GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT - A HISTORICAL STUDY THESIS SUBMITTED TO ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY Submitted by S.KANNAN, M.A., M.Phil., (Roll No. 0902050003) Research Supervisor Dr.M.C.RAJA, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Directorate of Distance Education Annamalai University DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY ANNAMALAI NAGAR-608002 TAMIL NADU, INDIA DECEMBER - 2013
Dr.M.C.RAJA, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor of History Directorate of Distance Education Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608 002. Tamil Nadu, India. Date: CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Thesis entitled GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT A HISTORICAL STUDY is a bonafide record of research work done by Mr.S.KANNAN (Roll No. 0902050003), Research Scholar, Department of History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, under my guidance during the period 2009-2013 and that this thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any other degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or similar titles to the candidate. This is also to certify that the thesis represents the independent work of the candidate. Signature of the Research Guide (Dr.M.C.RAJA)
S.KANNAN, M.A., M.Phil., (Roll No. 0902050003) Research Scholar Department of History Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar - 608 002. Tamil Nadu, India. Date: DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis entitled GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT A HISTORICAL STUDY Department of History, Annamalai University for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy is my original work and that no part of this thesis has been previously submitted for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar titles. Signature of the Research Scholar (S.KANNAN)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The thesis entitled GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT A HISTORICAL STUDY is the outcome of my research work undertaken in the History, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar during 2009 2013. At the outset let t me express my sincere thanks to the Authorities of the Annamalai University for permitting me to undertake the research work in the Department of History, Annamalai University. I place on record my sincere, profuse and heartfelt thanks to my research supervisor Dr.M.C.Raja, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor, History Wing, D.D.E, Annamalai University under whose keen supervision and versatile guidance, I have completed this Doctoral Research work at the University. I am very grateful to him for inspiring iring me with his wise counsel and suggesting this work. I express my profuse and heartfelt gratitude Dr. R.Rubavathi, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Professor & Head, Department of History for suggesting this work, invaluable and untiring guidance, constant encouragement, unfailing support and valuable criticism throughout my study. I record my gratitude to Dr.D.Rajendran, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Dean, Faculty of Arts, Annamalai University for his valuable suggestions, encouragement and also provision of all the facilities to carry out my work. I deem it a great pleasure to express my thanks to Dr.K.Sankari, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of History, Dr.C.Nadarajan, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of History, Annamalai University and Dr.P.Rajan, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Associate Professor, History Wing Head, DDE, Annamalai University for their constant encouragement and also providing me with all the facilities to carry out my work. I express my heartfelt thanks and deep sense of o f gratitude to Prof.U.Munusamy, Former Dean and Faculty of Arts, Professor and Head, Department of History, Loyola College,
Chennai and Dr.R.Venkataraman, M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Professor and Head, Department of English, Sri Kanchi Sankaracharyar University, Kanchipuram for their able guidance, incessant and steadfast inspiration, lucid comments and diligent encouragement during the course of this investigation. I also extend my sincere thanks to S.Sathiyasekaran, M.A., M.Phil., (Ph.D) and A.Prabhakaran, M.A., M.Phil., Assistant Professor, History Wing, D.D.E., Annamalai University, Dr.K.Dharmaraj, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, E.G.S.Pillai College, Nagapattinam and Dr.B.Rajamani, M.Com., M.Phil., Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Shanmuga Arts and Science College, Thiruvannamalai for having academically enriched me,, shaped me in all possible ways during my period as a research scholar in the Department. I express my sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to R.Suresh, R.Mohan and Ms.M.A.Sugantha, Research Scholar, Department of History and also Ms.D.Loganayaki, Research Scholar,, Department of Political Science and Public Administration,, Annamalai University for their timely help and support throughout my research work. I am immensely grateful to Teaching Staff & Non-Teaching Staff Members, Department of History and D.D.E., Annamalai University for their valuable help and encouragement which enabled me to complete the work at the earliest. My thanks are also to the Staff Members of General Library, Annamalai University, The Tamil Nadu State Archives, Chennai, The Connemara Library, Chennai, Madras University Library, Chennai, Madurai Kamaraj University Library, Madurai, District Education Office, Virudhunagar and District General Library, Virudhunagar for their timely help in my research work. Words alone cannot express fully, my sincere and immense gratitude to my father Prof.P.Nelson, (Author) Goodluck Publication Madurai and my beloved mother
