Terminal- Area Opera.ons Prof. Hamsa Balakrishnan Istanbul Technical University Air Transporta,on Management M.Sc. Program Air Transporta,on Systems and Infrastructure Strategic Planning Module 8 : 26 May 215
Terminal areas Terminal airspace control: Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) Handle arrivals and departures Transition between airspace and airport Interact with en route controllers and local controllers (Air Traffic Control Towers) Future concepts related to terminal-areas Super-density operations Metroplexes 2
Terminal area congestion and delays Traffic Management System 62, flights delayed in 26 because of terminal-area congestion 3
TRACONs 4
Arrival fixes Also called gates Metering points at which aircraft enter the TRACON Denver ARTCC (ZDV) Denver TRACON 5
TRACON ~ 4 miles 6
Terminology Airport with four well-defined (approximately equidistant) arrival fixes: Corner-post arrangement Arrangement of arrival fixes depends on the airport For example, Denver International Airport (DEN) and Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson (ATL) have 4 arrival gates Boston Logan International Airport (BOS) has two arrival positions and one final control position Enroute Arrival control (TRACON) Final control (TRACON) Final control positions handle merging and spacing, using the downwind and base legs Timing (for spacing) achieved by altering length of trajectory è Trombone approaches è Approach fans 7
Schematic of terminal-area arrivals Sequencing areas Downwind leg Final approach Base leg Base leg Downwind leg Sequencing areas 8
Atlanta Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL): Corner-post example
Airport Arrival Demand Chart (AADC) [www.fly.faa.gov/products/aadc/aadc.html] 1
Example terminal-area trajectories: Antalya Airport (AYT)" Arrivals Departures miles km 4 7 http://www.aytport.com/ 11
Path stretching for spacing 12
Procedures: STARs Standard Terminal Arrival Routes Describe common arrival procedure Via the Pechy Three Arrival 13
354º º ' 174º 174º 174º AIP TURKEY STANDARD ARRIVAL CHART INSTRUMENT (STAR) - ICAO DHMI - ANKARA TRANSITION ALTITUDE 1 FT AIRAC AMDT 1/1 ' 352 º ACC :11.3-132.4-1.15-243.- 362.3 APP : 121.1-12.5 TWR : 257.8-1.1-121.8-122.325-1.575 AD 2 LTBA STAR- 3 21 OCT 1 ÝSTANBUL / ATATÜRK INTERNATIONAL RWY 17L/R Procedures: IST STARs CHANGE: RWY ID º ' 28º ' 41º ' 4º ' L/UL 66 G/UG 8 G/UG 12 M/UM 63 VOR 116.3 EKI CH 11 X 4º57'3"N - º25'34"E W/UW 2 N/UN 64 G/UG 8 ULMAR N TEKIRDAG LT - P2 (IAF RWY 17) VURAL 8DME 3º N/UN 6 G/UG 8 282º 6 12º ' N/UN 6 G/UG 8 3º º 8' ' 21º º 174º IST R- 354 HOLDING OVER VURAL 3 FT 354 º 6 ULMAR 1B 33 ' EKI R- 83 CORLU NDB 426 CRL 41º7'54"N - º54'37 E BIG R- 47 BIGA VOR 116. BIG CH 116 X 4º17'3"N - º21'55 E CRL R- 3 CORLU CORLU VOR 114.8 CRL CH 5 X BIG R- 55 BRG and TRACKS are MAG ELEV, ALT and HGT in