International Civil Aviation Organization 27/07/12 rth American, Central American and Caribbean Office (NACC) Twenty-fourth Meeting of Directors of Civil Aviation of the Eastern Caribbean (E/CAR/DCA/24) Martinique, France, 2 5 October 2012 Agenda Item 4 Aviation Safety Matters 4.3 safety ENHANCE RUNWAY SAFETY (Presented by the Secretariat) SUMMARY safety is a collective responsibility encompassing different organizations (aerodrome operator, air navigation service providers (ANSPs) and airlines) as well as individuals (controllers, pilots, vehicle operators). This paper provides guidelines for the prevention and mitigation of diverse occurrences related to runway safety from the aerodromes point of view and the importance of gathering aerodrome information from States to analyze current conditions in support of the aerodromes regional project, Enhance Safety. State Letter EMX0375, dated 5 July 2012, was sent to States requesting aerodrome operators to fill out the questionnaire attached to this working paper (Appendix) and return it to the ICAO NACC Regional Office by 5 August 2012. References: ICAO High Level Safety Conference (HLSC 2010) ICAO Global Safety Symposium (GRSS 2011) ICAO/FAA/IFATCA Regional Safety Seminar for the NAM/CAR/SAM Regions (Miami, United States, 12-14 October 2011) (http://www.mexico.icao.int/meetings/meetings.html) ICAO Doc 9870 Manual on the Prevention of Incursion EUROCONTROL - Airport Safety, preventing runway incursions European Action Plan for the prevention of runway incursions State Letter EMX0375-Rev, dated 5 July 2012 Strategic Objective This working paper is related to Strategic Objective A 1. Introduction 1.1 A wide range of factors contribute to runway incursions/excursions, including less-than perfect aerodrome design, technology, procedures, training, regulations and human error. While incidents such as runway incursions and excursions continue to occur, with possible catastrophic consequences, airport authorities need to direct their efforts towards the reduction of these occurrences.
2 1.2 Considering that the Regional Aviation Safety Group Pan America (RASG-PA) includes Excursions (RE) as part of its runway safety work programme through Safety Enhancement Initiatives (SEIs), the implementation of Safety Teams (RSTs) in Pan America falls under the RASG-PA umbrella. However, the GREPECAS aerodromes Project F-3 Enhance Safety, as described in this working paper, provides a complementary approach to the RASG-PA work programme. 1.3 The regional project, Enhance Safety, which falls under the purview of the GREPECAS aerodromes programme, is focused on aerodromes and not on air traffic control (ATC) factors. For example, for Incursion (RI), there are three types of incidents: operational ATC, pilot deviations (PD), and vehicle/pedestrian deviations (V/PDs). This project will only focus on items under aerodrome control and not on ATC. It has three parts: Incursion/mitigation, Excursion and the graded runway strip, and runway end safety area (RESA). The three aspects are interrelated as follows: before entering a runway, landing on a runway, and exiting a runway. 2. Discussion 2.1 For exhaustive analysis of current conditions at aerodrome airfields and respective level of compliance with ICAO SARPs, States were requested to provide information on their aerodromes in accordance with the questionnaire attached to this paper and send it to the ICAO NACC Regional Office by 5 August 2012 (State Letter EMX0375-Rev dated 5 July 2012). 2.2 The information required in the questionnaire, Part 1, focuses on the inventory of each taxiway entrance to the runway. It also includes the geometry of the entrance taxiway and the signs, marking and lighting of the runway holding position (stop bar, runway guard lights). This part also includes the daily inspection to be done by airport operators on the airside: taxiway entrances for marking, signs and lights. 2.3 Part 2 focuses on mitigating runway excursions by providing good runway surface conditions, avoiding surface contamination, providing recommended longitudinal grades and changes, repainting faded markings and replacing inoperative runway lights, as well as daily inspections. One of the Project F-3 major problems for runway excursions is rubber build-up under wet conditions. In this regard, the project will provide GREPECAS with State experiences for rubber built-up removal. 2.4 Part 3 focuses on mitigating damage to aircraft running off the runway through compliance with the graded portion of runway strips and RESAs in accordance with Annex 14, Vol. I. For determining non-compliant facilities, the GANDD deficiencies database will be used to report information on specific deficiencies with runway strips and RESA and to group the types of deficiencies. For example, an open ditch, vegetation, and other objects cause deficiencies. 2.5 For insufficient RESAs that cannot be fully corrected, the project will provide guidance material on the use of declared distances and possible installation of an Engineered Materials Arresting System (EMAS). ICAO Annex 14, Vol. I, recognizes these solutions for non-standard RESAs. 2.6 The components of this programme and guidance material may help airport operators achieve airport certification. Part 1 also allows the use of SMS to rectify improper installation of signs at entrances to the runway (runway holding position), among other issues.
