E-Commerce Readiness Study in the SADC sub-region Validation workshop 16 th -17 th April 2012 Balaclava, Mauritius Country assesment Mustapha Mezghani
Agenda ICT indicators: Postal indicators Cyber & e-commerce laws Trade & trade issues Human resources
ICT INDICATORS
ICT Indicators 300 250 200 Fixed lines density Total density Mobile lines density Ration Mobile/Fixed 150 100 50 0
ICT Indicators Country Fixed lines density Mobile lines density Total density Ratio Mobile/Fixed Angola 1,59 46,69 48,28 29,38 Botswana 6,85 117,76 124,61 17,20 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 0,06 17,21 17,27 270,35 Lesotho 1,79 32,18 33,97 18,01 Malawi 1,07 20,38 21,45 18,97 Mauritius 29,84 91,67 121,51 3,07 Mozambique 0,38 30,88 31,26 82,00 Namibia 6,66 67,21 73,87 10,10 Seychelles 25,48 135,91 161,39 5,35 8,43 100,48 108,91 11,92 Swaziland 3,71 61,78 65,49 16,65 Tanzania 0,39 46,80 47,19 120,25 Zambia 0,69 37,80 38,49 54,90 Zimbabwe 3,01 59,66 62,67 19,79 SADC 2,43 47,81 50,24 19,37
ICT Indicators 60.00 50.00 40.00 Internet users per 100 inhabitants Fixed (wired) broadband internet subscription per 100 inhabitant Active mobile-broadband subscription per 100 inhabitant Total Broadband subscriptions (Fice & Mobile) per 100 inhabitant Ratio Mobile/fixe broadband subscription 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00
ICT Indicators Internet users per 100 inhabitants Fixed (wired) broadband internet subscription per 100 inhabitant Active mobilebroadband subscription per 100 inhabitant Total Broadband subscriptions (Fice & Mobile) per 100 inhabitant Ratio Mobile/fixe broadband subscription Country Angola 10,00 0,1 5,6 5,7 56,00 Botswana 6,00 0,6 6,3 6,9 10,50 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 0,72 0,0 0,0 0,0 Lesotho 3,86 N/A N/A N/A N/A Malawi 2,26 N/A N/A N/A N/A Mauritius 24,90 6,3 22,1 28,4 3,51 Mozambique 4,17 0,1 1,5 1,6 15,00 Namibia 6,50 0,4 7,5 7,9 18,75 Seychelles 41,00 7,3 4,7 12,0 0,64 12,30 1,5 16,6 18,1 11,07 Swaziland 8,02 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,00 Tanzania 11,00 0,0 2,1 2,1 Zambia 6,74 0,1 0,0 0,1 0,00 Zimbabwe 11,50 0,3 0,7 1,0 2,33
ICT Indicators 40.0 35.0 % of household with computer % of household with Internet Ratio computers /Internet 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
ICT Indicators Country % of household with computer % of household with Internet Ratio computers /Internet Angola 15,6 11,7 1,3 Botswana 33,7 18,1 1,9 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 0,3 0,3 1,0 Lesotho NA NA N/A Malawi NA NA N/A Mauritius 33,4 24,6 1,4 Mozambique 7,5 1,1 6,8 Namibia 15,4 3,9 3,9 Seychelles 32,1 17,1 1,9 18,3 10,1 1,8 Swaziland 10,7 3,6 3,0 Tanzania 2,6 0,7 3,7 Zambia 2,4 2,0 1,2 Zimbabwe 5,3 4,0 1,3 SADC 7,0 3,8 1,8
Internet users per 100 inhabitants ICT Indicators Variation Internet Bandwidth (bits/internet users) Variation Year 2008 2010 2008 2010 Angola 1,14 10,00 775% 545 626 15% Botswana 3,26 6,00 84% 1 529 15 650 924% Congo (Dem. 0,24 0,72 Rep.) 202% 47 232 394% Lesotho 2,58 3,86 N/A N/A N/A N/A Malawi 0,38 2,26 N/A N/A N/A N/A Mauritius 15,17 24,90 64% 1 650 10 479 535% Mozambique 0,85 4,17 388% 809 1 312 62% Namibia 4,01 6,50 62% 1 706 4 413 159% Seychelles 25,41 41,00 61% 2 153 5 229 143% 7,49 12,30 64% 2 397 1 714-28% Swaziland 3,70 8,02 1,17% 457 578 26% Tanzania 4,30 11,00 1,56% 79 701 787% Zambia 2,85 6,74 1,36% 585 567-3% Zimbabwe 8,02 11,50 43% 85 300 253%
POSTAL INDICATORS
Postal indicators Items Angola Botswana Lesotho Mauritius DRC Total / Average Total number of permanent post offices 2 484 57 214 159 115 120 3 149 Average area covered by a permanent office (km²) 492 21 872 2 718 191 18 19 540 1 723 Average number of inhabitants served by a permanent office Number of post offices providing public Internet access points Population / Number of post offices providing public Internet access points 19 838 315 578 9 125 12 856 11 224 539 197 43 748 749 17 50 7 76 ND 899 65 792 1 087 824 39 060 292 000 16 987 ND 153 240
