http://santaferiversprings.com/

Bonn, M. A. and F. W. Bell. Economic impact of selected Florida springs on surrounding local areas. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 2003 (Ichetucknee, Wakulla, Homosassa, Blue springs). Bonn, M.A. Visitor profiles, economic impacts, and recreational aesthetic values associated with eight priority Florida springs located in the St. Johns River Water Management District. St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, FL, 2004 (Silver Glen, Silver, Alexander, Apopka, Bugg, Ponce de Leon, Gemini, Green springs). Foster, C. Valuing preferences for water quality improvement in the Ichetucknee Springs System: A Case Study from Columbia County, FL. Master Thesis, University of Florida, 2008. Huth, W.L. and O.A. Morgan. Measuring the willingness to pay for cave diving. Marine Resource Economics vol. 26, pp 151-166,2011 (Wakulla Springs). Morgan, O.A. and W.L. Huth. Using revealed and stated preference data to estimate the scope and access benefits associated with cave diving. Resource and Energy Economics vol. 33, pp. 107-118, 2011 (Blue Spring, Jackson County, Florida). Knight, R. Ichetucknee Springs & River: A Restoration Action Plan. Howard T. Odum Florida Springs Institute, 2012. Shrestha R.L., Alavalapati, J.R.R., Stein T.V., Carter, D.R., and C.B. Denny. Visitor Preferences and Values for Water-Based Recreation: A Case Study of the Ocala National Forest. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 34(3), 547 559, 2002 (Sweetwater, Silver Glen, Juniper, Salt Springs).

Credit: map is copied from http://www.saveoursuwannee.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/florida-spreings1.jpg

Tallahassee Jacksonville Lake City High Springs Gainesville Ocala Orlando

Multipliers for the North-Central Florida Study Area Expenditure Item(s) IMPLAN Sector Output (Revenue) Employment (jobs/m$) Labor Income Value Added (GDP) Indirect Business Taxes Food & beverages Transportation (gasoline) Diving training 324. Retail Stores - Food and beverage 413. Food services and drinking places 326. Retail Stores - Gasoline stations 393. Other private educational services 2.17 31.4 0.93 1.42 0.22 1.98 28.6 0.68 1.13 0.13 2.15 21.8 0.85 1.48 0.20 2.06 30.9 0.76 1.27.007 Private springs entry fees, diving gear rentals 410. Other amusement and recreation industries 2.08 32.0 0.73 1.31 0.18 Lodging 411. Hotels and motels, including casino hotels 2.11 21.5 0.66 1.20 0.16 412. Other accommodations 2.12 25.3 0.68 1.14 0.11 Public springs entry fees 432. Other state and local government enterprises 2.03 15.1 0.63 1.07 0.05 Multipliers denominated in dollars per dollar output, except employment is jobs per million dollars output. Spending in retail trade sectors is margined.

Site / Activity Number visitors annually Number diving visitors annually Share of customers from outside local area Total Spending Manatee Springs State Park 142,641 2,573 70% $10,626,084 Fanning Springs State Park 293,303 10% $21,029,839 Ichetucknee Springs State Park 177,543 108 70% $13,096,587 Lafayette Blue Springs State Park 33,684 6 70% $2,416,044 Peacock Springs State Park 13,887 11,804 70% $2,825,392 Troy Spring State Park 11,293 8,470 70% $2,122,519 Little River Spring County Park 11,025 4,380 70% $1,469,393 Hart Springs 35,000 200 40% $2,540,500 Ginnie Springs 190,000 15,000 70% $17,313,000 Blue Springs 41,000 70% $3,185,700 Hornsby Springs 20,000 50% $1,554,000 Blue Grotto 13,000 13,000 90% $3,415,100 Devil's Den 5,000 1,665 75% $739,955 Santa Fe River Canoing (outfitters) 8,380 60% $730,526 Total All Springs 995,756 57,206 $83,064,639

Expense Item Amount (Million $) Private spring entry fees $3.40 Public park entry fees $2.87 Transportation (fuel) $23.30 Hotels / motels $11.25 Other accommodations $11.25 Restaurants $10.80 Food & beverage stores $10.80 Gear rental and diving gasses $7.66 Diver training $1.72 Total $83.06 Total Spending by Non-Local Visitors $45.10

Activity / Business Employment (jobs) Output ($1000) Value added ($1000) Labor Income ($1000) Indirect Business Taxes ($1000) Manatee Springs State Park 143 $11,696 $6,633 $3,889 $821 Fanning Springs State Park 185 $14,265 $7,533 $4,392 $1,158 Ichetucknee Springs State Park 174 $14,332 $8,116 $4,759 $1,011 Lafayette Blue Springs State Park 31 $2,598 $1,464 $861 $181 Peacock Springs State Park 65 $4,282 $2,604 $1,473 $336 Troy Spring State Park 48 $3,175 $1,926 $1,091 $248 Little River Spring County Park 29 $2,042 $1,221 $697 $156 Hart Springs 28 $2,245 $1,237 $724 $167 Ginnie Springs 293 $21,155 $12,458 $7,158 $1,672 Blue Springs 48 $3,599 $2,086 $1,209 $281 Hornsby Springs 21 $1,539 $882 $508 $126 Blue Grotto 90 $6,024 $3,712 $2,099 $474 Devil's Den 16 $1,089 $660 $374 $88 Santa Fe River Canoing 11 $821 $480 $275 $68 Total All Springs 1,183 $88,861 $51,011 $29,508 $6,786