3 E/CAR/DCA/24 WP/12 3. Recommendations 3.1 The Meeting is invited to: a) take note of the information provided in this working paper; b) urge E/CAR States who have not yet done so, to provide the information contained in the questionnaire attached to this working paper, in coordination with their aerodrome operators, and return it to the ICAO NACC Regional Office by 12 October 2012, as requested in EMX0375-Rev; c) implement Safety Teams (RSTs); and d) suggest any other actions deemed necessary.
APPENDIX Part 1 - Incursion Take an inventory of each taxiway that enters/exits the runway A) Taxiway Geometry Comments/Remarks a. Is the entrance taxiway a single taxiway or two or more taxiways coming together at the same Holding Position Marking? b. What is the angle between the taxiway centerline [or 2 or more taxiways that come together] and the runway centerline? (See Annex 14, figure 5-6.) For example, the 3 taxiways shown in figure 5-6 are 90, 90 and 45. If the centerline is curved report curved. c. What is the paved width in meters [excluding any shoulders] of the entrance taxiway at the runway holding position marking? (See Annex 14, paragraph 3.9.5.) Does the paved width (1) match, (2) exceed, or (3) smaller than Annex 14, paragraph 3.9.5? d. Can the fuselage of the longest airplane line-up completely with the taxiway centerline when this airplane holds at the Holding Position Marking? B) Taxiway Signage a. Does each entrance taxiway have the red Mandatory Instruction Sign for the runway designation sign, as shown in figure 5-29; Annex 14, paragraph 5.4.2.2? b. Does each taxiway entrance have black/yellow information location sign as shown in figure 5-30? c. What is the Identification for this taxiway entrance? d. Is the sign(s) illuminated or retro-reflective as per Annex 14, paragraph 5.4.1.7 and 5.4.1.8? e. If or. Is the sign in alignment with the runway Holding Position marking? f. How many meters is this sign from the edge of the paved taxiway width (excluding the shoulder)? See Table 5-5 for recommended distance. g. How many meters is this sign from the taxiway centerline? h. Do all exit taxiways have Entry signs? See figure 5-29 and Annex 14, paragraph 5.4.2.2? i. Do roads that enter a runway have Road Holding Position signs per Annex 14, paragraph 5.4.7? j. If or. Are they illuminated signs? C) Taxiway Markings a. Does each entrance and exit taxiway have a yellow taxiway centerline per Annex 14 paragraph 5.2.8? b. How many centimeters width is the taxiway centerline? See paragraph 5.2.8.10 c. Does each entrance taxiway have the Holding Position Marking? See paragraph 5.2.10 and 5.4.2.2? d. Does each taxiway entrance have the red/white Mandatory Instruction Marking paragraph 5.2.16 and figure 5-10 when there is no vertical red Holding Position Sign?
A2 e. Does each taxiway entrance have the Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Marking per paragraph 5.2.8.11 and figure 5-7? f. Are all Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Markings 45 meters long [figure 5-7]? g. If or. Are all Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Markings straight for the full 45 meter length? D) Taxiway Lighting Comments/Remarks a. Which taxiway entrances, if any, have centerline lighting? See paragraph 5.3.16 b. Which entrance/exit taxiways have Stop Bar Lights, as per paragraph 5.3.19.1 and 5.3.19.2, 5.3.19.3? Are there any exemptions to paragraph 5.3.19.1 or 5.3.19.2? c. Do all stop bar lights line up with the runway Holding Position marking? d. Which entrance/exit taxiways have Guard Lights as per paragraph 5.3.22? Are there any exemptions per paragraph 5.3.22? e. If yes to section D(c) above which configuration A or B or both? f. Do all Guard Lights line up with the Holding Position Marking? g. Are all Guard Lights located in accordance with Table 3-2 paragraph 5.3.22.4/5? h. How far are the Stop Bar Lights and Guard Lights from the Taxiway Centerline? E) Daily Inspection a. Do you do a daily inspection of all entrance/exit taxiway markings, signage, and lighting? b. Do you keep a written maintenance record for them? c. Do you provide driver s training?
A3 E/CAR/DCA/24 WP/12 PART 2 Excursion Focus on the condition of the runway: (1) surface contamination, (2) longitudinal grades and changes, (3) faded markings, (4) inoperative lighting A) Condition of the runway surface a. How do you determine when to remove rubber built on the runway? Equipment or visual? b. Does rain water pond on a portion of the runway? c. Do you perform a daily inspection of the runway to check for damaged or inoperative lighting, visually dry ponding water markings after rain water evaporates, faded markings, FOD, etc.? If not, what is the programme for inspection? d. Does your Aerodrome Manual include the requirements to conduct Daily Inspections, for record keeping, and corrective procedures? e. When you find damaged lights, faded markings, how long does it take to correct the deficiency? B) longitudinal Grades a. Does the longitudinal slope for the first and last quarter of the runway exceed Annex 14, paragraph 3.1.14? b. If yes to the APPROACH END, did you issued a NOTAM to warn pilots that the excessive POSITIVE slope might cause landing operations to land excessively beyond the aiming point marking? c. If yes to the ROLLOUT END OF THE RUNWAY, did you issue a NOTAM to warn pilots that the excessive NEGATIVE slopes might cause the landing rollout to accelerate, increase the stopping distance? d. To improve control of landing aircraft, are the changes in longitudinal slopes along the runway centerline in accordance with Annex 14, paragraphs 3.1.16 and 3.1.18?
