A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN HERBS AND SPICES MARKET VALUE CHAIN 2017

A PROFILE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN HERBS AND SPICES MARKET VALUE CHAIN 217 Directorate Marketing Tel: 12 319 8455 Private Bag X 15 Fax: 12 319 8131 Arcadia E-mail:MogalaM@daff.gov.za 7 www.daff.gov.za 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY 3 1.1 Production areas 3 1.2 Production trend 3 1.3 Consumption 4 2. MARKET STRUCTURE 4 2.1 Domestic markets and prices 4 2.2 South Africa herb and spice exports 8 2.3 South Africa herb and spice imports 31 3. POST PRODUCTION PROCES 41 4. MARKET INTELLIGENCE Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.1 Tariffs 43 4.2 Non tariff barriers 5 5. LOGISTICAL ISSUES 51 5.1 Mode of transport 51 5.2 Storage 52 5.3 Packaging 52 6. COMPETITIVENESS OF SOUTH AFRICAN HERB AND SPICE EXPORTS. 52 7. OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES 72 7.1 Opportunities 72 7.2 Challenges 72 8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 73 2

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY Spices are used for flavour, colour, aroma and preservation of food or beverages. Spices may be derived from many parts of the plant: bark, buds, flowers, fruits, leaves, rhizomes, roots, seeds, stigmas and styles or the entire plant tops. The term herb is used as a subset of spice and refers to plants with aromatic leaves. Spices are often dried and used in a processed, but complete state. Spices can be defined as vegetable products used for flavouring, seasoning and imparting aroma in foods (FAO, 25). Herbs are leafy spices, and some, like dill and coriander, can provide both spice seeds and leafy herbs. Many spices and culinary herb plants are widely regarded as having medicinal properties, and there is therefore some overlap between them and Medicinal, Aromatic Plants (MAPs). Herbs and spices are used for enriching what we consume and it is the seasoning and flavouring of food that brings out all variety and tapestry of regions, nationalities and continents. Distinctions between herbs and spices can be drawn based on the purposes for which plants are used. Around fifty spice and herb plants are of global trade importance, but many other spices and herb crops are used in traditional cooking, health care, or other applications, in particular regions and traded locally. Pepper is the most important world spice crop. Spices and herbs are grown as trees, shrubs, perennials, annuals, wild and cultivated. Spice and herb plants provide seeds and fruits, leaves and stems, flowers and buds, roots and rhizomes, bark and resins that can all be commercialized in various forms: sold fresh, frozen, dried, whole or ground, distilled into oils or solvent extracted into oleoresins. There is good trade potential for small-scale farmers where growing conditions are favourable and there is a local market demand for spices and herbs. New applications in agriculture include being used as organic pesticides and in veterinary use for insect repellents and safer dips for fleas and ticks. 1.1 Production areas Major spice production is in the tropics from developing and least developed countries. There is also a huge significant domestic consumption of spices in many spice producing countries. India, China, Pakistan and Turkey are countries known as the source of spices. Indian spices are most sought after globally, given their exquisite aroma, texture and taste (IBEF, 215). India is one of countries with high production and consumption of spices in the world. The varying climatic conditions in India provide ample scope for the cultivation of a variety of spices. To remain competitive, the producers are adding value by processing spices into essential oils, oleoresins, powders, especially extracts and blends. The most important spices traditionally traded throughout the world are products of tropical environments. The major exceptions to this group are the capsicums (chilli peppers, paprika), and coriander which is grown over a much wider range of tropical and non-tropical environments. 1.2 Production trend Estimating world production and trade of herbs and spice is filled with difficulties. In many countries, domestic production statistics are not recorded and export statistics are often included in codes that cover a variety of products. Of the 19 varieties of spices listed by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), India produces more than 65. The varying climatic 3

conditions in India provide ample scope for the cultivation of a variety of spices. Almost all Indian states produces spices, with the total area under spice cultivation pegged at around 3.15 million hectares. India commands a formidable position in world spice trade. According to (IBEF, 215) India 893 92 tons of spices and spice products which were valued at around US$ 2,432.85 million during 214-15. Exports grew by 9% in terms of volume and 7% in terms of value (US dollars). This has exceeded the targeted exports by 118% in volume terms and 122% in value terms (US dollars). The US is the major importer of Indian spices by value, followed by China, Vietnam, Malaysia, UAE, UK, Germany, Singapore and Saudi Arabia. Exports to the US stood at US$ 331.8 million, followed by China at US$ 316.4 million in 212-13.The spice export basket consists of whole spices, organic, spice mixes, spice blends, freeze dried, curry powder/mixtures, oleoresins, extracts, essential oils, de-hydrated, spice in brine and other value added products. 1.3 Consumption The market in Asia-Pacific is growing at a rapid pace due to increasing demand for seasoning and spices from many food application segments. During 214, Europe was the leading market of seasoning and spice, in terms of value and second largest in terms of volume. India is one of countries with high production and consumption of spices in the world. The growing population in developing countries, such as China and India is a major driving force which is influencing the growth of the Asia-Pacific market of seasoning and spices. The usage of spices and herbs by consumers is increasing, because these products are appreciated as completely natural ingredients, rather than artificial additives. 2. MARKET STRUCTURE 2.1 Domestic markets and prices Figures 1 to 4 present the sales in volume and prices of herbs and spices sold at National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs) from 27 to 216. Figure 1 below illustrates the sales of various spices at the National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs). It is clear that high volumes of peppers were sold at the market, followed by the sales volume of chillies, ginger, curry leaves and the least sales were that of paprika. Sales of chillies were stable above 4 tons except in 27, just 3 6 tons were sold. In 213 and 214, chillies sales surpassed 5 tons. Ginger sales were mainly stable above 1 tons and during 215 there was a 34.8% increase in sales. Paprika sales were unstable with the lowest volume of 29 tons and highest volume of 141 tons. Curry leaves sales were mostly stable above 13 tons except in 214 and there was a substantial increment in curry leaves sales in 215. During 216, there was a slight increase of 3.8% in chillies volume supplied at the market, paprika volume has risen by 38.7% and ginger volume grew by 18% in comparison to 215 volumes. At the same time, there was a notable drop in curry leaves, and peppers supplied at the fresh produce markets. 4

Price (Rand/ton) Volume (tons) Years Figure 1: Average volume of spices sold at fresh produce markets 6 5 4 3 2 1 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Chillies 3672 4166 49 457 4216 4867 582 5391 5532 5745 Curry leaves 148 156 156 141 132 173 194 76 169 53 Ginger 978 127 12 163 1295 1514 143 191 1471 1743 Paprika 68 46 29 56 54 141 11 15 93 129 Peppers 382 35558 3791 38796 39313 44635 44147 44632 5358 4813 Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis, DAFF Figure 2 presents the average price of spices at national fresh produce markets from 27 to 216. 6 Figure 2: Average price of spices at national fresh produce markets 5 Years 4 3 2 1 Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis, DAFF 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Chillies 6329,99 6117,33 7887,88 6681,75 988,8 7276,27 853,89 828,92 947,74 9626,26 Curry leaves 235,96 27,66 359,18 3367,63 3553,63 34,44 326,2 8722,7 48,32 11511,9 Ginger 11891,8 9749,67 16325,8 19362, 14876,3 12722,7 17841, 47622,5 3418,2 21739,2 Paprika 118,3 1285,8 1827,3 11318, 146,5 1178,1 1345,1 1691,1 1971,6 21192,3 Peppers 5613,76 5414,8 661, 616,56 7535,76 6638,16 699,17 9297,21 7849,42 1131,6 Figure 2 above illustrates the average prices for spices at the National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs) during a ten year period. Ginger has generally fetched high market prices during the 5