CYBER & E-COMMERCE LAWS
Cyber & e-commerce laws Law Botswana DRC Lesotho Mauritius Angola IPR, Intellectual Property Right Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Personal Data protection No No No Yes Yes Digital signature No No No Yes Yes Certification and cryptography No No No Yes Protection and enforcement of trademarks Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cyber security Yes No No Yes e-transaction, e-contracts No No No Yes Yes Electronic certification authority No No No Yes No Consumer Protection Law & Authority Yes Yes No Yes Yes Regional Harmonization No No No No No
TRADE & TRADE ISSUES
Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of Congo Trade & trade issues Lesotho Madagasca Malawi Mauritius Mozambiqu Namibia Seychelles Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Val Max Angola 165 2 4 2 235 219 5 085 0 2 258 052 1 347 35 1 134 2 258 052 Botswana 514 26 697 980 33 4 764 327 2 079 23 574 0 531 585 1 670 3 144 42 202 263 037 531 585 Democratic Republic of Congo 353 1 578 44 11 3 14 465 2 14 821 446 1 406 1 345 884 30 953 1 345 884 Zambia Lesotho 124 372 152 3 032 54 13 2 1 315 465 229 97 13 261 13 261 Madagascar 15 522 487 3 29 21 057 155 40 5 378 22 738 88 1 718 24 78 22 738 Malawi 41 1 122 3 105 340 256 712 14 048 113 58 77 149 4 372 7 761 19 157 79 084 79 084 Zimbabwe Mauritius 2 083 110 5 1 604 101 051 225 1 503 137 20 284 83 743 129 2 627 837 1 969 101 051 Madagasca Mozambique 1 993 2 233 1 728 83 1 437 21 981 1 964 113 6 337 627 1 500 5 469 7 176 91 875 337 627 Namibia 465 551 33 427 64 353 993 26 514 1 569 22 853 22 647 823 4 624 2 495 22 781 6 183 647 823 Seychelles 1 2 5 752 2 691 123 1 0 2 691 872 271 839 083 563 873 190 117 589 535 394 993 1 432 606 4 75 915 1 662 785 1 853 870 2 901 780 2 901 780 Zimbabwe Swaziland 6 4 242 10 732 19 033 2 995 8 688 49 957 22 536 620 348 894 28 786 7 474 46 799 348 894 Tanzania 6 658 276 131 782 4 7 618 78 339 2 665 70 162 860 2 112 202 240 1 779 63 496 4 384 202 240 Zambia 3 610 18 118 395 807 291 444 126 188 19 731 3 584 22 592 12 669 765 5 830 37 515 169 253 669 765 Zimbabwe 1 609 182 171 320 935 54 871 54 33 975 7 119 17 870 15 763 93 431 843 10 821 2 664 91 212 431 843 Imports from SADC SADC Countries exports / imports 1 354 351 242 865 1 783 984 633 773 322 022 858 749 464 853 1 615 092 105 295 104 504 5 630 285 31 724 758 069 3 454 245 3 609 793 Val MAX : Val MAX : 872 271 182 171 839 083 563 873 190 117 589 535 394 993 1 432 606 23 574 75 915 2 258 052 10 821 662 785 1 853 870 2 901 780 Best Export Partner Best Import Partner Zimbabwe Botswana Angola Zimbabwe
Trade & trade issues SADC, & Europe exports shares 70% 60% 50% SADC Europe 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Angola Botswana DRC Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Trade & trade issues 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% SADC & COMESA exports shares SADC COMESA
SADC countries and other RECs Country SADC COMESA CEPGL ECCAS SACU Angola Y Y Botswana Y Y DRC Y Y Y Y Lesotho Y Y Madagascar Y Y Malawi Y Y Mauritius Y Y Mozambique Y Y Namibia Y Seychelles Y Y Y Y Swaziland Y Y Y Tanzania Y Zambia Y Y Zimbabwe Y Y
Trade & trade issues 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% SADC, COMESA & exports shares SADC COMESA
Trade & trade issues SACU: ern n Custom Union: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia,, Swaziland Oldest Custom Union in the World (1910) A single tariff and no customs duties between Member states: The Member States form a single customs territory in which tariffs and other barriers are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the Member States for products originating in these countries; There is a common external tariff that applies to nonmembers of SACU.
