N2 SECTION Sprt nd Athens Wht You Will Lern Min Ides 1. The Sprtns built militry society to provide security nd protection. 2. The Athenins dmired the mind nd the rts in ddition to physicl bilities. 3. Sprt nd Athens fought over who should hve power nd influence in Greece. The Big Ide The two most powerful city-sttes in Greece, Sprt nd Athens, hd very different cultures nd becme bitter enemies in the 400s BC. Key Terms llince, p. 270 Peloponnesin Wr, p. 271 If YOU were there... Your fther, wndering trder, hs decided it is time to settle down. He offers the fmily choice between two cities. In one city, everyone wnts to be thletic, tough, nd strong. They re good t enduring hrdships nd following orders. The other city is different. There, you d be dmired if you could think deeply nd spek persusively, if you knew lot bout stronomy or history, or if you sng nd plyed beutiful music. Which city do you choose? Why? BUILDING BACKGROUND Two of the gretest city-sttes in Greece were Sprt nd Athens. Sprt, like the first city mentioned bove, hd culture tht vlued physicl strength nd militry might. The Athenin culture plced more vlue on the mind. However, both city-sttes hd militry strength, nd they both plyed importnt roles in the defense of ncient Greece. Use the grphic orgnizer online to tke notes on Athens nd Sprt. Sprtns Build Militry Society Sprtn society ws dominted by the militry. According to Sprtn trdition, their socil system ws creted between 900 nd 600 BC by mn nmed Lycurgus (ly-k U H R -guhs) fter slve revolt. To keep such revolt from hppening gin, he incresed the militry s role in society. The Sprtns believed tht militry power ws the wy to provide security nd protection for their city. Dily life in Sprt reflected this belief. Boys nd Men in Sprt Dily life in Sprt ws dominted by the rmy. Even the lives of children reflected this domintion. When boy ws born, government officils cme to look t him. If he ws not helthy, the bby ws tken outside of the city nd left to die. Helthy boys were trined from n erly ge to be soldiers. 266
As prt of their trining, boys rn, jumped, swm, nd threw jvelins to increse their strength. They lso lerned to endure the hrdships they would fce s soldiers. For exmple, boys weren t given shoes or hevy clothes, even in winter. They lso weren t given much food. Boys were llowed to stel food if they could, but if they were cught, they were whipped. At lest one boy chose to die rther thn dmit to his theft: One youth, hving stolen fox nd hidden it under his cot, llowed it to ter out his very bowels [orgns] with its clws nd teeth nd died rther thn betry his theft. Plutrch, from Life of Lycurgus To this boy nd to most Sprtn soldiers courge nd strength were more importnt thn one s own sfety. Soldiers between the ges of 20 nd 30 lived in rmy brrcks nd only occsionlly visited their fmilies. Sprtn men styed in the rmy until they turned 60. The Sprtns believed tht the most importnt qulities of good soldiers were self-discipline nd obedience. To reinforce self-discipline they required soldiers to live tough lives free from comforts. For exmple, the Sprtns didn t hve luxuries like soft furniture nd expensive food. They thought such comforts mde people wek. Even the Sprtns enemies dmired their discipline nd obedience. Girls nd Women in Sprt Becuse Sprtn men were often wy t wr, Sprtn women hd more rights thn other Greek women. Some women owned lnd in Sprt nd rn their households when their husbnds were gone. Unlike women in other Greek cities, Sprtn women didn t spend time spinning cloth or weving. They thought of those tsks s the jobs of slves, unsuitble for the wives nd mothers of soldiers. Life in Sprt The Sprtns vlued discipline, obedience, nd courge bove ll else. Sprtn men lerned these vlues t n erly ge, when they were trined to be soldiers. Sprtn women were lso expected to be strong, thletic, nd disciplined. The Life of Sprtn Soldier Ages 7 12: Vlues trining Boys left home nd got bsic eduction. Ages 12 18: Physicl trining Boys developed physicl skills through exercise. Ages 18 20: Militry trining Men lerned how to fight s prt of the rmy. Ages 20 30: Militry service Soldiers formed the body of the Sprtn rmy. Age 30: Full citizenship Soldiers could prticipte in the ssembly nd move bck home. 267
