Shinkansen Network in Japan and OutlineO of East Japan Railway Company East Japan Railway Company 2004.7.5
Major JR lines, stations, and airports throughout Japan
Geography of Shinkansen network in Japan 318 286 Hachinohe 242 Major cities, population in thousands Niigata Akita Shinjo 42 Morioka 289 Kitakami 92 501 Yamagata 255 1008 Sendai Nagano 360 Ueda 125 Saku 67 193 Nagaoka 95 Yonezawa Fukushima 291 Takasaki 335 Koriyama 240 444 Utsunomiya Fukuoka 1341 Kita-kyushu Hiroshima Kobe 1011 252 1126 627 1493 Shimonoseki Okayama Osaka 2599 Kyoto 1468 2172 Nagoya Shizuoka 582 470 3427 Hamamatsu Yokohama 1024 Saitama 8135 Tokyo Yatsushiro 106 555 Kagoshima
Shinkansen Extensions ~The Nationwide Shinkansen Development Low in 1970~ Section km Section km Total 6860 Tokaido (Tokyo- Osaka) Sanyo (Osaka- Fukuoka) In service Tohoku (Tokyo- Hachinohe) 2060 Joetsu ( Omiya- Niigata) Hokuriku (Takasaki-Nagano) Hokkaido (Sapporo-Asahikawa) Hokkaido (Oshamanbe-Sapporo) Uetsu (Toyama- Aomori) Ouu (Fukushima- Akita) Chuo (Tokyo- Osaka) Basic Project Hokuriku (Tsuruga-Nagoya) Yanin (Osaka-Shimonoseki) 3510 Hokkaido (Aomori-Sapporo) Chugoku (Okayama-Matsue) Hokuriku (Nagano- Osaka) Shikoku (Osaka- Oita) Preparatory plan decided Tohoku (Hachinohe-Aomori) 1300 Shikoku (Okayama- Kochi) Kyushu (Fukuoka-Kagoshima) Kyushu (Fukuoka-Kagoshima) Kyushu (Fukuoka-Nagasaki) Kyushu (Oita- Kumamoto) Asahikawa Shin-Otaru Oshamanbe Sapporo Muroran Shin-Hakodate Shin-Aomori Hachinohe Akita Morioka Matsue Kanazawa Toyama Niigata Yama gata Sendai Fukushima Isurugi Nagasaki Shin Yatsushiro Hakata Kumamoto Oita Shimonoseki Kochi Okayama Takamatsu Shin Osaka Nagano Tsuruga Takasaki Nagoya Omiya Tokyo Notes In service Preparatory plan decided (Under construction) Preparatory plan decided Nishi-Kagoshima Basic project
Railways in Japan Japan Railways Group No. of railway corporations & companies Length of network No. of employees Passenger-km Railways in Japan 208 (JR Group, private companies, LRT, Monorail, etc.) 27,000 km 243,200 (engaged in railways) 384.3 billion Japan Railways Group 7 (6 passenger, 1 freight companies) 20,000 km 147,000 (engaged in railways) 240.7 billion Tonnage-km 22.1 billion 21.9 billion
Intensifying Competition with Other Modes of Transportation Expansion of subway networks in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Extension of highway networks in local cities Increasing number of flights (increased number of departures and arrivals at Haneda Airport), deregulation leading to new air routes and liberalization of fares (in billion passenger-km ) 1 200 Change in volume of passenger transportation by mode 1 000 800 600 400 200 2% 11% 21% 21% 2% 31% 4% 35% Air/Ship Bus 16% 41% Car 10% 14% 12% PrivateRailways 14% 15% 15% JNR/JR 1% 18% 5% 18% 13% 12% 17% 15% 25% '00<240.7> 51% 45% 32% 30% 25% 23% 21% 21% 20% 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 'Car' does not include mini-cars 5% 5% 45% 5% 50% '00<1,196.1> 6% 52% 8% 7% 53% 7% (Fiscal year)
Shinkansen Network in Japan Sapporo Kyushu 127.6 Nagano Shinkansen: 117.4km Joetsu Shinkansen: 303.6km Nagano Niigata Tokyo Akita Takasaki Shinjo Sendai Fukushima Hachinohe Morioka Tohoku Shinkansen: 631.9km Kyushu Shinkansen: 127.6km Nagasaki Kagoshima Hakata Osaka Sanyo Shinkansen: 622.3km Tokaido Shinkansen: 552.6km