Volume (tons) period under review. There was a surge in chillies price during 214 despite a notable increase in the volume supplied at the market. This can be ascribed to high demand of chillies in the same year. Paprika was the second spice which has fetched high prices at the market. In 211 paprika price has notably increased and this can be ascribed to the record low volume supplied at the market. Curry leaves has fetched the least prices, however the price has surged during 214, due to a significant drop in volume supplied in the market. In the same year the price of paprika has sharply increased due to a slight drop in volumes. In 215, the price of curry leaves, peppers and ginger have dramatically dropped compared to previous year prices and this can be attributed to significant increases in volumes supplied at the market. In the same year chillies price has risen by 12.7% despite a 2.6% increase in volume supplied and this can attributed to strong chillies uptake. Paprika price has gone up by 16.5%, which can be ascribed to a slight decrease in volumes supplied at the markets. In 216, chillies and paprika have traded higher despite the increase in volume supplied at the fresh produce markets and this can be attributed to strong uptake of these spices. In the same year, ginger price dropped by 28.5%, which can be ascribed to 18.4% in ginger supplied at the market, whereas curry leaves price surged which can be attributed to a significant 69% drop in curry leaves supplied at the market. Years 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Figure 3: Sales of herbs at national fresh produce market 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Basil 95,29 48,11 33,13 47,78 26,3 27,47 82,16 9,92 73,85 82,32 Celery 962,55 163,51 165,8 127,56 1114,5 1166,16 1287,79 139,7 1119,32 184,51 Coriander 497,52 55,83 491,9 596,1 653,24 649,18 684,63 647,65 686,1 66,13 Rosemary 51,86 23,45 13,89 18,38 16,78 19,66 28,9 3,36 8,69 6,7 Parsely 415,29 516,75 511,95 487 527,17 479 495,77 483,31 421,13 386,24 Thyme 23,32 14,74 5,92 9,28 9,32 13,16 22,26 2,6 5,9 2,68 Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis, DAFF Figure 3 above illustrates the sales of herbs at National Fresh Produce Markets (NFPMs) between 27 and 216. Celery volume was generally stable above 1 tons except in 27, and the volume sold was just above 96 tons. Coriander sales were in second place, followed by parsley sales, which were stable above 35 tons per annum. Basil has recorded high sales volume in 27 and 213 where more than 8 tons were sold at the fresh produce markets. In 25, there was no volume of rosemary recorded and the high volume was recorded in 27, where more than 5 tons were sold at the markets. Thyme was the least herb sold at the fresh produce market and a notable 23 tons were sold during 27. Sales of basil, rosemary and thyme were fairly unstable. There was 6

Value (Rand) a surge in basil sales when comparing 9.92 tons in 214 and 73.85 tons during 215. Celery, coriander, rosemary and thyme sales have a slight increase in sales in 215, while the parsley sales have slightly dropped. During 216, there was a slight drop in celery, coriander, rosemary and parsley sales volume, when compared to 215 sales volumes, whilst thyme sales volume have significantly increased from 5.9 tons to 2.68 tons. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Years Figure 4: Market price of herbs at fresh produce market 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Basil 459,88 876,25 9497,85 78,69 13236,64 1525,1 6626,21 715,13 1532,61 11844,22 Celery 7946,91 9656,62 861,39 11563,83 128,29 925,64 8459,35 12412,45 1175,36 14578,98 Coriander 8328,18 91,8 126,43 1399,86 952,78 1545,95 9993,33 1347,63 12796,3 15425,93 Rosemary 2265,59 652,22 746,89 6174,31 11268,89 7594,66 5196,79 4599,33 27484,27 36396,54 Parsely 7124,33 6315,63 6694,65 7275,68 9121,3 7137,82 8786,5 9671,83 9823,64 15143,67 Thyme 243,59 2119,5 389,65 457,79 8122,14 1678,68 8444,62 41149,67 27118,88 96,11 Source: Statistics and Economic Analysis, DAFF Figure 4 above shows the herbs average market prices from 27 to 216. In 27 coriander has fetched a lower than average price which was above R8 3/ton. Parsley prices were fairly stable above R6 /ton. Celery prices have gradually increased in 27 and 28 period. A notable lower price of basil was recorded in 27, which can be ascribed to a surge in volume supplied at the market. Coriander price has increased steadily from 28 to 21. The lowest price for rosemary was recorded in 27, which can be attributed to a substantial increase in volume supplied in the market. In 214, basil, celery, coriander, rosemary, parsley and thyme prices have surged when compared to 213 prices and this can be ascribed to notable drop in herbs volume supplied at the market. Thyme, rosemary and basil prices have significantly dropped during 215, while the price of parsley has slightly increased by 1.6% in comparison to 214 prices. The dramatic drop in prices can be attributed to a notable increase in herbs supplied across the markets. Basil price eased higher despite a 11% increase in volume supplied at the market during 216, and this can be ascribed to strong basil uptake. At the same time, celery, coriander, rosemary and parsley prices increased notably as the volumes supplied at the markets decreased, while thyme price has drastically dropped by 64% due to significant increase in the volume supplied at the market. 7

Value (Rand) 2.2 South Africa herb and spice exports South Africa is not a major exporter of herbs and spices. Most herbs and spices have no individual export data on the Trade Map. South Africa s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry) exports represent 2.2% of the world exports during 216 and their combined ranking in the world exports is still number 1. Uncrushed coriander seed exports represent % of the world exports of this product and its ranking in the world is 48, while the crushed coriander seed represent.3% of the world exports and its ranking in the world exports is 27. Celery has commanded.1% of the world exports and it ranked number 25 in the world celery export. South African uncrushed pepper exports represent.6% of the world export and its ranking in the world export is 16, while the crushed pepper has commanded.5% of the world exports and its ranking is the world is 21. Figure 5 below is an illustration of South Africa s coriander seed exports in the past ten years. Volume (tons) Figure 5: South Africa coriander seed exports 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume(tons) Value (Rand) Source: Quantec Easydata 25 2 15 1 5 The figure 5 above shows that coriander seed exports was just above14 tons during 27. In the following two years 28 and 29, the exports of coriander seed had steadily decreased. In 21, there was a sharp increase in volume as compared to 29 exports. During 211 and 212, coriander seed exports have gradually dropped. In 213, the coriander seed exports have increased by 8.5% when compared to 212. During 214, South Africa has just above 53 tons of coriander seed and this represents a 47% increase as compared to 213 coriander seed export. The figure further shows that between 21 and 215 except for 212, it was relatively more profitable to export coriander seeds, as compared to the other years. In 215, coriander seed export has experienced 25% decrement in comparison to the 214 exports. During 216, coriander seed export eased lower by 26.7% and the value of export was 17.6% lower when compared to 215 export. 8

Volume (Kg) Figure 6 below illustrates South Africa s coriander seed exports to the different regions in a ten year period. From figure 6, it is clear that Africa region is the primary export market for coriander seed from South Africa. In 27 and 28, there were no exports recorded for the Americas region. From 27 to 21 considerable volumes of coriander seeds were to Europe region. As of 21 to 212, there was a surge in coriander seeds to Africa region. During 214 notable volume coriander seeds were to Oceania and Asia regions with approximately 14 /kg and 2 kg respectively. In the same year, the export to Africa, America, Europe have also increased, while the unallocated export has dropped from 48kg to 9kg in comparison to the previous year export. In 215, coriander exports to Africa and Oceania have notably increased, while exports to Asia has dramatically dropped from approximately 2 kg to 4kg and there were no unallocated exports. During 216, Oceania and Africa regions were the primary export markets for coriander seed from South Africa. At the same time, considerable exports were destined to America and Europe regions, whereas export to Asia was insignificant. Years 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 1834 1487 1788 36283 3259 31836 166 22953 2838 15428 Americas 62 134 572 652 652 1544 1194 1837 Asia 267 22 9 57 12 3867 22 4 252 Europe 2942 1439 145 1321 734 121 127 1229 128 1467 Oceania 2 14286 17944 15724 Not allocated 264 533 1113 428 312 17 48 9 35 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 6: South Africa's coriander seed exports to the regions Figure 7 below shows South Africa s value of coriander seed exports. High values were recorded mainly for Africa region as high volumes were to this region. Notable export value was recorded for Europe region during 27. The export value of coriander seed from African region has doubled in 28. In 21, Africa region export value surged in comparison to 29 export value. In 211 and 212, Africa export value has notably dropped while the Americas region export value has experienced a positive growth. Oceania and Asia regions have recorded notable export values during 213. Oceania, Europe and Asia export values continued to increase in 214, while Africa export value has dropped when compared to 213 value. The figure further shows that the export value for Africa region has increased by 78.8% in 215 as compared to 214 export value and there was a significant drop in export values recorded for the Asia region. In the same year, 9

Value (Rand) export values for Americas, Europe and Oceania have slightly dropped in comparison to the previous year export values. During 216, it was relatively more profitable to export coriander seeds to Europe followed by America and Oceania, whereas Africa region was least profitable market. Years 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Figure 7: Value of coriander export to the regions 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 8913 17812 234166 15892751123412 235626 475661 596517 166424 493261 Americas 13873 62958 4712 7639 88126 152867 125352 176334 Asia 4144 1185 1699 2281 253 177575 266614 13213 1332 Europe 154498 8256 49885 3688 3417 44342 59471 112122 1964 172113 Oceania 644264 86819 796885 88642 Not allocated 14273 27497 22819 1481 1721 484 785 1125 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 8 is an illustration of South Africa s uncrushed coriander seed export destinations in 216. Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 8: South Africa's uncrushed coriander seed exports destinations in 216 Swaziland 4% United States of America 8% Botswana 8% Namibia 9% Zambia 6% Canada 2% Angola 2% Switzerland 19% Nigeria 2% Zimbabwe 43% 1