FEET MSL DIST in NM VAR 4º ' E ( 24 ) ISTANBUL 41º'8"N - º56' E ' 6 BIG 1C 68 6 EKI 1C 5 ' 6 BIG 1F 55 LT - R 3 ÇORLU CTR 4 FT AMSL SFC CRL R- 7 ' (IAF RWY ) CEKMECE NDB 328 CEK 41º'21"N - 28º31'41 E 47º BANDIRMA LT - D 4 LT - D 5 NDB 36 IS 41º3'26"N - 28º48'23 E ' 6 ULMAR 1B 4 83º 55º HEZARFEN CTR 15 FT AMSL SFC º 5' º IST R- 235 ÝMREN FL 165 ISTANBUL TMA 15 FT AMSL LT - P7 1 EKÝ R- 6 HEZARFEN 5' BIG 1F LT - R 4 ÝSTANBUL VOR 112.5 IST CH 72 X 4º57'45"N - 28º48'35 E UNSAV 2º ' 41º28 42 N- 28º47 23 E IST R- 354/ 31 FATIH 6 YASEN-GAYEM 1F YAA 1R 16 YEÞÝLKÖY CTR ATATÜRK 15 FT AMSL SFC 28º ' 2º ' 7º 3º 354 174º 5' - 5' EKI-BIG 1C 15 55º 5' BIG 1F 16 5' UNSAV 1 G IST R- 354 ' R- 287 NOTE: AVAILABILITY OF BIG- 1F SUBJECT TO PRIOR COORDINATION BTN IST ATC AND BANDIRMA MILITARY ATC IF MILITARY ACTIVITES NOT PERMIT FOR BIG 1 F BURSA IST ATC TO USE BIG- 1C ONLY SPEED CONTROL 23 YALOVA VOR 117.7 YAA CH 124 X 4º28'3"N - 2º12' E 1) GENERAL RULE: MAX IAS 25 KT AT OR BELOW 1' WITHIN TMA 2) ARRIVING AIRCRAFT: - MAX IAS 25 KT AT 4 NM FROM IST VORTAC - MAX IAS 21 KT AT 15 NM FROM IST VORTAC - MAX IAS 16 KT UNTIL 5 NM FROM TRESHOLD - SPEED ACCURACY SHALL BE WITHIN 1 KT 54º YAA 1T-YAA1R 3 352º 4' 234º BKZ R-1726 (IAF RWY 17) BEYKOZ VOR 117.3 BKZ CH 12 X YASEN 41º11'56"N- 2º3'58 E BKZ R-7 1/ D R-71 BKZ R-8 YAA R- 352 YENISEHIR VOR 115.3 BRY NDB 352 BRY CH 1 X 4º15'48"N - 2º35'4 E 41º7'37"N - 2º8'34 E ' 7 YASEN 1F 17 7 GAYEM 1F 23 SABIHA GOKCEN ' 251º SABIHA GOKCEN CTR 25 FT AMSL SFC YENISEHIR CTR 8 FT AMSL SFC NOT TO SCALE 352º 6' 172º 8º L/UL 61 W/UW 72 GAYEM 41º2'45"N- 2º37'48 E BKZ R- 8/ D23 SABIHA GOKCEN VOR 18.8 SBH NDB 347 SAB CH 25 X 4º53'58"N - 2º1'13 E YALOVA YENISEHIR LT - D 1 36º º 3' 35' º º 3' 5' MSA 25 NM IST VORTAC LT - P5 L/UL 61 L/UL 62 A/UA 16 L/UL 615 A/UA 4 41º ' L/UL 614 G/UG 8 4º ' 14
Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) 15
AIP TURKEY STANDARD DEPARTURE CHART INSTRUMENT (SID) - ICAO DHMI - ANKARA TRANSITION ALTITUDE 1 FT TWR :257.8-1.1-121.8-122.325-1.575 APP : 121.1-12.5 ACC :11.3-132.4-1.15-243.- 362.3 AD 2 LTBA SID- 3 21 OCT 1 ÝSTANBUL / ATATÜRK INTERNATIONAL RWY 17L/R AIRAC AMDT 1/1 IST SIDs CHANGE: RWY ID º ' 28º ' BRG and TRACKS are MAG ELEV, ALT and HGT in FEET MSL DIST in NM VAR 4º ' E ( 24 ) CORLU 41º ' L/UL 66 G/UG 8 N G/UG 12 M/UM 63 TEKIRDAG VOR 116.3 EKI CH 11 X 4º57'3"N - º25'34"E LT - P2 CORLU NDB 426 CRL CORLU CTR 4 FT AMSL 41º7'54"N - º54'37 E SFC N/UN 6 G/UG 8 VOR 114.8 CRL CH 5 X 41º'8"N - º56' E CORLU BIG 2S L/UL 61 A/UA 16 FENER 41º17'11"N- 28º21'28"E IST R-3/ D28 CRL R- 11 EKI 2S CRL 2 S BIG 2S CEKMECE NDB 328 CEK FENER 2S IST R- 267 IST R- 254 41º'21"N - 28º31'41 E FL 165 ISTANBUL TMA 15 FT AMSL LT - D 5 HEZARFEN CTR 15 AMSL SFC HEZARFEN 333º LT - P7 LT - R 4 2º ' ERTAS 41º'41"N - 2º8'48 E BKZ R-356/ D2 ÝSTANBUL VOR 112.5 IST CH 72 X 42º 4º57'45"N - 