathedral Hyde Park Museums British Museum, Tate Modern, Madame Tussauds
Liverpool Albert Dock The Beatles Story Cavern Club Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral Liverpool Cathedral Tate Liverpool Museum of Liverpool
Manchester Manchester Art Gallery John Rylands Library The Old Wellington Beetham Tower Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Stonehenge Prehistoric monument Ring of standing stones Near Salisbury Constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC
Lake District National Park of England Scafell Pike the highest mountain in England (978m)
Edinburgh capital of Scotland Edinburgh Castle Royal Mile St Giles' Cathedral Holyrood Abbey
Glasgow Kelvingrove Art Gallery University of Glasgow Glasgow Science Centre Glasgow City Chambers
Loch Ness Loch in the Scottish Highlands Best known for Loch Ness Monster, "Nessie"
Cardiff capital of Wales Cardiff Castle Cardiff Bay Welsh National War Memorial
Belfast capital of Northern Ireland Belfast Castle Belfast City Hall St Anne s Cathedral Obel Tower