A4 PART III Section A - Strip per paragraph 3.4.1 of Annex 14 A1. List the runways and their Code Number and Approach Category at your airport. For example, see table A1 and Example International Airport on last page. A1 ID A1 Code Number A1 Approach Category A2. Regarding runway strips, do all runway ends in table A1 have the required length of runway strip before the threshold and beyond the runway end or stopway end per paragraph 3.4.2 of Annex 14? (A2.1)List the runway ends that have or do not have the appropriate length in table A2.1 with a YES or NO. (A2.2) List the available length in table A2.2 (A2.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, body of water, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table A2.3. (A2.4)How far [location] is the problem from the extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table A2.4. A2.1 Strip Length A2.2 Length A2.3 Type of Problem A2.4 A3.Regarding runway strips, do all runways in the table A1 have the required or recommended width of runway strip from the runway centerline per paragraphs 3.4.3, 3.4.4 or 3.4.5 of Annex 14? (A3.1) List the runways that have or do not have the appropriate width in table A3.1 with a YES or NO. (A3.2) List the available width for both sides in table A3.2. (A3.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, water body, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table A3.3. (A3.4) How far [location] is the problem from the runway centerline or extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table A3.4.
A5 E/CAR/DCA/24 WP/12 A3.1 Strip A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 Section B - Graded Portion of the Strip B1. Regarding the "graded portion of the runway strip," do all runways in the tablea1 have the required or recommended width from the runway centerline or extended runway centerline per paragraphs 3.4.8or 3.4.9of Annex 14: (B1.1) List the runways that have or do not have the appropriate width in table B1.1 with a YES or NO. (B1.2) List the available width for both sides in table B1.2. (B1.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object or excessive longitudinal or/and transverse slopes per paragraph 3.4.12 3.4.15 of Annex 14? Use table B1.3. (B1.4) How far [location] is the problem from the runway centerline or extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table B1.4. B1.1 Graded Portion B1.2 B1.3 B1.4 Section C End Safety Areas [RESA] per paragraph 3.5 C1. Regarding runway end safety areas [RESA], do all runway ends in table A1 have the required or recommended length of RESA per paragraphs 3.5.2 (Standard STD) or 3.5.3 (Recommended Practice RP) of Annex 14? (C1.1) List the runway ends that have or do not have a RESA in table C1.1 with a YES or NO. (C1.2) List the available length in table C1.2. (C1.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, body of water, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table C1.3. (C1.4) How far [location] is the problem from the extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway strip and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table C1.4.
A6 C1.1 RESA Length C1.2 Length C1.3 C1.4 C2. Regarding runway end safety areas [RESA], do all runway ends in table A1 have the required or recommended width of RESA per paragraphs 3.5.4 (Standard STD) or 3.5.5(Recommended Practice RP) of Annex 14? (C2.1) List the runway ends that have or do not have a RESA in table C2.1 with a YES or NO. (C2.2) List the available length in table C2.2. (C2.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, body of water, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table C2.3. (C2.4) How far [location] is the problem from the extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway strip and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table C2.4. C2.1 RESA C2.2 C2.3 C2.4
A7 E/CAR/DCA/24 WP/12 EXAMPLE PART III Section A - Strip per paragraph 3.4.1 of Annex 14 A1. List the runways and their Code Number and Approach Category at your airport. For example, see table A1 and Example International Airport on last page. A1 ID A1 Code Number A1 Approach Category 09 27 Code 2 Visual 14L 32R Code 3 n-precision 14R 32L Code 4 Precision A2. Regarding runway strips, do all runway ends in table A1 have the required length of runway strip before the threshold and beyond the runway end or stopway end per paragraph 3.4.2 of Annex 14? (A2.1)List the runway ends that have or do not have the appropriate length in table A2.1 with a YES or NO. (A2.2) List the available length in table A2.2 (A2.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, body of water, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table A2.3. (A2.4)How far [location] is the problem from the extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table A2.4. End 09 End 27 End 14L End 32R A2.1 Strip Length A2.2 Length 60 meters 60 meters 60 meters A2.3 Type of Problem 45 meters Small Building A2.4 X= 45 meters measured from end of Rwy 32R Y= 110 meters from extended runway centerline 60 meters End 14R End 32L 60 meters A3. Regarding runway strips, do all runways in the table A1 have the required or recommended width of runway strip from the runway centerline per paragraphs 3.4.3, 3.4.4 or 3.4.5 of Annex 14? (A3.1) List the runways that have or do not have the appropriate width in table A3.1 with a YES or NO. (A3.2) List the available width for both sides in table A3.2. (A3.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, water body, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table A3.3.