Primry Source POINTS OF VIEW Views of Eduction Plto, n Athenin, thought tht eduction for young boys should trin both the mind nd the body. He wnted students to be prepred for ll spects of life s dults. And wht shll be their eduction? Cn we find better division thn the trditionl sort? nd this hs two divisions, gymnstics for the body, nd music for the soul. Plto Lycurgus, Sprtn lwgiver, thought eduction for boys should tech them how to fight. The historin Plutrch described how eduction ws hndled in Sprt under Lycurgus: Reding nd writing they gve them, just enough to serve their turn; their chief cre ws to mke them good subjects, nd to tech them to endure pin nd conquer in bttle. Plutrch from Life of Lycurgus from The Republic ANALYSIS SKILL ANALYZING POINTS OF VIEW How do Plto s nd Lycurgus s viewpoints reflect the idels of Athens nd Sprt? FOCUS ON READING How cn the words like nd unlike help you compre nd contrst Athens nd Sprt? Sprtn women lso received physicl trining. Like the men, they lerned how to run, jump, wrestle, nd throw jvelins. The Sprtns believed this trining would help women ber helthy children. Government Sprt ws officilly ruled by two kings who jointly led the rmy. But elected officils ctully hd more power thn the kings. These officils rn Sprt s dy-tody ctivities. They lso hndled delings between Sprt nd other city-sttes. Sprt s government ws set up to control the city s helots (H E L -uhts), or slves. These slves grew ll the city s crops nd did mny other jobs. Their lives were miserble, nd they couldn t leve their lnd. Although slves gretly outnumbered Sprtn citizens, fer of the Sprtn rmy kept them from rebelling. READING CHECK Anlyzing Wht ws the most importnt element of Sprtn society? Athenins Admire the Mind Sprt s min rivl in Greece ws Athens. Like Sprt, Athens hd been leder in the Persin Wrs nd hd powerful rmy. But life in Athens ws very different from life in Sprt. In ddition to physicl trining, the Athenins vlued eduction, cler thinking, nd the rts. Boys nd Men in Athens From young ge, Athenin boys from rich fmilies worked to improve both their bodies nd their minds. Like Sprtn boys, Athenin boys hd to lern to run, jump, nd fight. But this trining ws not s hrsh or s long s the trining in Sprt. Unlike Sprtn men, Athenin men didn t hve to devote their whole lives to the rmy. All men in Athens joined the rmy, but for only two yers. They helped defend the city between the ges of 18 nd 20. Older men only hd to serve in the rmy in times of wr. 268 CHAPTER 9
In ddition to their physicl trining, Athenin students, unlike the Sprtns, lso lerned other skills. They lerned to red, write, nd count s well s sing nd ply musicl instruments. Boys lso lerned bout Greek history nd legend. For exmple, they studied the Ilid, the Odyssey, nd other works of Greek literture. Boys from very rich fmilies often continued their eduction with privte tutors. These tutors tught their students bout philosophy, geometry, stronomy, nd other subjects. They lso tught the boys how to be good public spekers. This trining prepred boys for prticiption in the Athenin ssembly. Very few boys hd the opportunity to receive this much eduction, however. Boys from poor fmilies usully didn t get ny eduction, lthough most of them could red nd write t lest little. Most of the boys from poor fmilies becme frmers nd grew food for the city s richer citizens. A few went to work with crftspeople to lern other trdes. Girls nd Women in Athens While mny boys in Athens received good eductions, girls didn t. In fct, girls received lmost no eduction. Athenin men didn t think girls needed to be educted. A few girls were tught how to red nd write t home by privte tutors. However, most girls only lerned household tsks like weving nd sewing. Despite Athens s reputtion for freedom nd democrcy, women there hd fewer rights thn women in mny other city-sttes. Athenin women could not serve in ny prt of the city s government, including the ssembly nd juries, leve their homes, except on specil occsions, buy nything or own property, or disobey their husbnds or fthers. In fct, women in Athens hd lmost no rights t ll. READING CHECK Identifying Cuse nd Effect Why did girls in Athens receive little eduction? Life in Athens The Athenins vlued eduction nd the rts nd believed tht educted people mde the best citizens. Boys from welthy fmilies were tught how to red, how to spek, nd even how to think properly. Some boys were required to memorize long pssges of plys or poems. Some hd to commit both the Ilid nd the Odyssey to memory. Very few girls, however, received eductions. 269