Countries Figure 8 and Table 1 show South Africa s uncrushed coriander seed export destinations and the shares of exports. Zimbabwe with 43.4% share of export is the primary export market for uncrushed coriander seed originating from South Africa. Switzerland is in second place with 18.9%, followed by the Namibia and Botswana with 7.5% and 7.5% respectively. Notable share of uncrushed seeds were also to United States of America and Zambia. Uncrushed coriander seeds to Zimbabwe have increased by 81% in value and 82% in quantity during 212 and 216 period. Uncrushed coriander seed exports to United States of America have decreased by 8% in value between 215 and 216 period. Table 1: Uncrushed coriander seeds export destinations in 216 Importers Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) World 53-19 1 2 13 26-3 Zimbabwe 23 23 43.4 11 81 82-39 Switzerland 1 1 18.9 1 42 25 Namibia 4 4 7.5 3 23 25 Botswana 4 4 7.5 2 32 USA 4-1 7.5 1 29-8 Zambia 3 3 5.7 1-19 -16 Swaziland 2 2 3.8 Canada 1 1 1.9-38 Source: ITC Trade Map Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) Figure 9 is an illustration of South Africa s crushed coriander seed export destinations in 216 Figure 9: Crushed coriander seeds export destinations in 216 Other Malawi Zimbabwe Israel Canada France Botswana United Kingdom Namibia Brazil Zambia Australia 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Share in South Africa's exports (%) Source: ITC Trade Map 11

Volume (tons) Value (Rand) Figure 9 and table 2 show South Africa s crushed coriander seed export destinations in 216 and the share of exports to various regions in the world. Australia with 63.8% share of export is the primary export market for crushed coriander seed originating from South Africa. Zambia is in second place with 12.8%, followed by the Brazil and Namibia with 6.4% and 3.2% respectively. A small share of crushed seeds were to United Kingdom and Botswana. Crushed coriander seeds to Namibia have increased by 15% in value and 5% in quantity during 212 and 216 period. Table 2: Crushed coriander seeds export destinations in 216. Importers Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) World 94-3469 1 29 12-6 -43 Australia 6 6 63.8 16-47 Zambia 12 12 12.8 4 8 2-25 Brazil 6 6 6.4 1 Namibia 3 3 3.2 1-15 -5-5 United Kingdom 2 2 2.1 Botswana 2 2 2.1 1 France 1 1 1.1 Canada 1 1 1.1 Israel 1 1 1.1 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 1 represents South Africa s ginger exports from 27 to 216. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 1: South Africa's ginger exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume (tons) Value (Rand) 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Source: Quantec Easydata 12

Volume (Kg) Figure 1 above illustrates South Africa s ginger exports from 27 and 216. As of 27 to 29, South Africa has low tonnes of ginger. In 28 the ginger export has notably increased and during 29 the export volume has notably dropped. During 21, the export volume has surged when compared to 29 export volume. There was a further increase of 1.6% in exporting ginger during 211 in comparison to 21 exports. In 212 the ginger export fell by 2.4% in comparison to 211 exports. During 213, there was a further drop of 21.4% in ginger export as compared to 212 export volume. In 214, ginger export volume has gone up by 35.6% in comparison to previous year export. During 215, there was a slight drop of 2.5% in ginger export, while the export value has dropped by 1.6%. It was relatively more profitable to export ginger in 27, 29 and from 212 to 215. During 216, South Africa ginger export eased higher by 24% and it was more profitable to export ginger in comparison to 215. Figure 11 below shows the South African ginger exports to various regions in the world from 27 to 216. 6 Figure 11: SA ginger export to the regions 5 4 3 2 1 Years 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 32294 97434 47498 49292 555157 43266 341234 46536 46153 566779 America 79 2239 3374 93 71 78 2775 297 132 Asia 6847 25 73 353 1533 143 2533 11 Europe 3186 974 731 68 149 789 2536 5754 619 3644 Oceania 15 64 746 134 28 2 1446 Antarctica 21 16 15 3 Not allocated 1189 19922 19828 9853 15 175 15 166 58 45 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 11 above shows South Africa s export markets for ginger in terms of regions from 27 to 216. African region is mainly the primary export market for ginger from South Africa, followed by Europe and America. From 27 to 21 and 212, a notable volume of ginger export was not allocated to any region. There was a 22.8% decrease in ginger to Africa region in 27 as compared to export volume of 26. Export volumes to the America region has increased up to 2 239Kg in 28, in comparison to 79Kg in 27. Export volumes to Africa regions were incomparably higher in 21 and 211. During 212 and 213, the export volume has dropped. A sizeable volume of 5 754 kg was to Europe during 214.There was a.8% decline in Africa region export volume in 215 as compared to 214 exports. At the same time, there was no 13

Value (Rand) ginger export to America, Asia and Antarctica regions, while export volumes to Europe have notably decreased from 5 754Kg to 619 Kg. In 216, Africa was still the preferred export market for ginger export from South Africa and there was a notable increase in export volume destined for Europe and Oceania regions. 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 12: Value of South Africa's ginger exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 7184 1482753 919743 8768374 9533757 982745 9158567 1557893 15472872 1535587 Americas 34194 116951 25994 3459 69812 937 2662 199663 9934 Asia 96943 15 3887 1748 29262 7327 3351 1 7357 Europe 165861 6133 33471 21125 51387 12639 128119 1913 235514 493684 Oceania 14514 21898 45291 11622 2953 75 9738 Antartica 579 551 56 137 Not allocated 31349 31633 392742 33529 45 22162 1395 15 57 3475 The above figure 12 shows the value of South Africa s ginger exports from 27 to 216. High export values were recorded for the Africa region as high volumes of ginger were to this region. Higher values were recorded in Africa and Europe regions during 27. The figure also shows that there was a surge in African export values during 21 and the value has gradually increased in 211 and 212. There was a significant increase in export values recorded for America, Asia and Europe region during 213. The highest export value was recorded in 214 for the Africa region. In 214, Europe export value has increased while Asia export value has dropped. It was more profitable to export ginger to America region, followed by Africa and Europe region. During 215, it was relatively more profitable to export ginger to the Europe region as compared to export destined to Africa region. In 216, Europe region was still the most profitable export market for ginger from South Africa, followed by America and Oceania, whilst Africa region was least profitable. Figure 13 and Table 3 below show South Africa s uncrushed ginger export destinations and the country percentage shares. During 216, Angola, Botswana and Lesotho were the primary markets for uncrushed ginger from South Africa. A considerable percentage of uncrushed ginger was also to Swaziland, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Angola has commanded 27.8%, Botswana has recorded 16.3%, while 1% of South Africa s uncrushed ginger was to Botswana between 212 and 216 period. Uncrushed ginger exports to Botswana have declined by 4% in value and by 1% in quantity between 212 and 216. 14

Countries Figure 13: South Africa's uncrushed ginger export destinations in 216 Nigeria Angola Canada Swaziland Zambia USA Botswana Namibia Switzerland Zimbabwe Source: ITC Trade Map 1 2 3 4 5 Share in South Africa's exports (%) Table 3: South Africa s uncrushed ginger exports destinations in 216 Importers Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) World 53-19 1 2 13 26-3 Zimbabwe 23 23 43.4 11 81 82-39 Switzerland 1 1 18.9 1 42 25 Namibia 4 4 7.5 3 23 25 Botswana 4 4 7.5 2 32 USA 4-1 7.5 1 29-8 Zambia 3 3 5.7 1-19 -16 Swaziland 2 2 3.8 Canada 1 1 1.9-38 Angola 1 1 1.9 1 Nigeria 1 1 1.9 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 14 below is an illustration of South Africa crushed ginger export destinations in 216. 15

Countries Figure 14: South Africa's ginger crushed or ground export destination in 216 Other USA Sweden Mozambique Angola France Switzerland DRC Swaziland Zimbabwe Zambia Namibia Botswana Lesotho Source: ITC Trade Map 5 1 15 2 25 3 Share in South Africa's exports (%) Figure 14 above and Table 4 below show South Africa s crushed ginger export destinations and the country percentage shares. During 216 Lesotho, Botswana, Namibia and Zambia were the primary markets for crushed ginger from South Africa. A considerable percentage of crushed ginger was also to Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Lesotho has commanded 27.9% share of exports, Botswana and Namibia have recorded 25.2% and 1.9% respectively of South Africa s crushed ginger. Crushed ginger exports to Namibia have increased by 34% in value and dropped by 13% in quantity between 212 and 216 period. Table 4: South Africa s crushed or ground ginger export destinations in 216 Value Trade balance Share in South Quantity Growth in value Growth in quantity in 216 216 Africa's between between (USD (USD exports in 216 212-216 212-216 Importers thousand) thousand) (%) (tons) (%, p.a.) (%, p.a.) World 412-165 1 213-6 7 39 Lesotho 115 114 27.9 63-2 1 15 Botswana 15 15 25.5 62 63 72 21 Namibia 45 45 1.9 22 34 13 165 Zambia 42 42 1.2 22-6 6 75 Zimbabwe 15 15 3.6 8 7 19-67 Swaziland 15 15 3.6 1-27 -7-62 DRC 14 14 3.4 3 22 32 367 Switzerland 12 12 2.9 1-3 Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) 16