Source: Partially based on Huth B. and A. Morgan. Diving Demand and Economic Impact for Public Resources. Presentation for Jackson Blue Spring Basin Working Group, Marianna, FL 2010

Silver Glen Spring Source: Shrestha et al. 2002. Visitor Preferences and Values for Water-Based Recreation: A Case Study of the Ocala National Forest. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 34(3), 547 559 *Indexed to 2013 dollars using Implicit Price Deflator for Gross Domestic Product (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2014) Orlando Sentinel / May 23, 1997 www.orlandosentinel.com

Jackson Blue Spring Credit: http://cojodiving.wordpress.com/2011/05/10/cojo-goes-to-florida-cave-diving/ *Indexed from to 2013 dollars using Implicit Price Deflator for Gross Domestic Product (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2014)

Site Total Number of Visitors (annually) Diving Extended / Overnight* Day Total Consumer Surplus ($1000)** Manatee Springs State Park 142,641 2,573 14,007 126,061 $1,399 Fanning Springs State Park 293,303 29,330 263,973 $2,036 Ichetucknee Springs State Park 177,543 108 17,744 159,692 $1,250 Lafayette Blue Springs State Park 33,684 6 3,368 30,310 $235 Peacock Springs State Park 13,887 11,804 208 1,875 $1,974 Troy Spring State Park 11,293 8,470 282 2,541 $1,426 Little River Spring County Park 11,025 4,380 665 5,981 $773 Hart Springs 35,000 200 3,480 31,320 $275 Ginnie Springs 190,000 15,000 17,500 157,500 $3,705 Blue Springs 41,000 4,100 36,900 $285 Hornsby Springs 20,000 2,000 18,000 $139 Blue Grotto 13,000 13,000 0 0 $2,158 Devil's Den 5,000 1,665 334 3,002 $300 Santa Fe River Canoeing 8,380 838 7,542 $58 Total All Springs 995,756 57,206 93,855 844,695 $16,011 * 10% of visitors (excluding divers); ** Consumer surplus per person per trip: $166 for divers (Shrestha et al. 2002); $12.17 for extended visitors; $6.36 for day visitors (Morgan and Huth 2011)

Activity / Business Output Impact ($1000) Consumer Surplus ($1000) Total Economic Value ($1000) Manatee Springs State Park $11,696 $1,399 $13,095 Fanning Springs State Park $14,265 $2,036 $16,301 Ichetucknee Springs State Park $14,332 $1,250 $15,582 Lafayette Blue Springs State Park $2,598 $235 $2,833 Peacock Springs State Park $4,282 $1,974 $6,256 Troy Spring State Park $3,175 $1,426 $4,601 Little River Spring County Park $2,042 $773 $2,815 Hart Springs $2,245 $275 $2,520 Ginnie Springs $21,155 $3,705 $24,860 Blue Springs $3,599 $285 $3,884 Hornsby Springs $1,539 $139 $1,678 Blue Grotto $6,024 $2,158 $8,182 Devil's Den $1,089 $300 $1,389 Santa Fe River Canoing $821 $58 $879 Total All Springs $88,861 $16,011 $104,872

Use values Category Direct use values Indirect use values Option value Benefit Recreation (e.g., scenery viewing, canoeing / kayaking) Social, religious, and spiritual events Education and research Passive use values (Non-use values) Existence value Stewardship value Bequest value Nature-related art, crafts, and publications (e.g., calendars, books, TV shows, etc.) Consumptive non-recreation use: water bottling Hydrological services Nitrogen cycle Biodiversity maintenance (including rare, threatened, and endangered species) Habitat provision Possibility to engage in direct use of the resource in the future Appreciation of the scenic beauty of the springs Appreciation of the fact that this scenic beauty and natural systems are actively managed and are passed to future generations Source: based on Casey et al., 2008. A Preliminary Assessment of the Economic Benefits of Land Conservation Areas in Florida. Defenders of Wildlife.

Head Springs, Ichetucknee Source: Foster C. 2008. Valuing preferences for water quality improvement in the Ichetucknee Springs System: A Case Study from Columbia County, FL. Master Thesis, University of Florida. http://www.springsrus.com/water_places.aspx *Indexed from to 2013 dollars using Implicit Price Deflator for Gross Domestic Product (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2014)

Credit: David Doubilet, Ginnie Springs Florida (1992). (http://www.phaidon.com/agenda/photography/picture-galleries/2011/december/13/into-the-deep-blue-yonder/?idx=10)