The Peloponnesin Wr, c. 431 404 BC Athens nd llies N Sprt nd llies W Neutrl sttes S Bttle site 0 0 50 50 N W E E S Se of Se of Se M Mrmr Mrmr MACEDON MACEDON 100 Miles Ae Ae HRW World History wh06s_c10loc011b PERSIAN The Peloponnesin Wr, c.persian 431-404 BC Loctor EMPIRE EMPIRE APPROVED(2) 9/22/04 100 Kilometers Sprt S prtsprt ATTICA ATTICA Peloponnesus Peloponnesus Mil l Miletus Miletus DelosDelos SPARTA SPARTA Rhodes Rhodes Medi Mt err ed in t err e nn e Se n Se 1. Region Most islnds in the Aegen Se were llied with which city? 2. Movement About how fr did Athenin ships hve to sil from Athens to invde Sicily? Sprt nd Athens Fight As you lerned erlier, Sprt nd Athens worked together to win the Persin Wrs. The Sprtns fought most of the bttles on lnd, nd the Athenins fought t se. After the wr, the powerful Athenin fleet continued to protect Greece from the Persin nvy. As result, Athens hd gret influence over much of Greece. 270 IONIA IONIA Se SKILLS INTERPRETING MAPS T hebes Thebes Thebes A thenathens s Athens Gel Gel Syrcuse Syrcuse Cmrin Cmrin n Se Se Se IIonin oni n Ionin SicilySicily GEOGRAPHY n Locri Locri ssn Messn Messn R hegium Rhegium Rhegium Selinius Selinius C tnctn Ctn ge ge Segest SegestHimer Himer Crete Crete With its nvy protecting the islnds, Athens ws the strongest member of the legue. As result, the Athenins begn to tret other legue members s their subjects. They refused to let members quit the legue nd forced more cities to join it. The Athenins even used the legue s money to py for buildings in Athens. Without even fighting, the Athenins mde the Delin Legue n Athenin empire. Athenin Power The Peloponnesin Wr After the Persin Wrs ended in 480 BC, mny city-sttes formed n llince, or n greement to work together. They wnted to punish the Persins for ttcking Greece. They lso greed to help defend ech other nd to protect trde in the Aegen Se. To py for this defense, ech city-stte gve money to the llince. Becuse the money ws kept on the islnd of Delos, historins cll the llince the Delin Legue. The Delin Legue ws not the only llince in Greece. After the Persin Wrs, mny cities in southern Greece, including Sprt, bnded together s well. This llince ws clled the Peloponnesin Legue fter the peninsul on which the cities were locted. The growth of Athenin power worried mny cities in the Peloponnesin Legue. Finlly, to stop Athens s growth, Sprt declred wr. CHAPTER 9
This declrtion of wr begn the Peloponnesin Wr, wr between Athens nd Sprt tht thretened to ter ll of Greece prt. In 431 BC the Sprtn rmy mrched north to Athens. They surrounded the city, witing for the Athenins to come out nd fight. But the Athenins styed in the city, hoping tht the Sprtns would leve. Insted, the Sprtns begn to burn the crops in the fields round Athens. They hoped tht Athens would run out of food nd be forced to surrender. The Sprtns were in for surprise. The Athenin nvy escorted merchnt ships to Athens, bringing plenty of food to the city. The nvy lso ttcked Sprt s llies, forcing the Sprtns to send troops to defend other Greek cities. At the sme time, though, disese swept through Athens, killing thousnds. For 10 yers neither side could gin n dvntge over the other. Eventully, they greed to truce. Athens kept its empire, nd the Sprtns went home. A few yers lter, in 415 BC, Athens tried gin to expnd its empire. It sent its rmy nd nvy to conquer the islnd of Sicily. This effort filed. The entire Athenin rmy ws defeted by Sicilin llies of Sprt nd tken prisoner. Even worse, these Sicilins lso destroyed most of the Athenin nvy. Tking dvntge of Athens s wekness, Sprt ttcked Athens, nd the wr strted up once more. Although the Athenins fought brvely, the Sprtns won. They cut off the supply of food to Athens completely. In 404 BC, the people of Athens, strving nd surrounded, surrendered. The Peloponnesin Wr ws over, nd Sprt ws in control. Fighting Among the City-Sttes With the defet of Athens, Sprt becme the most powerful city-stte in Greece. For bout 30 yers, the Sprtns controlled nerly ll of Greece, until other city-sttes strted to resent them. This resentment led to period of wr. Control of Greece shifted from city-stte to city-stte. The fighting went on for mny yers, which wekened Greece nd left it open to ttck from outside. READING CHECK Identifying Cuse nd Effect Wht hppened to Greece fter the Peloponnesin Wr? S UMMARY AND PREVIEW In this section you red bout conflicts mong citysttes for control of Greece. In the next section, you will lern wht hppened when ll of Greece ws conquered by foreign power. Section 2 Assessment Reviewing Ides, Terms, nd People ONLINE QUIZ 1.. Recll How long did Sprtn men sty in the rmy? b. Summrize How did the rmy ffect life in Sprt? 2.. Identify Wht skills did rich Athenin boys lern in school? b. Elborte How might the government of Athens hve influenced the growth of its eductionl system? 3.. Identify Which city-stte won the Peloponnesin Wr? b. Explin Why did mny city-sttes form n llince ginst Athens? Criticl Thinking 4. Compring nd Contrsting Athens Sprt Both Look through your notes on Athens nd Sprt to find similrities nd differences between the two city-sttes. Use grphic orgnizer like the one on the right to orgnize the informtion. FOCUS ON WRITING 5. Anlyzing Greek Accomplishments Think bout the chrcteristics you would expect to be dmired in Sprt nd Athens. Write down some of these chrcteristics in your notebook. How do they relte to the Persin leders you listed before? THE GREEK WORLD 271