Volume (tons) Value (Rand) Importers Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) France 1 1 2.4 2 43 Angola 1 1 2.4 6 1 57 233 Mozambique 1 1 2.4 7 2-38 Sweden 6 6 1.5 1 USA 5 5 1.2 1 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 15 is an illustration of South Africa s celery exports from 27 to 216. Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) 12 1 8 6 4 2 Figure 15: South Africa's celery exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Volume (tons) Value (Rand) Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 15 shows South Africa s celery exports from 27 to 215. In 27 South Africa has approximately 7 tons of celery and in 28 there was a slight increase of 1.7% in export volume. During 29, export volume has increased to 157 tons and in 21, celery exports has surged to 997 tons. From 211, celery exports have steadily declined and during 214, celery exports were just above 177 tons. In 215, South Africa s celery export has increased by 16% to 26 tons. During the period under review, it was generally more profitable to export celery except in 21. During 216, celery export has eased lower by 8% when compared to 215 and it was relatively more profitable to export celery in a 1 year period. Figure 16 is an illustration of South Africa s celery export destinations in 216. 17

Countries Figure 16: South African celery exports destinations in 216 Saint Helena DRC Seychelles Mauritius Zambia Angola Zimbabwe Lesotho Malawi Swaziland Mozambique Namibia Botswana Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 16 above and Table 5 below indicate South Africa s celery export destinations and the percentage shares of exports in 216. South Africa high quantities of celery to Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique and Swaziland. Botswana has commanded 35% share of exports, followed by Namibia with 24.9%, Mozambique with 13.9% and Swaziland with 8%. South African celery exports to Botswana have gone down by 6% in value and 13% in quantity between 212 and 216 period. Celery exports to Mozambique have increased by 9% in value and 18% in quantity between 212 and- 216 period. Table 5: South Africa s celery export destinations in 216 Importers 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) World 237 234 1 189-5 -7-2 Botswana 83 83 35 52-6 -13 41 Namibia 59 59 24.9 61 2-8 -41 Mozambique 33 33 13.9 3 9 18 6 Swaziland 19 19 8 14 2-1 6 Malawi 12 12 5.1 1 34 5 Lesotho 11 11 4.6 8-9 83 Zimbabwe 5 5 2.1 5-27 -17 15 Angola 4 4 1.7 4-32 -16-5 Zambia 4 4 1.7 2-29 -24 18

Countries Importers Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) Mauritius 3 3 1.3 2-16 -1 Seychelles 2 2.8 1-11 DRC 1 1.4 1-37 -16 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 17 is an illustration of South Africa s ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry export destinations in 216. Figure 17 : South Africa's Ginger,saffron,turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry export destinations in 216 Other DRC Seychelles Angola Japan Sudan United Arab Emirates Kenya Malawi United Kingdom Australia Zimbabwe Mozambique Swaziland Lesotho Zambia Namibia Botswana Source: ITC Trade Map 5 1 15 2 25 Share in South Africa's exports (%) Graph 17 above and Table 6 below indicate ginger, saffron, thyme, bay leaves and curry export destinations and the percentage shares during 216. Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Lesotho were the main export markets for ginger, saffron, thyme, bay leaves and curry leaves originating from South Africa. Botswana has commanded 23.5% share of exports, followed by Namibia with 19.4%, Zambia with 11.8% and Lesotho with 11.3% share. Ginger, Saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry exports from South Africa to Namibia has decreased by 1% in value and 2% in quantity between 212 and 216 period. Exports to Zambia have increased by 7% in value and 11% in quantity between 212 and 216. 19

Table 6: South Africa s ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves & curry export destinations in 216. Value Trade balance Share in South Quantity Growth in value Growth in quantity Growth in value in 216 216 Africa's between between between (USD (USD exports in 216 212-216 212-216 215-216 Importers thousand) thousand) (%) (Tons) (%, p.a.) (%, p.a.) (%, p.a.) World 523 3955 1 2242-1 3-1 Botswana 11733 1174 23.5 3743-9 -31 Namibia 9693 9691 19.4 3924-1 -2-11 Zambia 599 599 11.8 2376 7 11-9 Lesotho 5631 562 11.3 1955-3 8 17 Swaziland 5133 5123 1.3 1963 2 3 23 Mozambique 2197 2197 4.4 1166 7 13 2 Zimbabwe 2151 2143 4.3 4473-17 24-19 Australia 799 799 1.6 245 3 13-17 United Kingdom 647 513 1.3 188 14 19-51 Malawi 616 616 1.2 195-17 -2-23 Kenya 579 578 1.2 254 15 22 62 United Arab Emirates 541 523 1.1 93-7 -14 61 Sudan 493 493 1 298 343 48 Japan 417 41.8 79 43 77 156 Angola 334 334.7 154 29 38-26 Seychelles 35 35.6 81 15 38 177 DRC 291 291.6 81-12 -7 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 18 below is an illustration of South Africa s turmeric exports from 27 to 216. From 27 to 21, South African turmeric exports were less than 5 tons. During 211, turmeric exports were incomparably higher when compared to 21. South African turmeric exports rose sharply in 212 in comparison to 211 export and in 213, the turmeric exports drastically dropped. The export volumes of turmeric dropped further by 48% in 214, when compared against the 213 export volume. During 215, South Africa s turmeric exports have increased notably by 42%, when compared to 214 exports. As of 28 to 21 and from 213 to 215, it was more profitable to export turmeric as high values were recorded for volume. During 216, turmeric export eased lower by 44% and it was relatively more profitable to export turmeric when compared to 215. 2

Volume (Kg) Volume(tons) Value (Rand) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Figure 18: South Africa tumeric exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Volume (Tons) Value (Rand) 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 19 is an illustration of South Africa s turmeric exports to various regions from 27 to 216. Years Figure 19: South Africa tumeric exports to the regions 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 15186 16852 17772 35121 121362 37742 11315 57624 82744 45894 Americas 22 115 2266 468 12 38 5 Asia 5 15 134 88 Europe 1159 3481 26 984 74 738 433 844 636 846 Oceania 413 245 216 237 167 1 15 195 Not allocated 63 643 372 326 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 19 above shows South Africa s turmeric exports to the various regions. The African region is the primary export market for turmeric exports from South Africa. From 27 to 29, a fraction of turmeric was to Europe. In 29, a notable volume of turmeric of 2 16 tons was also to Oceania. During 21, turmeric export volumes to Africa and America increased 21

Value (Rand) sharply to 35 121 and 2 266 tons as compared to 29 export volumes. In 211, there was a huge increase in turmeric exports to Africa and in the following year exports to this region surged. In 213 and 214, turmeric exports to Africa region subsequently declined. The figure also shows that turmeric exports to Africa region has increased by 43.6% in 215 as compared to 214, while the export to Oceania has slightly increased 15Kg to 195Kg. During 216, Africa region was still the primary export market for turmeric from South Africa, however the volume of export has eased lower by 44.5% in comparison to 215 export. Figure 2 is an illustration of South Africa s turmeric exports between 27 and 216. 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Years Figure 2: Value of South African tumeric export to the regions 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 28594 34316 368331 1288367 16356 2368676 31755 336468 3658453 4381 Americas 312 12452 129672 56932 4657 31586 3289 Asia 1765 1484 21435 4362 Europe 25296 88691 19231 24536 23213 31523 2434 6318 45151 82676 Oceania 1572 11826 11849 67813 517 271 59 2836 Not allocated 1797 1784 1414 12661 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 2 above shows the value of South Africa turmeric between 27 and 216. High export values were recorded for the Africa region as higher volumes were to this region. During 21, export to Oceania was more profitable, followed by Europe and America, and Africa was the least profitable market. In 211, Europe was still the most profitable turmeric export market. During 213 exports to Africa fetched higher values compared to the previous year. Asia was by far more profitable market, followed by America and Oceania during 214. The figure also shows that turmeric export value to Africa region has increased by 5.9% in 215 as compared to 214.During the same year, it was more profitable to export turmeric to Oceania, followed by Europe and exports to Africa region were least profitable. During 216, in Africa region, it was more profitable to export turmeric in comparison to 215 exports to the same region. 22