Transport Performance of Shinkansen History of Transportation Performance (Abridged Chronology) October 1964 Opened Tokaido Shinkansen Line Section Number of passengers in 2002 (1,000 people) Total number since inauguration (billion people) July 1967 March 1972 Achieved 100 million passengers Opened Sanyo Shinkansen (Shin Osaka Okayama) Tohoku 80,414 September 1972Achieved 500 million passengers Joetsu Nagano Tokaido 36,391 9,580 129,6 1.4 4.1 February 1975 March 1975 May 1976 Achieved 800 million passengers Opened Sanyo Shinkansen (Okayama Hakata) Achieved 1 billion passengers Sanyo Kyushu Total 56,597 278,375 1.5 7.0 April 1980 April 1984 July 1986 Achieved 1.5 billion passengers Achieved 2 billion passengers Achieved 2.3 billion passengers Currently, achieved 7.0 billion passengers On some lines, passengers are counted on both lines, so that the total does not match the accumulation of passengers on all line sections. (No fatality or injury due to train accidents such as derailment or collision)
About JR East Corporate Outline (JR East) ($1=110JPY) Service Area : Eastern Japan including Tokyo Operating Revenues : $17 billion (1,899 billion JPY) Net Income :$790 million (86.9 billion JPY) Employees : 72,530 *JR East Group: Operating Revenues : $23 billion (2,565 billion JPY) Net Income Railways No. of Stations : 1,695 : $ 890 million (97.9 billion JPY) Operating Kilometers : 7,527 km 27.4% of Japan s rail network Electrified lines Shinkansen : 5,504 km : 1,052.9 km Conventional lines : 4,451.1 km No. of daily passengers : 16 million (5.9 billion a year) Average No. of trains per day: 12,494 Units of Rolling Stock : 13,217 Shinkansen electric cars: 953 Conventional line electric cars: 10,727 Diesel cars: 539
Shinkansen Network of JR-EAST Series E3 Series 400 Series 200 Area of JR-EAST Co. HACHINOHE AKITA MORIOKA Series E1 NIIGATA SHINJO SENDAI FUKUSHIMA NAGANO TAKASAKI OHMIYA Series E2 Series E4 Operating Kilometers 1050.3km Operated Trains per day 304 Passengers per day 250,000 TOKYO
Shinkansen History of JR-EAST March 1997 Akita opens Akita Hachinohe Morioka December 2002 Hachinohe opens December 1999 Shinjo Opens Shinjo November 1982 Joetsu Shinkansen opens to Omiya Niigata Yamagata Sendai Nagano Fukushima July 1992 Yamagata opens October 1997 Nagano opens Takasaki June 1991 Tokyo opens Tokyo Omiya Ueno March 1985 Ueno opens June 1982 Tohoku Shinkansen opens to Omiya
Characteristics of JR East Shinkansen Trains (1) Employ a traditional electric motor unit cars (2) Lighter than locomotive cars (in terms of axle load) 1056.1km/ trainset (Number of operated trains per day: 307) (3) High transport efficiency (capacity, average train kilometers) Seats: 278,000 seats/day Maximum seat capacity: 1,634 people/ trainset (largest in the world) (4) High energy efficiency (effective application of regenerative brakes) (5) Environment-friendly rolling stock (noise, vibrations and minute barometric waves)
Diverse Duties of JR East s Shinkansen Lines (1) High-speed network connecting the Tokyo Metropolitan Area to local areas (2) Work and school commuter transport centering on the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (3) High speed transport and large volume transport (4) Through operations on Shinkansen and conventional lines (5) Separation and coupling of rolling stock in line with usage
Shinkansen Trains Operated Daily (up and down line total) # Trains arriving at/departing from Tokyo station (as of December 2002) Niigata 54 trains Echigoyuzawa Akita Shinjo Yamagata 84 trains 16 trains 28 trains 30 trains Hachinohe Morioka Sendai Fukushima Nasushiobara 15 trains 60 trains 120 trains 93 trains Nagano Takasaki Omiya 147 trains 56 trains 56 trains Arriving at/departing from Tokyo station: total 296 trains Tokyo
Transport Volume (100 million passenger-kilometers) 1,400 1,200 1,000 1,045 Shinkansen 121 (12) 1,098 1,132 <105> <103> 133 (12) 136 (12) 1,198 1,260 <105> <106> 161 148 (13) (12) 1,285 1,289 1,281 1,286 1,297 1,273 1,261 <102> <100> <99> <100> <101> 1,260 1,253 1,251 <98> <99> <100> 162 160 160 163 165 <100> <100> 171 175 175 177 177 (13) (12) (12) (13) (13) (13) (14) (14) (14) (14) 800 600 Conventional line Train pass 587 (56) 624 (57) 649 (57) 681 (57) 708 725 734 736 738 741 (56) (56) (57) (57) (57) (57) 728 722 719 715 710 (57) (57) (57) (57) (57) 400 200 Conventional line Non-train pass 337 341 347 369 390 397 395 385 385 391 373 365 366 362 362 (32) (31) (31) (31) (31) (31) (31) (30) (30) (30) (29) (29) (29) (29) (29) 0 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 <> is year-on-year, ( ) is the share