A8 09/27 14L/32R 14R/32L (A3.4) How far [location] is the problem from the runway centerline or extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table A3.4. A3.1 Strip on one side A3.2 40 meters Both Sides One side 150 meters other side 110 meters 150 meters Both sides A3.3 Small Building A3.4 X= 45 meters measured Before End 32R Y= 110 meters Section B - Graded Portion of the Strip B1. Regarding the "graded portion of the runway strip," do all runways in the tablea1 have the required or recommended width from the runway centerline or extended runway centerline per paragraphs 3.4.8or 3.4.9of Annex 14: (B1.1) List the runways that have or do not have the appropriate width in table B1.1 with a YES or NO. (B1.2) List the available width for both sides in table B1.2. (B1.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object or excessive longitudinal or/and transverse slopes per paragraph 3.4.12 3.4.15 of Annex 14? Use table B1.3. (B1.4) How far [location] is the problem from the runway centerline or extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table B1.4.
A9 E/CAR/DCA/24 WP/12 09/27 14L/32R 14R/32L B1.1 Graded Portion B1.2 One side 40 meters and other side 30 meters 75 meters Both Sides One side 75 meters other side 55 meters B1.3 Large area of small shrubs growing on the rth side of runway Excessive Transverse slope on one side of runway slopes downward at -4 % B1.4 X= 80 to 330 meters as measured from End 09 towards End 27. Shrubs run parallel to runway for 250 meters X= 130to 150 meters as measured from End 14R towards End 32L. Excessive negative transverse slope along rthwest side of runway Y = 30 meters Small shrubs running parallel to runway are no closer than 30 meters from runway centerline Y = 60 meters. The ground starts to drop excessively after 60 meters from runway centerline Section C End Safety Areas [RESA] per paragraph 3.5 C1. Regarding runway end safety areas [RESA], do all runway ends in table A1 have the required or recommended length of RESA per paragraphs 3.5.2 (Standard STD) or 3.5.3 (Recommended Practice RP)of Annex 14? (C1.1) List the runway ends that have or do not have a RESA in table C1.1 with a YES or NO. (C1.2) List the available length in table C1.2. (C1.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, body of water, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table C1.3. (C1.4) How far [location] is the problem from the extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway strip and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table C1.4.
A10 End 09 End 27 End 14L End 32R C1.1 RESA Length ne Required ne Required STD = RP = STD= RP= C1.2 Length ne Required ne Required 70 meters Standard is 90 meters 105 meters Meets the standard of 90 plus 15 meters for nonstandard length of runway strip C1.3 Caribbean Sea Small open drainage ditch C1.4 X=70 meters from Strip X= 105 meters from Strip Y= faces Caribbean Sea Y= ditch runs perpendicular to runway end End 14R End 32L STD= RP= STD= RP= See Table A3.4 information 120 meters Meets the standard of 90 meterplus 30 meter of recommended practice 240 meters 90 meter standard plus 150 meter recommended practice Caribbean Sea X=120 meters from Strip Y= faces Caribbean Sea C2. Regarding runway end safety areas [RESA], do all runway ends in table A1 have the required or recommended width of RESA per paragraphs 3.5.4 (Standard STD) or 3.5.5(Recommended Practice RP) of Annex 14? (C2.1) List the runway ends that have or do not have a RESA in table C2.1 with a YES or NO. (C2.2) List the available length in table C2.2. (C2.3) For entries, what is the problem? Was it an object, body of water, vegetation, terrain, etc.? Use table C2.3. (C2.4) How far [location] is the problem from the extended runway centerline? Use X and Y coordinates where X is the distance from the end of the runway strip and Y is the distance from the extended runway centerline. Use table C2.4.
A11 E/CAR/DCA/24 WP/12 End 09 End 27 End 14L End 32R End 14R End 32L C2.1 RESA ne Required ne Required STD= RP= STD= RP= STD= RP= STD= RP= C2.2 ne Required ne Required 140 meters Meets 90 meter standard but a portion of the graded portion of runway strip 150 meters Meets 90 meter standard plus the graded portion of runway strip 150 meters Meets 90 meter standard plus the graded portion of runway strip 150 meters Meets 90 meter standard plus the graded portion of runway strip C2.3 C2.4 Small shrubs X=0 to 70 meters measured from end of Strip to the Caribbean Sea Y=65 feet from extended runway centerline. Only one side
A12 Example International Airport END