Volume (tons) Value (Rand) Figure 21 below is an illustration of South Africa s pepper exports between 27 and 216. 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 21: South Africa's pepper exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume (tons) Value (Rand) 3 25 2 15 1 5 Source: Quantec Easydata The figure 21 above shows that in 27 and 28, South African pepper exports were stable just above 9 tons. During 29 the pepper exports increased by 23% as compared to 28 pepper exports. In 21, pepper exports surged to just above 9 tons. During the following year the exports dropped by 3%. In 212 and 213 pepper exports have dropped further and in 214, pepper exports experienced an increase of 87% as compared to 213 pepper exports. The figure shows that pepper export has slightly gone up by 3.5% during 215 as compared to 214 exports. From 27 to 29 and from 212 to 215, it was fairly more profitable to export pepper as high values were recorded for volumes. In 216, South Africa s pepper export grew by 8.9% and the export value was 41% higher in comparison to 215 season. Figure 22 below is an illustration of South Africa s pepper exports to various regions between 27 and 216. South Africa s primary export markets for pepper were mainly in Africa, Europe and America. The figure also shows that pepper exports from South Africa to Africa attained a maximum of 7.9 million tons in 21. Higher volumes of pepper were to Africa during 21 and 211. In 21, there were notable increase in pepper exports to Asia, Europe and Oceania. Pepper exports to Antarctica were insignificant with maximum of 56 tons in 29. In 212 and 213 pepper exports to America, Asia and Oceania have gradually increased while the exports to Africa notably dropped during the same period. In 214, South Africa pepper exports were mainly destined to Africa, Europe and Oceania regions. In 215, the pepper export volumes decreased to 2.1 million tons. The figure further illustrates that pepper exports declined by 11.5% during 215 as compared to 214 exports. In 216, Africa region was still the primary export market for pepper from South Africa. However the export volume dropped by 4% compared to 215. At the same time, there was a notable increase in pepper exports to America, Europe and Oceania whilst the pepper export to Asia region eased lower by 16%. 23

Value (Rand) Volume (Kg) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 22: South Africa's pepper exports to the regions 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 5318 54936 11738 7968255 517868 714997 681 2435759 215756 2711 Americas 36534 36945 44465 42825 45652 56518 616263 576524 644684 845383 Asia 19262 5173 22154 15112 15836 176451 21226 22221 239946 2186 Europe 325518 352232 371467 42197 548618 574273 341647 563621 62366 67536 Oceania 132383 118149 155976 37359 273393 287482 399124 42425 421792 636728 Antarctica 25 55 56 Not allocated 2699 39387 46374 2227 4195 7887 539 66 113 1418 Figure 23 shows the value of South Africa s pepper exports to the regions between 27 and 216. 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Years Figure 23: Value of South Africa's pepper exports to the regions 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 1629872 259554 3429376 9857315 1166263 118524 13417985 25326491 3391951 366884 Americas 14397562 18955943 2129825 19438469 2458713 3123899 4225791 4235841 591844 94181222 Asia 753644 273526 91556 291585 63911 9295928 12874758 15619395 18884526 2172949 Europe 14322813 18432 14983426 15419649 1987568 18847383 1854347 37228414 3786195 53268517 Oceania 7725836 7149388 755229 1141417 13612325 1722815 2585376 29432823 2932187 45852236 Antartica 88 197 1469 Not allocated 511316 773812 791672 423666 864 21865 13473 4585 2949 1742 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 23 above is an illustration of the values of South Africa s pepper exports to the regions. It was generally more profitable to export peppers to Oceania, followed by America and Europe. 24

Countries During 28, pepper exports to Africa and Europe had higher export values when compared to the previous years. In 21, pepper exports to Africa fetched lower value compared to the record high pepper export value to this region. In 212, it was more profitable to export pepper to Oceania, America and Asia. During 214, pepper exports to America and Asia regions recorded higher values. The figure further shows that the pepper export value increased notably by 3%, while Americas export value has experienced 39.8% increment. Pepper export value increased by 3.4% in 215 as compared to 214 export value. It was relatively more profitable to export pepper to Americas region, followed by Asia and Oceania regions. During 216, it was still more profitable to export pepper to America region, followed by Asia, Europe and Oceania whereas pepper export to Africa region was less profitable. Figure 24 and Table 7 show South Africa s uncrushed pepper export destinations in 216. Figure 24: Share in South Africa's uncrushed pepper export destinations in 216 Other Spain Belgium Zimbabwe Ireland Switzerland Namibia New Zealand Brazil Netherlands Canada Japan United Kingdom Australia USA Source: ITC Trade Map 5 1 15 2 25 3 Share in South Africa's exports (%) During 216, South Africa uncrushed pepper mostly to the United States of America, Australia and United Kingdom. United States of America has commanded a 28.5% share of South Africa s uncrushed pepper exports, followed by Australia with 2.8% and United Kingdom with 19.1%. South African uncrushed pepper exports to the world has increased by 32% in terms of value between 212 and 216. Uncrushed pepper exports to the Australia have increased by 17% in value and 64% in quantity between 212 and 216. Table 7: South Africa s uncrushed pepper export destinations in 216 25

Countries Importer Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) Share in South Africa's exports (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) World 13725-7973 1 2625 8 12 32 USA 397 397 28.5 56 1-3 12 Australia 2859 2859 2.8 61 5 17 64 United Kingdom 262 2618 19.1 563 33 29-2 Japan 1226 119 8.9 169 1-2 22 Canada 628 628 4.6 77 3 6 52 Netherlands 435 435 3.2 48 11 91 Brazil 31-144 2.2 13 127 68 95 New Zealand 244 244 1.8 35 6 11-53 Namibia 224 224 1.6 228 23 53-39 Switzerland 15 15 1.1 7-11 -14 183 Ireland 116 116.8 14-1 1 127 Zimbabwe 97 97.7 44 72 75 41 Belgium 88 75.6 7 68 58-19 Source: ITC Trade Map Figure 25 shows South Africa's crushed or ground pepper export destinations in 216. Figure 25: South Africa's crushed pepper export destinations in 216 Brazil Area Nes Mozambique Hong Kong, China Angola Zimbabwe Namibia USA Source: ITC Trade Map 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 Share in South Africa's exports (%) 26

Figure 25 above shows that during 216, South Africa crushed pepper mostly to the United States of America, Botswana and Namibia. United States of America commanded a 33.9% share of South Africa s crushed pepper exports, followed by the Botswana with a 21.3% and Namibia with 1.4%. South African pepper exports to the world have increased by 45% in terms of quantity between 212 and 216. The value of crushed pepper exports to the Botswana increased by 46% in value and 55% in quantity between 212 and 216. Table 8: South Africa's pepper crushed or ground export destinations in 216 Share Importers Value in 216 (USD thousand) Trade balance 216 (USD thousand) in South Africa' s export s (%) Quantity in 216 (tons) Growth in value between 212-216 (%, p.a.) Growth in quantity between 212-216 (%, p.a.) World 368-748 1 1835 29 45 13 USA 1222 122 33.9 22 48 55 64 Botswana 767 766 21.3 1197 46 72-11 Namibia 377 359 1.4 139 15 5 5 Canada 273 273 7.6 25 26 21 25 Zimbabwe 253 253 7 6 63 33 86 Zambia 179 179 5 26 11 11 9 Angola 92 92 2.5 12 27 24 197 Kenya 89 89 2.5 7 14-4 -52 Hong Kong, China 44 44 1.2 9 42 45 69 Lesotho 43 43 1.2 49-3 5 169 Mozambique 42 42 1.2 11 3 7-6 Swaziland 29 29.8 3 12 55 4 Area Nes 25 25.7 13 2 6 Mauritius 21 21.6 4 4-2 25 Brazil 21-151.6 1 2 Source: ITC Trade Map Growth in value between 215-216 (%, p.a.) Figure 26 below shows South Africa s provincial ginger exports from 27 to 216. South Africa ginger mainly through Gauteng, Western Cape and Kwazulu Natal. Limpopo province, notably contributed to ginger export during 29. There was a sharp increase in Gauteng export value during 21, and from 211 to 212, the export value for this province gradually increased. The Western Cape, Kwazulu Natal, Mpumalanga and Limpopo export values have notably increased, while Gauteng export has dropped in comparison to previous year export values. In 214, there was a sharp increase in Western Cape, Gauteng, Free State and Limpopo ginger export values. During 215, Free State ginger export value has notably increased and this can be ascribed to an increase in ginger export to the neighbouring Lesotho. During the same year, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu Natal ginger export value have also significantly increased while Northern Cape has contributed for the first time to ginger provincial exports. During 216, Western 27