Passenger Revenues (100 million yen) 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 14,016 14,826 <106> Shinkansen 3,397 3,118 (23) (22) 15,346 <104> 3,529 (23) 16,309 <106> 3,864 (24) 17,178 <105> 17,384 <101> 17,285 <99> 17,086 <99> 17,107 <100> 17,251 <101> 4,280 4,320 4,227 4,199 4,217 4,261 (25) (25) (24) (25) (25) (25) 17,09716,833 <99> 4,524 (26) 16,74716,801 16,675 <99> <99> <100> <99> 4,611 4576 4631 4584 (27) (27) (28) (27) 10,000 8,000 Conventional line Train pass 3,957 (28) 4,148 (28) 4,319 (28) 4,511 (28) 4,684 4,799 4,849 4,846 4,840 4,851 (27) (28) (28) (28) (28) (28) 4,784 (28) 4,750 4703 4688 4659 (28) (28) (28) (28) 6,000 Conventional line Non-train pass 4,000 2,000 6,940 7,281 7,498 7,934 8,212 8,263 8,207 8,040 8,049 8,138 7,789 7,471 7468 7482 7432 (48) (50) (49) (49) (49) (48) (47) (47) (47) (47) (46) (44) (45) (44) (45) 0 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 <> is year-on-year, ( ) is the share
Shinkansen Transport Volume (100 million passenger-kilometers) 200 180 160 140 121 <109> <109> <102> 148 133 136 4 2 2 <101> <99> <100> <101> <102> <109> 162 160 160 163 165 161 6 8 9 10 11 12 <104> 171 12 <102> 175 <100> <101> <100> 175 177 177 13 14 15 16 120 100 1 Train pass 80 60 40 120 Non-train pass 131 134 144 155 154 151 150 152 153 159 162 161 162 162 20 0 '87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 <> is year-on-year
Comparison of Traffic Volume and Revenue Configurations (fiscal 2000) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 14% 25% 28% 22% Shinkansen Conventional line (other) 50% Conventional line (Tokyo metropolitan area) 40% 30% 20% 61% 50% 10% 0% Transport volume (125.3 billion passenger-kilometers) Revenue (1,680.5 billion yen)
Shinkansen Work Commuter Transport Takasaki Shinkansen Utsunomiya (people) (Index % = 1987 recognized as 100) 12000 500 10000 8000 6000 Change in transportation performance during morning work commute by fiscal year (average per day)????? Tohoku transport volume???????? Joetsu and Nagano transport volume???? Tohoku index Joetsu and Nagano index??????? 450 400 350 300 250 4000 200 150 Tokyo 100km radius of Tokyo metropolitan area 2000 0 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 '02 100 50 0
Fluctuation in Number of FREX Tickets Sold (tickets) FREX = Shinkansen pass established in February 1983 to promote use of the Shinkansen for work and school commuting (%) Fiscal 1987 Fiscal 2000 1,400 Shinkansen passes/month 21,100 Shinkansen passes/month 15.1 times 1987 Growth rate: about 15 times as much 21,100 passes/month
Increase Transport Capacity during Commuting Time Zone Number of trains operated during the morning commuting time zone has maxed out (11 trains arriving at Tokyo between eight and nine) Increase of transport capacity per train Introduction of double-decker Shinkansen Series E1-12-car configuration All 12 double-decker car configuration Seat capacity of 1,229 Series E4 - All 16 double-decker car configuration (8-cars + 8-cars) Seat capacity of 1,634 (the largest capacity worldwide for high speed trains) - Operates as 8-car configuration during the daytime
Shinkansen Train Series E4 Maximum speed 240 km/h Operating sections Tohoku Shinkansen Tokyo ~ Morioka Joetsu Shinkansen Tokyo ~ Niigata Capacity 817 people Shinkansen car developed as an all double-decker train. It is possible to run a 16-car configuration by coupling two Series E4 8-cars configurations. The seating capacity for the 16- car configuration is 1,634, the largest in the world.