28º48'35 E YEÞÝLKÖY CTR 15 FT AMSL SFC ATATÜRK IST R- 177 ERTAS 1S 5 DME YAA 2S BKZ R- 27 ERTAS 1T BKZ R- 172 BKZ R- 356 YAA R- 32 YAA R- 352 BEYKOZ VOR 117.3 BKZ CH 12 X 41º7'37"N - 2º8'34 E YASEN 41º11'56"N- 2º3'58 E BKZ R-7 1/ D BKZ R- 71 YASEN 1S BKZ R- 8 GAYEM 1S YALOVA L/UL 61 W/UW 72 GAYEM 41º2'45"N- 2º37'48"E BKZ R- 8/ D23 SABIHA GOKCEN VOR 18.8 SBH NDB 347 SAB CH 25 X 4º53'58"N - 2º1'13 E LT - D 1 36º º 3' 35' º º 3' 5' MSA 25 NM IST VORTAC LT - P5 L/UL 615 A/UA 4 41º ' L/UL 614 G/UG 8 4º ' W/UW 2 N/UN 64 G/UG 8 N/UN 6 G/UG 8 BIG R- 38 BIGA VOR 116. BIG CH 116 X 4º17'3"N - º21'55 E BANDIRMA LT - R 3 LT - D 4 YALOVA VOR 117.7 YAA NDB CH35 124YAA X CH 124 X 4º33'54"N 4º28'3"N - 2º22'17 E 2º12' E 28º ' 2º ' BURSA YENISEHIR CTR 8 FT AMSL SFC YENISEHIR VOR 115.3 BRY NDB 352 BRY CH 1 X 4º15'48"N - 2º35'4 E NOT TO SCALE YENISEHIR L/UL 61 L/UL 62 A/UA 16 4º ' 16
Example: Go-around 17
Boston Instrument Landing System (ILS) approaches 15R ILS to visual 4L
Holding patterns Fix end Holding side Outbound Outbound end Fix Inbound Non-holding side Holding course Holding instructions need to include: direction of holding from fix; name of holding fix; radial, course, bearing, azimuth, route on which aircraft is to hold; direction of turns if not standard (standard = right-hand); Length if nonstandard (1 min inbound leg length); expected further clearance time 1
Airport and surrounding terminal area [Idris et al. 2, Carr 24] 2
Terminal-area separation: Wake vortex separation Aircraft are trailed by their wake vortices Each wing produces a vortex (that is, there are two counter-rotating vortices behind each aircraft) Strength of the vortex is a function of aircraft weight, speed and shape of the wing of the leading aircraft Maximum vortex generation occurs when aircraft is heavy and slow Therefore takeoffs and landings are particularly susceptible Small aircraft encountering the wake of a heavy aircraft may become uncontrollable Wake vortex separation is a fundamental bottleneck to airport and terminal-area capacity 21
Wake-vortex separation" [www.oea.larc.nasa.gov] 22
Airport runway configuration" Selection of runways used for landings and takeoffs! N" LGA" SFO" arrival runways" R1, R2 R3, R4" departure runways" 23
Runway configuration example" arrival on runway 22" N" departure on runway 22" 22 22" 24
Factors influencing runway configuration selection" Factors that potentially influence configuration selection Wind speed Wind direction Visibility Airport arrival demand Coordination with nearby airports Noise mitigation Difficulty of switching around airport Desire to stay in same configuration LGA" 25
Runway configuration switch" 26
Multi-airport terminal-areas or Metroplexes [Bonnefoy & Hansman]
New York metroplex trajectories [Figure courtesy of Leo Prusak, Manager NorthEast Tactical Operations, FAA] 28