ART HISTORY STUDY GUIDE: Chapter Greek Art Key Ideas: Idealiza3on of human body Idealiza3on extended to architecture using op3cal illusion to create the illusion of perfec3on Controapposto - showing the weight shil with relaxa3on and tension; counterbalance Greek ponery echoes the development of Greek sculpture and form all of our knowledge about Greek pain3ng Historical Timeline 1100 - Mycenaean culture collapses 5 th Century BCE - War with the Persians including the Peloponnesian Wars 4 th Century BCE Alexander the Great - end of the city states and start of Hellenis3cs Geometric Period - 900-700 BCE Orientalizing Period - n700-600 BCE Archaic Period - 600-480 BCE Classical Period 480-400 BCE Late Classical Period - 400-323 BCE Hellenis3c 323-30 BCE Patronage and Ar3s3c Life Artwork created for worship of the gods. Signing of work by ar3sts - - branding Work is being copied - Roman copies Heavily relies on math and geometry Polykleitos writes the Canon of Propor3on for sculpture Ik3nos writes the canon for architecture Pliny the Elder records the historical events of the period
Innova3ons in Architecture Temples: Peristyle: colonnade all around the cella Prostyle: columns only in front of cella Amphiprostyle: columns in front and back Formula - x + 2y + 1 Entasis - physical modifica3ons to make the temple look op3cally straight Theater Built in to hillside Fantas3c acous3cs Skene and Theatron Agora - open square or space for public mee3ngs Stoa - colonnaded building with shops
Major Ar3s3c Characteris3cs: Geometric Period - mainly ponery and small vo3ve statues; geometric forms as decora3on Orientalizing Period - black figure ware, animal figures and foreign mo3fs (trade) Archaic - Egyp3an influences, rigidity, material of choice is marble, but includes, bronze, limestone, terra cona, wood, gold, ivory, iron. Sculpture is painted, archaic smile; Men are nude, women are clothed; Classical Period - idealized figures, mostly young, more realis3c, more relaxed; contropposto appears; Doric and Ionic orders; red figure ware Hellenis3c Period - realism; all ages depicted; sensual and emo3onal; Corinthian order Innova3ons in Pain3ng Evidence from PoNery Black Figure Ware - red background, solid black figure, details carved out Red Figure Ware - Black outline, details were painted in black, background filled in black; dliuted pigment to create varia3ons in tone Bi- lingual Vase features same image depicted in both styles Painter was separate ar3st from poner; work was signed by both Innova3ons in Sculpture Contrapposto - Classical and Hellenis3c periods, relaxed way of standing frees figure from the block Large Scale Bronzes Nudity - perfec3on of the human body Men shown nude first, women also depicted although there is a reluctance to fully accept female nudity Polykleitos - Canon of Propor3on Kouros, kore, korei Carya3ds (Females) Atlan3ds (Males) Pediment Sculpture - Form manipulated to fit in pediment; later pediment floor becomes horizon line; Metopes - a part of the frieze devided by triglyphs; relief sculptures Frieze - grouping of metopes around the top of the temple
Innova3ons in Luxury/Alterna3ve Arts: Pebble mosaics - found stones of different colors using to create images; included use of shading Tesserae mosaics - stones or glass cut to shape to include in mosaics Vocabulary Orientalizing Archaic Smith x + 2y + 1 Kouros entasis Kore foreshortening Prostyle temple Tesserae mosaic Amphiprostyle Amphitheater temple Skene Peristyle temple Theatron Cella Stoa Stylobate Agora Stereobate Por3co Entablature Frieze Architrave Metope Capital ShaL Pediment Base Gigantomachy Centauromachy Contrapposto Cannon of propor3on Anthropomorphic Addi3onal notes Names you should know Polykleitos Pliny the Elder Pericles Alexander the Great Hippodomo Praxiteles Ik3nos Phidias
Images to Know Sculpture: Korous Statue West Pediment, Temple of Artemis Calf Bearer Peplos Kore Gods and Giants, Siphnian Treasury Dying Warrior, Temple of Aphaia Kri3os Boy Charioteer Athena, Herakles and Atlas Discus Thrower Zeus or Poseidon Spear Bearer (Doryphoros) Three Goddesses Nike Adjus3ng her Sandal Aphrodite of Knidos Hermes and the Infant Dionysos Scraper Dying Gaul Athena BaNling Alkyoneos, Pergamon Altar Nike of Samothrace Venus de Milo Seated Boxer Laocoon and His Sons Architecture: The Parthenon The Erectheion Epidauros Theater Pergamon Altar PoNery: Francois Vase Ajax and Achilles Playing Dice (both) Death of Sarpedon Pain3ng: BaNle of Issus