Yamagata & Akita Shinkansen Akita Akita Shinkansen Hachinohe Morioka Akita Shinkansen (Morioka to Akita 127.3km) ( Separating and Coupling at Morioka Station ) - Operated Trains per day 30 - Maximum Speed 130km/h - Travel Time (Tokyo-Akita) 3.49 hr - Passengers per day 6,200 Nagano Nagano Shinkansen Joetsu Shinkansen Niigata Takasaki Yamagata Omiya Tokyo Shinjo Yamagata Shinkansen Fukushima Tohoku Shinkansen Sendai Yamagata Shinkansen (Fukushima to Shinjo 148.6km) ( Separating and Coupling at Fukushima Station ) - Operated Trains per day 30 - Maximum Speed 130km/h - Travel Time (Tokyo-Shinjo) 3.07 hr (Tokyo-Yamagata) 2.29 hr - Passengers per day 9,900
The Merits of Hybrid Shinkansen compared with Shinkansen - Lower Cost - More Stations - Shorter Period to Open The Conditions for Hybrid Shinkansen - Transfer pattern from Shinkansen to the conventional line - Substitutive lines when the conventional line is under construction
Comparison between Hybrid Shinkansen and Shinkansen Conventional Hybrid Shinkansen Shinkansen Gauge 1,067 1,435 1,435 Width of Rolling Stock 2,944 2,944 3,380 Electric System AC 50Hz 20000V AC 50Hz 20000V AC 50Hz 25000V Signal System ATS-P ATS-P ATC Operating Speed 95 km/h 130 km/h 275 km/h E1,E4 E3 E2 Size of Tunnel for Shinkansen 3,700 E2 4,485 Size of Tunnel for Hybrid Shinkansen 4,080 E3 E1 E4 Size of Shinkansen Rolling Stock Size of Hybrid Shinkansen Rolling Stock Hybrid Shinkansen E1, E2, E4 E3 2,944 3,380
Operation of Hybrid Shinkansen Operation in a short time Stoppage time:uncoupling 2min.30sec. Coupling 1min.30sec. Automatic system Operated by only driver and conductor
Separating and Coupling Operation (Akita Shinkansen) Akita <Morioka ~ Akita> - Series E3 independent operation - Operating speed of 130 km/h - Seating capacity is 338 Series E3 Morioka Separating and coupling Series E2 [Shortening of travel time] Series E2 Series E3 Tokyo Akita Tokyo <Tokyo ~ Morioka> - Coupled operation of Series E2 & E3 - Operating speed is 275 km/h - Seating capacity is 968 Before opening After opening 4 hr 37 min 3 hr 49 min - 48 minutes
Series E2
Series E3
Separating and Coupling Operation (Yamagata Shinkansen) Yamagata <Morioka ~ Akita> - Series E3(400) independent operation - Operating speed of 130 km/h - Seating capacity is 338 Series 400 or E3 Fukushima Separating and coupling [Shortening of travel time] Series E4 Series 400 or E3 Tokyo Yamagata Tokyo <Tokyo ~ Morioka> - Coupled operation of Series E4 & E3(400) - Operating speed is 240 km/h - Seating capacity is 1,155 Before opening After opening 3 hr 10 min 2 hr 29 min - 41 minutes
Series E4 (Max)
Series 400
Better Performance Allows for Higher Transportation Volume Extension of the Shinkansen network and cuts in travel time Tokyo Aomori (727.9 km) Tokyo Hachinohe 2:56 (631.9 km) Tokyo Akita (662.6 km) Tokyo Morioka (535.3 km) Tokyo Sendai (351.8 km) Tokyo Yamagata (359.9 km) Tokyo Niigata (333.9 km) Tokyo Nagano (222.4 km) 1:37 1:23 1:36 2:21-41 Minutes. 2:30-40 Minutes. 3:49-48 Minutes. - 53 Minutes. - 102 Minutes. 3:59-67 Minutes. - 92 Minutes. - 77 Minutes. 2003 1987 * Comparison between the fastest trains in each line. (Travel time)
Shares of JR companies and Airlines (Tokyo ~ Akita) 3500 March 1997 Akita Shinkansen opens (%) 80 3000 Transport volume: people/day (Average per day: round trip) 2500 2000 1500 1000 69 67 61 60 58 58 56 53 51 48 60 58 57 55 53 70 60 50 500 0 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 '01 JR Airlines JR share 40
Shares of JR companies and Airlines (Tokyo ~ Yamagata) Transport volume: people/day (Average per day: round trip) 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 Yamagata Shinkansen opens 85 88 82 82 80 79 76 Extension to Shinjo 90 89 89 90 92 95 97 (%) 100 80 60 1000 0 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 '00 JR Airlines JR share 40