Trade & trade issues SACU: ern n Custom Union: Trade between SACU members is related to SACU and not to SADC: SACU rules of origin are easier to apply and softer than SADC rules of origin SACU is a Free Trade Area (no custom duties) SADC is not a Free Trade Area
Trade & trade issues SACU countries Exports 40% 35% SACU SADC 31% 35% 30% 25% 25% 20% 15% 12% 19% 17% 12% 10% 5% 0% 2% 1% 0% Botswana Lesotho Namibia Swaziland 62% 54% 70%
HUMAN RESOURCES
Human Resources Gross enrolment ratio 120.0 Secondary Tertiary Adult litteracy rate 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0
Human Resources Gross enrolment ratio Country Secondary Tertiary Adult litteracy rate Angola 14,5 9,4 72,7 Botswana 82,4 8,6 84,1 Congo (Dem. Rep.) 36,7 6,0 66,8 Lesotho N/A N/A N/A Malawi N/A N/A N/A Mauritius 87,2 30,5 87,9 Mozambique 25,5 2,7 55,1 Namibia 66,4 8,9 88,5 Seychelles 105,0 1,8 91,8 93,9 15,8 88,7 Swaziland 55,8 4,3 86,9 Tanzania 27,4 1,7 72,9 Zambia 45,5 2,4 70,9 Zimbabwe 41,0 2,3 91,9 SADC 42,97 6,53 68,99
Conslusion large gaps exist between the countries regarding figures and indicators values Lack of cyber and e-commerce laws : an opportunity for harmonization? Trade between SADC Countries not really related to SADC agreements but mainly to SACU and COMESA agreements which are easier to comply with and more flexible in terms of rules of origin
SADC E-COMMERCE ASSESMENT
SADC e-commerce assesment Countries with ICT strategy but without e- commerce component E-commerce practices: Foreign websites Import products at a better prices Import products not available in the country A need for touching and feeling the product before buying it
Implementation of a legal framework ICT & e-commerce laws Most of the SADC countries have yet to really develop the legal aspects of ICT and e-commerce Only Angola, Mauritius and have put in place a legislative framework for e-commerce Member countries have to adapt conventional consumer protection legislation to e-commerce by adding specific regulations
Implementation of a legal framework Personal data protection It is essential to take into consideration individual personal data and implement mechanisms and laws to protect it Only Mauritius and Angola have personal data protection laws Intellectual property All member countries have IPR, protection and enforcement of trademarks laws Legislations more related to the protection of the artistic and industrial outputs than to IT
Implementation of a legal framework Consumer protection Electronic commerce cannot thrive without a good consumer protection system A regulator authority is essential to arbitrate between the seller and the buyer
Implementation of a legal framework Existing consumer protection agencies (in most of the countries): Tend to consider e-commerce client as a conventional client Lack the capacities of what are the characteristics of an e-commerce transaction and how to solve specific issues: specific e-commerce issues what makes a cyber client different from a conventional client what would make an e-commerce transaction different from a conventional transaction
Implementation of a legal framework Implementation of payment and exchange systems Most of the SADC region countries have convertibility issues and lack of e-payment gateways. Non convertibility pl local currency make overseas purchases submitted to specific procedures involving the Central Bank These types of procedures may make it difficult to buy online as e-payment is not possible. Some countries of the region such as Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland, have specific agreements for currency exchange.
Implementation of a legal framework Implementation of payment and exchange systems Lack of e-payment platforms in most member countries: e-commerce websites resort to foreign e-payment platforms (Botswana merchant sites using n payment platforms) No control on what happens to the payments: using a foreign platform for e-payment means using a foreign bank account for payment. Need for an agreement for payment between the region countries
logistical environment/framework Logistics are vital for e-commerce to ensure delivery of sold goods Viable e-commerce platforms need guarantee that the logistics chain works perfectly and delivery deadlines are respected Goods delivery traceability is an essential element of the logistics chain.
logistical environment/framework Logistics state in the SADC Region is very heterogeneous from one country to the next: Some countries with well developed infrastructure covering most of the national territory Most countries with problematic mail and parcel distribution and postal coverage is poor Perspective more negative if we look at the existing logistics between countries: huge deficiency which may make any electronic commerce between these countries very difficult.
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