Value (Rand) Cape and Gauteng were the leading provinces in ginger export, however Gauteng ginger export value has dropped by 25% in comparison to 215 export value. At the same time, there was a signifant increase in Free State, KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, and Eastern Cape while Limpopo ginger export value experienced a notable decrement in comparison to 215. 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 26: South Africa's provincial ginger exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 53494 669369 57241 133871 718771 652985 15837 467248 4967966 66384 Eastern Cape 469 61 1828 3269 75816 Northern Cape 9583 Free State 197123 1366587 19594 KwaZulu-Natal 26122 22659 15146 35835 13746 76147 215495 82838 1524214 186838 North West 21523 181672 27745 Gauteng 545419 113941 93231 7712194 8818139 9175336 816752 8584637 7447418 5566688 Mpumalanga 9859 1185 29926 57854 3173 135832 335665 Limpopo 64137 41546 2957 9247 43922 1163189 76326 12442 The figure 27 below illustrates that South Africa coriander seeds mainly through the Western Cape and Gauteng. KwaZulu Natal contributed to South Africa s exports to a lesser extent. Limpopo province contributed to coriander seed exports in 28, but the export value of R3 943 was less significant. In 21, Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal provincial export values surged when compared to 29 export values. During 212, Gauteng export value drastically decreased, while the Western Cape export value notably increased. In 213, South Africa coriander seeds through Western Cape and Gauteng and export values recorded for these provinces have surged in comparison to 212. Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape contributed for the first time to South Africa s coriander seed exports during 214, but the export values were trivial. In the same year, Western Cape exports drastically increased, while Gauteng and Kwazulu Natal export values have notably decreased in comparison to 213 values. The figure illustrates that there was a slight increase of.8% of coriander seed exports from Western Cape in 215, while Mpumalanga has surged which can be attributed to exports destined to the neighbouring Mozambique. At the same time, Gauteng export value has sharply dropped, whereas KwaZulu Natal export value has experienced a significant increment. Western Cape continued to be the primary exit point for South Africa s coriander seed export during 216. However the export value dropped slightly by 2.5%. Gauteng export value has surged by 297% while KwaZulu Natal export value has 83% in comparison to 215 values. 28

Value (Rand) Value (Rand) 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 27: South Africa's provincial coriander seed exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 224592 22837 22325 2721 28189 24634 93274 1382982 1297627 1265231 Eastern Cape 435 1498 Free State 358 2853 KwaZulu-Natal 21239 31534 29656 12762 3418 24985 47672 34259 26186 43669 Gauteng 1697 3114 7762 1377578 96266 95445 46557 368334 16958 425335 Mpumalanga 218 28176 84 Limpopo 3943 65 15 Figure 28 illustrates the South Africa s provincial turmeric exports to the world between 27 and 216. Figure 28: Value of South Africa's provincial turmeric exports 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Years 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 78533 18516 292822 337467 446144 4263 389471 573486 494819 756216 Eastern Cape 28 Free State 35617 21217 KwaZulu-Natal 13692 86516 37778 6248 72315 61948 6775 7769 11157 226741 Gauteng 174466 187598 172677 15659 616171 1933381 2635872 2835597 27669 297271 Mpumalanga 2548 422 558 1968 522 Limpopo 19766 117514 8571 11823 36221 6 81 Source: Quantec Easydata 29

Value (Rand) Figure 28 above illustrates South Africa s provincial turmeric exports. The figure shows that turmeric was primarily through Gauteng, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal provinces. Limpopo province recorded considerable export values in 29 and 21 and attained a peak of R117 514 in 21. During 21, there was a sharp increase in Western Cape export value. In 211, Western and KwaZulu Natal Cape export values went up, while Gauteng and Limpopo export values decreased. Mpumalanga contributed to South Africa s provincial export of turmeric during 212, but the value was insignificant. In the same year, the Gauteng export value surged when compared to 211 export value. During 213, Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and Limpopo export values have notably increased in comparison to the previous year exports. Gauteng province continued to contribute significantly to South Africa s provincial turmeric exports during 214, Western Cape and KwaZulu Natal export values have also increased. The figure shows that Gauteng turmeric export value has declined by 2.4% and Western Cape export value has dropped by 13.7% in 215 as compared to 214 export values. In the same year, Free State and KwaZulu Natal have contributed significantly to South Africa s provincial turmeric exports. During 216, Western Cape and Gauteng were still the primary exit points for turmeric from South Africa, KwaZulu Natal export value has eased higher by 13%, while Free State export value has gone down by 43% when compared to 215. 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 29: South Africa's provincial pepper exports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 3352232 45334 4644483 44149215 59823846 71545797 9623712 119653689 13923223 136174264 Eastern Cape 265234 45 61954 92 9 16912 Northern Cape 4142 2129 Free State 1555 112515 11178 216346 966514 983856 KwaZulu-Natal 392722 18691 68197 139918 76332 422714 1556941 848452 4373899 7533184 North West 8563 266422 269786 Gauteng 4244114 1963819 1848336 14244969 11375952 1151526 15129468 2897829 33123886 15886178 Mpumalanga 15527 3155 3833 94 6722 3986 2231 74478 43716 Limpopo 1167526 34666 1534 51435 31914 27569 177 11451 63242 Figure 29 above shows the values of South Africa s provincial pepper exports from 27 to 216. South Africa pepper mainly through Western Cape, Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal provinces to a lesser extent. This can be ascribed to export exit points located mostly in this 3

province. In 27, Limpopo provincial pepper export value was significantly higher and attained a peak of R1.1 million. During 28, Western Cape export value went up by 39% in comparison to the 27 export value. In 21, there was a notable increase of 62% in Gauteng export value when compared to the previous year export value. KwaZulu Natal pepper exports grew significantly higher during 212. From 211, Western Cape pepper export values gradually increased, reaching a peak of R139 million in 215 and Gauteng province also attained a peak of R32.9 million export value of pepper. During the same year, North West province recorded a notable increase in pepper export value in comparison to the 214 export value. The increase in export value recorded for North West province can be attributed to a notable 26.85% share of pepper exports destined for neighbouring Botswana. During 216, Western Cape has continued to be the primary exit point for pepper for South Africa, however the export value has dropped by 2.2%. At the same time, Gauteng export value has surged, KwaZulu Natal, Limpopo and Eastern Cape have also registered notable increases while Mpumalanga pepper export has sharply declined when compared to 215 export value. 2.3 South Africa herb and spice imports In 216, South Africa s celery import represent % of the world celery import and its ranked number 119 in the world celery imports. Canada, United Kingdom, United States of America and Russian Federation are still the top countries importing celery. South Africa s uncrushed coriander seed imports represent 1.1% of the world uncrushed coriander seeds and its ranking in the world is 2. Argentina supplied 26.7% of South Africa uncrushed coriander seeds, followed by Romania with 24.5% and the India with 15.5%. Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Egypt are the top countries importing uncrushed coriander seeds. South Africa s crushed coriander seeds imports represent 1.7% of the world crushed coriander seeds and its ranking in the world is 1. India has supplied 97.9% of South Africa crushed coriander seeds, followed by Ukraine with.8% and the Russian Federation with.6%. In 216, South Africa, United Kingdom, Malaysia and United States of America are the top countries importing crushed coriander seeds. Uncrushed ginger imports represent.4% of the world imports and South Africa s ranking in the world imports is 33. Nigeria has supplied 73.1% of South Africa uncrushed ginger imports followed by China with 22.6% and India with 1.9% share of imports. Japan, United States of America and Pakistan command more than 34% of the world uncrushed ginger imports. Crushed ginger imports represent 1.6% of the world imports and South Africa s ranking in the world imports is 1. India has supplied 6.3% of South Africa crushed ginger imports followed by China with 22.7% and Nigeria with 14.6% share of imports. Japan, Germany, Japan, United States of America and United Kingdom commanded more than 52% of the world crushed ginger imports. South Africa s turmeric represents 2.3% world imports and its ranking in the world is 14. India has supplied 95.5% of imports and India has supplied 2.8% of South Africa s turmeric imports. United States of America, India and Iran are the top countries importing turmeric. South Africa s uncrushed pepper imports represent.9% of the world import and its ranking in the world pepper imports is 25. During 216, Viet Nam supplied 72.4% of uncrushed pepper imports, followed by Singapore with 9.4% and Malaysia has supplied 9.4% of the imports. South Africa s crushed pepper imports represent 1.7% of the world import and its ranking in the world pepper imports is 31