Competition with Other Transportation Systems - Airlines Services (round trips) Travel time Price Passengers Shares Services (round trips) Travel time Price Passengers Shares Tokyo Akita JR 14 3.49 hr 16,810 JPY 1,652 53% Tokyo Shonai JR 8 3.58 hr 13,570 JPY 474 49% AIR (Akita) 7 3.10 hr 20,500 JPY 1,301 42% AIR 3 3.20 hr 17,000 JPY 494 51% AIR (Odate) Nagano Nagano Shinkansen 2 3.50 hr 23,500 JPY 163 5% Niigata Joetsu Shinkansen Takasaki Omiya Akita Shinkansen Akita Tokyo Shinjo Yamagata Aomori Fukushima Sendai Morioka Tohoku Shinkansen Hachinohe Yamagata Shinkansen Services (round trips) Travel time Price Passengers Shares Tokyo Aomori JR 13 4.27 hr 17,040 JPY 525 28% Tokyo Hachinohe Services (round trips) Travel time Price Passengers Shares JR 13 (15) 3.33 hr (2.56) 16,150 JPY (15,350) 880 59% AIR *The number in ( ) is the number after December 1st 8 3.30 hr 25,500 JPY AIR 1,320 72% 4 3.30 hr 25,000 JPY 602 41% *FY 2000 performance
Intangible Effects - Sakudaira Station - Before After Sakudaira Station Public Spaces Offices, Parking lots Shops, Amusement parks Residences, Others
New Comprehensive Shinkansen System (COSMOS) COSMOS is a system that incorporates the latest computer technology and information communications technology to systematize all work comprehensively including train and crew planning for the Tohoku, Joetsu and Nagano Shinkansen lines, train operation control and rolling stock, track, electricity, signal and communication maintenance and management. Dispatch Center of the Shinkansen Operation Headquarters Display of forecast diagram Train operation display Central system East-i Passenger information display and broadcasting Station system High-speed digital line Automatic train route control 33 stations 5 depots Hand-held terminal 6 branches Information terminals Crew offices (10 offices) Maintenance of way offices (69 offices) Wind, rain and river Substation control Display of operational conditions Maintenance work Rolling stop depot shunting control
Railways are a Comprehensive system industry. Trains are operated by coordination among various divisions Station staff People Crews Inspection and repair staff Railway Operations Law Rules Facilities Railway Operation Rules Dispatch Stations Rolling stock Track maintenance staff Track facilities Power facilities Train Operation Standards Signal and communications facilities Signal and communications staff Power staff
High Speed Train System Track Facilities & Construction Rolling Stock Signals Power Supply Unification of each technology is of great importance Trafic Managenment System Current collection Telecommunication Maintenance Operation
Primary Issues for Realizing Operations at 360km/h Improving the running speed Drive system Adhesion Current collection Power supply Signal and safety system Improved silence Noise Minute barometric waves Low frequency noise Ground vibrations Other Power consumption Electro Magnetic Compatibility Elimination of environmental polluting substances Securing safety Braking system Countermeasures for bogies only operating Drive device and bearing reliability Strength of structure airtight level Strength of track materials Structural strength Cross-wind overturn threshold Wind impact on trains Safety in the event of earthquakes Improved comfort Ride Onboard silence Airtight
Delayed Travel Time of Shinkansen Lines (fiscal 2000) Number of operated trains About 126,000 (annually) Delayed travel time per train 0.7 minutes = about 40 seconds (minutes) <Delayed travel time by month (per train)> 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10? 11? 12? 1? 2? 3? Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar - Trains delay overwhelmingly occur because of typhoons during the summer and snowfall and such during the winter. - The average delayed travel time is about 0.2 minutes (10 seconds) in other periods