~/ J" ~,~oo0t- ~ THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DOMESTIC TOURISM SECTOR IN SRI LANKA (A Case Study on Kataragama Sacred City and Yala (Ruhuna) National Park). by M. SUNIL SHANTHA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (Economics). Reg. No: A 19376 Index No: S.P.A.422 15 ~.;)~n Vf.JV _.' September 1998 ~. '\: ~.1-
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements Table of Content List of Tables List of Figures Annexex 11 III VIII x XI Chapter 01 Introduction of the Study 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Brief Survey of Studies on Domestic Tourism in Sri Lanka 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Limitations of the Study 1.6 Chapter Outline 1-8 5 5 6 6 7 Chapter 02 Development of the Tourism Industry 2.1 The Relative Importance of the World Tourism Industry 2.1.1 Consumer Expenditure on Tourism 2.1.2 Gross Output 2.1.3 Employment 2.1.4 Value Added 2.1.5 Investment 2.1.6 Long term Outlook by 2005 2.1.7 Tourism and the GNP Contribution 2.1.8 Tourism and Employment Opportunities 2.2 Tourism in South Asia 2.3 Tourism Product 2.4 Clarification of the Tourist 2.4.1. International Tourist 2.4.2. Domestic Tourist 2.5 Historical Background of Tourism Industry in Sri Lanka 2.5.1 Tourism Development Plans in Sri Lanka 2.5.1.1 First Stage 2.5.1.2 Second Stage 2.5.1.3 Third Stage 9-42 9 9 n 12 13 15 16 18 18 19 21 1Il
2.6 2.7. 2.5.2 Ten Year Tourism Master Plan (1992-200 I) 2.5.2.1 Colombo City 2.5.2.2 Colombo Region 2.5.2.3 West Coast: North of Colombo 2.5.2.4 West Coast: Colombo to Galle 2.5.2.5 South Coast: Galle to Hambantota 2.5.2.6 South West Inland 2.5.2.7 North Zone 2.5.2.8 East Coast 2.5.2.9 East Inland 2.5.2.HiII Country 2.5.2.11Kandy Region 2.5.2.12Ancient Cities 2.5.2.13North West Inland 2.5.2.14South East Region 2.5.3 Studies on Tourism The Tourism Industry and the Economy of Sri Lanka 2.6.1 Foreign Exchange Earnings 2.6.1.1 Domestic Tourism Contribution to GDP 2.6.2 Economic Growth and Development 2.6.3 Employment 2.6.3.1 Indirect Employment 2.6.4 The Contribution to Rural & Regional Development Domestic Tourism in Sri Lanka 22 27 27 28 28 33 34 35 38 39 41 Chapter 03 Socio-economic Data Pertaining to Domestic Tourists 3.1 3.2 Introduction Visiting Kataragama of the Study Area & Yala 3.1.1 Geographical and Administrative Division 3. 1.2 Topography 3.1.3 Temperature and Rainfall 3. 1.4 Water Resources Socio-Economic 3.2.1 Agriculture 3.2.2 Demography Data of the Study Area 3.2.3 Enterprises and Industries 3.2.4 Infrastructure Facilities iv ~---."?~:~~. <~.tl\)o'"~.t",.~ ~"'''''/~ -)-" "',.~. -- / ". '\ f., " 'oil' (I " ' " _ r..t;..-... "''',..-;~ 43-72 43 43 46 46 48
3.2.4.1 Highways 48 3.2.4.2 Telecommunication 48 3.2.4.3 Public Transport 48 3.2.4.4 Water and Electricity 48 3.3 Tourist Attractions 50 3.3.1 Cultural Sites 50 3.3.2 Other Historical and Archeological Sites 53 3.3.3 Flora and Fauna 54 3.4 Socio-Economic Background of Tourists Visiting Kataragama and Yala 55 3.4.1 The Domestic Tourist Arrivals to Kataragama and Yala by Districts 58 3.4.2 Sex and Age 58 3.4.3 Educational Level 60 3.4.4 Occupational Levels 60 3.4.5 Ethnic Groups 61 3.4.6 Mode of Transport 62 3.4.7 Purpose of Visit 63 3.4.8 Duration of Stay 63 3.4.9 Accommodation Facilities 64 3.4. Seasonality of Trips 65 3.4.11 Expenditure Patterns of Tour 66 3.4.12 Expenditure on Transport 66 3.4.13 Expenditure on Meals 68 3.4.14 Accommodation 69 3.4.15 Purchase of Goods 70 3.4.16 Other Expenses 71 3.4. Frequency of Trips 72 Chapter 04 Problems & Prospects of Domestic Tourist Industry in 4.1 Kataragama & Yala Problems Faced t:lythe Tourism Demand Sector 4.1.1 Problems Faced by Tourists 4.1.1.1 Telephone Facilities t.1.1.2 Market Facilities 4.1.1.3 Public Amenities 4.1.1.4 Non- Availability of an Information Centre 4.1.2 Problems Faced by the Pilgrims - 93 v
4.1.2.1 Lack of Water 4.1.2.2 Difficulty of Obtaining Meals 4.1.2.3 Menace of Mosquitoes and Flies 4.1.2.4 Sanitary Services 75 75 75 4.1.2.5 Transport Problems 76 4.1.2.6 Difficulties in Preparing Meals 76 4.1.3 Problems Faced by Tourists and Pilgrims 77 4. 1.3. I Lack of Security 77 4.1.3.2 Uncleanliness 77 4.1.3.3 Inadequacy of Public Conveniences 78 4.1.3.4 Health and Medical Facilities 78 4.1.3.5 Environmental Problems 78 4.1.3.6 Problem of Beggars 79 4.2 The Problems Faced by the Tourism Supply Sector 79 4.2.1 Infra-structure Facilities 79 4.2.2 The Limitation of Lands 80 4.2.3 Loan Facilities 80 4.2.4 Institutional Problems 80 4.2.5 Other Problems 81 4.3 Possibilities for Improving Facilities for Tourism in Kataragama and Yala 81 4.3.1 Water 81 4.3.2 Food 81 4.3.3 Sanitary Services 82 4.3.4 Expansion of Security Measures 82 4.3.5 Transport Facilities 82 4.3.6 Telephone Facilities 83 4.3.7 Market 83 4.3.8 The Facilities for the Preparation of Meals 83 4.3.9 Facilities of Health Services 84 4.3. Environmental Necessities 84 4.3.11 Other Amenities 84 4.4 Proposal for a Tour Package to Cater to the Needs of Domestic Tourists 85 4.4.1 Preparation of Domestic Tour Package for Kataragama and Yala Areas 86 4.5 Conclusion of the Regression Models 90 VI
Chapter 05 5.1 5.2 Bibliography Annexes Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion Recommendations 94 94 97 0 3 vu