Volume (tons) Value (Rand) 12. During 216, Viet Nam supplied 54.4% of crushed pepper imports, followed by Singapore with 3.4% and India has supplied 5.4% of the imports. Figure 3 shows South Africa s celery imports between 27 and 216.. 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 3: South Africa's celery imports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume(tons) Value (Rand) 3 25 2 15 1 5 The figure 3 above shows that, South Africa imported less than two tons of celery in 27. During 28, celery imports surged and in 29, the import volume dropped to its lowest volume. The imports of celery sharply increased to just above 6 tons in 21 and in 211, the imports declined by 66% in comparison to 21 imports. There was a sharp increase in celery imports during 212 and in the following year the export volume was a record high in a ten year period. In 214, celery imports drastically decreased as compared to the celery imports in 213. During 215, celery imports have declined further to.5 tons. It was more expensive to import celery in 29, 211, 214. It was relatively more expensive for South Africa to import celery during 215, as compared to the 214 import value. In 216, South Africa celery import was incomparably higher when compared to 215 celery import and it was also relatively more expensive to import celery. 32

Volume (tons) Value (Rand) Volume (Tons) Value (Rand) 25 2 15 1 5 Figure 31: South Africa's ginger import 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume (Tons) Value (Rand) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Source: Quantec Easydata The figure 31 above shows that in 26, South Africa has imported approximately 1 5 tons of ginger. The lowest ginger imports were recorded in 28 and the import volume was less than 9 tons. From 29, ginger imports gradually increased, reaching a peak volume in 212 and the imports were just above 2 tons. In 213, there was a 26% decline in ginger imports and during 214, imports slightly increased to 1 828 tons. It was by far more expensive for South Africa to import ginger during 214.The figure shows that in 215, the import volume has slightly dropped by 6.6% in comparison to 214 export volume. It was slightly more expensive for South Africa to import ginger in comparison to 214 import value. During 216. South Africa has imported 26% more ginger and it was also more expensive to import when compared to 215 import. 6 5 4 3 2 1 Figure 32 : South Africa's coriander seed imports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume (tons) Value (Rand) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Source: Quantec Easydata 33

Volume (tons) Value (Rand) The figure 32 above illustrates that in 27, South Africa imported just above 3 6 tons of coriander seeds from the world. During 28, coriander seed imports has increased by 9% and in 29, the imports notably by 36%. The import volume of coriander seed increased in 21 and dropped to a record low during 211 and the volume was just above 2 2 tons. The highest volume of coriander seed import was recorded in 214 and the imports were 4 827 tons.. During 215, there was a slight decrement of 12.6% in import volume. In 28 and from 213 to 215, it was fairly expensive to import coriander seeds when compared to the other years. South Africa s coriander seed imports has eased higher by 16.9% during 216, when compared to the previous year (215). At the same year, it was cheaper to import coriander seeds Figure 33 below illustrates that South Africa imported approximately 2 2 tons of turmeric during 27. In the same period, it was also relatively cheaper to import turmeric. In 28, the import volume slightly increased by 5% and the volume was also imported at a higher value when compared to 27. During 21 and 211, South Africa s turmeric imports were just above 23 tons and it was relatively expensive to import turmeric in the same years. In 212, the import volume dropped by 2% when compared to 211. Imports dropped further in 213 and it was cheaper to import turmeric. During 214, South Africa imported the highest volume of turmeric of 2 781 tons. In 215 there was a slight decline of 13.5% in turmeric imports in comparison to 214 import volume. It was fairly more costly for South Africa to import turmeric during 215 as less volume were imported at a higher value. In 216, South Africa turmeric import was 22.7% higher in comparison to 215 imports and it was relatively more expensive to import turmeric during the same year. 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Figure 33: South Africa turmeric import 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Years Volume (tons) Value (Rand) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 34 is an illustration of South Africa s ginger imports between 27 and 216. 34

Volume (Kg) 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 34: South Africa's ginger imports from regions 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 4483 58932 378946 611982 283218 32658 52482 963576 54983 987825 Americas 1471 16 2554 252 48 19313 18959 271 Asia 14353 346653 6628 734631 132795 17861 129845 84376 11542 1178234 Europe 4934 279 357 4533 173 697 258 1171 52 277 Not allocated 16 1 275 395 Figure 34 above illustrates ginger imports from the regions from 27 to 216. South Africa imported ginger primarily from Asia and Africa. In 27 and 28, a notable import volume of ginger was sourced from Europe. The figure illustrates that the high volumes of ginger were also imported from Asia during 27. In 21, South African overall ginger import volume has gone up. During 212, imports of ginger from Asia were a record high, when compared to the other years. In 213, the imports from Africa sharply increased while imports from Asia have dropped. In 214, imports from Asia continued to decline, while imports from Africa continued to increase in comparison to 213 imports. The figure illustrates the decline 74.5% in the imports of ginger from Asia in 215 as compared to 214. In the same year, Africa region was the leading source of South African ginger imports, while Americas region has supplied 19 tons of ginger. Asia and Africa regions continued to be the primary suppliers of South Africa s turmeric imports, while the imports from Americas and Europe were trivial. 35

Volume ( Kg) Volume (Kg) 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 35: South Africa's celery imports from regions 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 373 734 5436 15764 885 465 Asia 1 499 124 595 2238 3 1527 Europe 149 22 2 Figure 35 above shows the sources of South Africa s celery imports between 27 and 216 were mainly from Asia, followed by Africa and low import volumes of celery were from Europe. In 26 and 27, South Africa celery imports were sourced solely from Asia. During 28, celery imports from Asia sharply increased and in 29 a small volume of celery was imported from Europe. In 21, South African celery imports were sourced from Asia and Africa. There was a notable increase in celery imports from Africa during 212 and in the following year the imports from this region increased significantly. In 214, celery was imported solely from Africa, but the volume had severely dropped by 94% in comparison to 213. In 215, imports from Africa region have dropped further to 465kg and celery import from Europe was insignificant. In 216, South Africa has solely imported celery form Asia region. 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 36: South Africa's tumeric imports from regions 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Africa 3375 229 29 6 25 152 Americas 16925 1 28 386 15 Asia 2225142 2336991 219761 2465959 236614 2588965 266374 278541 2395359 294691 Europe 595 29 264 183 77 18 831 843 834 1955 36

Value (Rand) Figure 36 above shows the various regions that supplied turmeric to South Africa. The figure shows that South Africa imported turmeric mainly from the Asian region. A notable volume of turmeric was imported from Africa in 27 and 28. The figure shows that South Africa s turmeric imports from Asia attained a peak in 214. America supplied South Africa with a notable volume of turmeric during 29 and attained a peak of 16 925 kg. The quantity of turmeric imports from Europe was less significant from 27 to 215. During 212, there was a notable increase of 9.4% in turmeric imports and in 21, the import volume dropped by 2%. South Africa imported the highest volume of turmeric in 214 when compared to 213.The figure shows that the imports of turmeric from Asia declined by 13.8% in 215 as compared to 214. In 216, Asia region continued to be the primary supplier of South Africa s turmeric imports and the import volume has increased by 23% in comparison to 215 import. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 37: South Africa's provincial coriander seed imports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 366351 3967447 1663477 124461 24313 2536891 1619428 149995 1181469 7617411 Eastern Cape 826 9284 KwaZulu-Natal 1767455 17328498 125316 13291423 859232 22843695 31397512 53667251 45866682 5838439 North West 13217 5269 1241 Gauteng 8536591 2149332 11616659 148523 719828 5875811 5739769 1888983 2132115 152518 Mpumalanga 3564 564 Figure 37 above shows the entry points of South African coriander seed imports. KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provinces have recorded high coriander seed import values. Western Cape recorded a high import value in 28. North West recorded its first import value in 21, but the value was insignificant. In 212, KwaZulu Natal import value sharply increased. Eastern Cape registered its import value during 213, but the value was insignificant. Import values for KwaZulu Natal and Western Cape have significantly improved in 214, while Mpumalanga import value was insignificant. Gauteng province import value of coriander seed has notably increased as compared to the 214 import value, while KwaZulu Natal and Western Cape import values has experienced decrement. During 216, there was a notable increase in KwaZulu Natal and North West coriander seed import values, whereas Western Cape and Gauteng import values eased significantly lower in comparison to 215 import values. 37