Mrs.S.Dhavamani Nelson besides my sister Mrs. J.Johncy Mary Joseph and my brothers S.Gnanasekaran, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. S.Gunasekaran Kavitha, B.A., B.Ed., S.Suresh, M.A., M.Phil., and J.Solaman for their love and affection, their unstinted moral support, motivation and a constant encouragement which have helped me to reach and attain my goal during the course of the study. I would like to express my sincere thanks to A.K.S.V.Ezhumalai B.C.A., Co.Operative Bank, Pichavaram and R.Raja Proprietor, ABI Computer Centre, Annamalainagar A for their neat execution of my research work. (S.KANNAN)
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO I INTRODUCTION 1-24 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 25-64 III VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT- A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 65-116 IV ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT 117-184 V EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT 185-245 VI EDUCATION FOR THE SPECIAL GROUPS AND GOVERNMENT WELFARE SCHEMES IN VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT 246-278 VII CONCLUSION 279-283 BIBLIOGRAPHY 284-303 GLOSSARY MAPS APPENDICES
List of Appendices Sl.No Details Page No I Population of Tamil Nadu and Virudhunagar District i II Important Events in thehistory of School Education Department in Tamil Nadu. iii III District Wise Performance on Literacy Rate in Tamil Nadu, 2001. iv IV District Wise Schools in Tamil Nadu (Category Wise) v V District Wise Literacy Rate in Tamil Nadu, 2011. vi VI District Wise Students in the Department of Elementary Education in Tamil Nadu, 2011. vii VII Number of Students in the Department of School Education in Tamil Nadu,2011 (Including Matriculation) viii VIII Percentage of Pass in Class X in Tamil Nadu, 2010-2011. ix IX Percentage of Pass in Class XII in Tamil Nadu,2010-2011 x X Elementary School Teachers in Tamil Nadu, 2011. xi
List of Tables Sl. No Details Page No IV-1 District Wise VECs/PTAs, CRCs and BRCs 130 IV-2 Constitution of Village Education Committee (VEC) 146 IV-3 Directorate of School Education Department and its Functions 149 IV-4 Working Pattern of a School 152 IV-5 Profile of the Primary Education System in Virudhunagar District 155 V-1 Literacy Rate of All India and Tamil Nadu 187 V-2 Education Development Index 200 V-3 Progress of Secondary Education Table 209 V-4 Teacher Training Institutes in Virudhunagar District 230 V-5 Commercial Institutes in Virudhunagar District 232 VI-1 Special Education for the Disabled in Virudhunagar District 255 VI-2 Scholarship to the Disabled Students 257 VI-3 VI-4 Food Items served in the Special School for the Blind in Virudhunagar District Food Items served in the Special School for the Deaf in Virudhunagar District 258 259 VI-5 Free Supply of Educational Kits 271 VI-6 Free Supply of Items 271 VI-7 Schemes & Special Initiatives for Students 274
Sl.No IV-1 List of Flow Charts Details Administrative Structure of School Education in Tamil Nadu Page No 120 IV-2 Organisation of Secretariat- School Education 122 IV-3 Administrative Control at State, District, Block and School Levels 128 IV-4 Organizational Structure of SSA 138 List of Maps Sl. No Details Page No 1 Tamil Nadu District Wise Map i 2 Virudhunagar District Map ii 3 Revenue Divisions Map ii 4 Transport and Communication Map iii
List of Abbreviations A.D AEO AICTE B.C BDO BOGs BOR BRC CABE CBSE CEO CISCE CPE CRC DAEO DEC DEEO DEO DIET DISE DPEP DPI DSCERT DSE GO s GOI GOT HE HSC Ibid ICSE IEDA IHC IHC ITI KGBV MBC ABBREVIATIONS Anna Domini Assistant Educations Officer All India Council of Technical Education Before Christ Block Development Officer Board of Governors Board of Revenue Block Resource Centre Central Advisory Board of Education Central Board of Secondary Education Chief Education Officer Council of Indian School Certificate Examination Compulsory Primary Education Cluster Resource Centre District Assistant Education officers Distance Education Council District Elementary Education Officer District Education Officer District Institute of Education and Training District Information System for Education District Primary Education Programme Department of Public Instruction Director of State Council of Educational Research and Training Director of School Education Government Orders Government of India Government of Tamil Nadu Higher Education Higher Secondary Certificate Ibidem-in the same book Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Inclusive Education for Differently Abled Indian History Congress Tamil Nadu History Congress Industrial Training Institute Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya Most Backward Classes
List of Abbreviations MHRD NAAC NCERT NCHER NFE NGO s NIEPA NPE NREP NSS OB Op.cit POA PTA PTO Ref RIDF SABL SCERT SCs SDMC SERIC SHG SIHC SSA SSLC STs TE TLM TNSA UEC UEE UGC UNESCO UNO VAO VEC VET Ministry of Human Resource Development National Assessment and Accreditation Council National Council of Educational Research and Training National Commission for Higher Education & Research Non Formal Education Non-Government Organizations National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration National Policy on Education National Rural Employment Programme National Sample Survey Operation Blackboard Opera Citato-In the work cited Programme of Education Parents Teachers Association Parents Teachers Organization Reference Rural Infrastructure Development Fund Simplified Activity Based Learning for Standards I to IV State Council for Educational Research and Training Scheduled Castes School Development Management Information Centre State Educational Resource Information Centre Self Help Group South Indian History Congress Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Secondary School Leaving Certificate Scheduled Tribes Teacher Education Teaching Learning Materials Tamil Nadu State Archives University Education Commission Universalization of Elementary Education University Grants Commission United Nations Educational Scientific & Cultural Organization United Nations Organization Village Administrative Officer Village Education Committee Vocational Education and Training