Value (Rand) Years 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 38: South Africa's provincial turmeric imports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 126315 388618 226855 39548 1974648 2397186 3132334 355726 758825 842844 Eastern Cape 1862 15596 23531 KwaZulu-Natal 339724 262 1896118 4379339 3613877 25128855 2163977 343845 338588 5852824 North West 54932 13124 Gauteng 8579151 2867413 3734374 131799123847 449954 61327 8274967 11246871683869 Mpumalanga 1511 Figure 38 above illustrates that KwaZulu Natal was by far the main entry point of turmeric imports from various regions of the world, followed by Gauteng and Western Cape provinces. In 28, Gauteng province recorded high import value while North West province recorded a notable import value during 29. A record high import value has been registered for KwaZulu Natal province in 21. KwaZulu Natal import value gradually decreased from 211 and 213. The figure also shows that, Eastern Cape contributed in turmeric imports in 211 and 213, but the import values were insignificant below R16 per annum. During 214, KwaZulu Natal province continued to be the primary entry point of turmeric imports. In the same year, Gauteng and Western Cape import values notably increased in comparison to 213. The figure shows that in 215 turmeric imports to Gauteng slightly declined by 1.4% as compared to 214 import value. The figure shows that in the same year, turmeric import value for Western Cape has doubled while Gauteng import value has gone up by 35.8% as compared to 214 import value. During 216, KwaZulu Natal was by far the main entry point of South Africa s turmeric imports, followed by Gauteng and Western Cape, whilst Eastern Cape import value was less significant compared to 215 import value. 38

Value (Rand) 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Years Source: Quantec Easydata Figure 39 : South Africa's provincial ginger imports 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 1188981 674149 1365336 1978898 2635171 4833967 251658 537637 7445342 8376441 Eastern Cape 1576 48916 5658 Free State 957 12411 2789 KwaZulu-Natal 4471 367345 2487584 1494841 95277 11393258 833683 12396315 12152865 1879352 Gauteng 3789427 384487 4247992 138655 1145616 9545655 892238 19213145 18149192 31152376 Mpumalanga 27 61 Limpopo 958773 396956 Figure 39 above shows that, South Africa imported ginger mainly through Gauteng and KwaZulu Natal. A notable import value was recorded for Mpumalanga province during 21. From 27 to 29 KwaZulu Natal import value gradually decreased. There was a sharp increase in KwaZulu Natal, Gauteng and Western Cape ginger import values in 21. Free State contributed to South Africa s ginger imports only in 21 and the Eastern Cape recorded import value only in 211, but the ginger import values were insignificant. In 212, the Western Cape ginger import value doubled when compared to the previous year. Limpopo province contributed notably to South Africa s import in 214, while the Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng imports have significantly increased. The figure shows that the ginger import value to Gauteng province decreased to R18 million during 215, while Eastern Cape and Free State have recorded trivial import values. At the same time, Western Cape ginger import value has increased to R7.4 million. In 216, there was a surge in ginger import values recorded for Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provinces. At the same time, Eastern Cape and Free State import values have recorded notable increases in the import values, however the values were less significant in comparison to other provinces. Figure 4 below illustrates the entry points of South Africa s pepper imports. The figure illustrates that Gauteng, KwaZulu Natal and Western Cape provinces were the primary entry points for South Africa s pepper imports. Low import values of pepper were recorded for Eastern Cape in 27 and 21 while Free State and Mpumalanga imports were trivial. During 28, there was a notable increase in Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provincial pepper import values. From 21, Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng provincial pepper import values steadily increased reaching peaks in 215. During 216, Western Cape, KwaZulu Natal and Gauteng continued to be the primary entry point for South Africa s pepper imports, Mpumalanga, Eastern Cape, North West and Free State have recorded insignificant pepper import values. 39

Value (Rand) Figure 4: South Africa's provincial pepper imports 25 2 15 1 5 Years 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 Western Cape 1383996 25866361 2153228 2995968 5494945 7188334 8994269 1276534531858892119489221 Eastern Cape 235 3792 1344 3141 4339 61 72 14335 Free State 2817 3128 KwaZulu-Natal 1415727 1852321 1135985 198148 38456143 39871752 49474212 48748857 7342917 19519625 North West 5268 14886 412787 17123 365466 194488 3813 Gauteng 294285 28343329 28914854 324232 4945115 6687762 7762429 96735787 116739151177452684 Mpumalanga 7 7 129 3465 Source: Quantec Easydata 4

3. POST PRODUCTION PROCESS Figure 41: Value Chain for herbs and spice distribution Douglas et al, 25 The distribution structure in the spice and herb trade can be divided into lines of supply to the three broad market sectors industrial, catering and retail (Figure 41). The structure of the supply tree shows there are a number different routes to market, and the most direct is the producer supplying directly to the industrial sector. It is estimated that about 85% of the international trade of herbs and spices is dried and cleaned for use in a crude form without further processing. 41

Figure 42: Post Harvest Processing and products produced from spices and herbs Douglas et al, 25 Spice and herb production can be sub-divided into a number of activities, and although there is a route to market through by-product extraction, most spices and herbs have a series of post-harvest operations, which follows a logical sequence. The post-harvest processing tree shows each stage in the process (Figure 42). 42

4. MARKET INTELLIGENCE Market access remains a major impediment for the expansion of trade in agricultural commodities and processed foodstuffs. Many developed countries have tariff escalation structures that stimulate the import of relatively unprocessed agricultural commodities at the expense of processed products. In addition to tariff protection, developed countries have non-tariff barriers that can be used to alter the shape of trade and discourage the importation of processed agricultural products. These non-tariff barriers include sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, as well as anti-dumping and countervailing duties and safeguards. Tariffs applied by the various countries to herbs and spices originating from South Africa during 216 are presented from Tables 9 to 13. 4.1 Tariffs Table 9: Tariffs applied by various exports markets to coriander seeds from South Africa. Country Product description (H9921 crushed or ground ) and (H9922 neither crushed nor ground) Trade regime description Applied tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Applied tariff 215 216 Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Angola Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% Australia Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Brazil Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% China Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 15.% 15.% 15.% 15.% Egypt Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% Ghana Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% India Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 3.% 3.% 3.% 3.% Japan Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 6.% 6.% 6.% 6.% Kenya Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 25.% 25.% 25.% 25.% Namibia Coriander seeds Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% MFN duties (Applied) 25.35 $/Ton.7% 25.35 $/Ton.7% Switzerland Corriander seeds Preferential tariff for.%.%.%.% 43

Product description (H9921 crushed or ground ) and (H9922 neither crushed nor ground) Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Trade regime Applied Applied Country description tariff tariff SACU countries United States of America Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Viet Nam Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied) 15.% 15.% 15.% 15.% Zimbabwe Coriander seeds MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Zambia Coriander seeds Source: Market Access Map Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% During 216 South Africa s uncrushed and crushed coriander seed export market was mainly in Zimbabwe, United States of America, Zambia and Switzerland. These countries apply % tariff and India applies 3% to the coriander seeds originating from South Africa. Other African market in Kenya is protected by a high tariff of 25%. Brazil received 6.4% of South Africa s crushed coriander seed export and it applies 1% tariff. Angola is still protected by a tariff of 1% in spite of the existence of the SADC-FTA. South Africa can look for coriander seed export market in Namibia and Botswana as these countries apply % tariff to coriander seed originating from South Africa due to Intra-SACU. Other lucrative export markets for coriander seed from South Africa is in Switzerland, which applies a % preferential tariff to coriander seed originating from South Africa and SACU region. Table 1 Tariffs applied by various export markets to celery from South Africa. Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Product description Applied tariff Applied tariff Country (H794) Trade regime description 215 216 Botswana Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% China Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% India Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 3.% 3.% 3.% 3.% Lesotho Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Malawi Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South.%.%.%.% 44

Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Product description Applied tariff Applied tariff Country (H794) Trade regime description 215 216 Africa Mauritius Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Mexico Celery (fresh or chilled) MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Mozambique Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 15.% 15.%.%.% Namibia Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Seychelles Celery (fresh or chilled) General Tariff 15.% 15.% 15.% 15.% Spain Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% Swaziland Celery (fresh or chilled) Intra SACU rate).%.%.%.% United Kingdom Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% United States of America Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for AGOA countries.%.%.%.% Zambia Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% Zimbabwe Source: Market Access Map Celery (fresh or chilled) Preferential tariff for South Africa 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% Botswana, Namibia, Mozambique and Swaziland were still the primary markets for celery exports from South Africa in 216. Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland apply % Intra-SACU rate for celery exports originating from South Africa. Mozambique export markets reduced tariff from 15% to % during 215, thereby complying with SADC-FTA. Zimbabwe export market is still protected by 1% tariff in spite of the SADC-FTA. United States of America and Spain were top importers/ markets for celery during 215 and these countries apply % preferential tariff. South Africa can diversify its celery exports to these countries as these countries apply % tariff to celery from South Africa. India and China are top countries producing herbs and their domestic producers are protected by 3% and 1% tariff respectively. 45

Table 11: Tariffs applied by various exports markets to ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry seeds from South Africa. Estimated total Estimated total ad valorem ad valorem Applied tariff equivalent tariff Applied tariff equivalent tariff Country Angola Canada Botswana China India Japan Kenya Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Nigeria Product description (H91) Trade regime description 215 216 Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 3.% 3.% 15.% 15.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 3.% 3.% 3.% 3.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 9.% 9.% 9.% 9.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 25.% 25.% 25.% 25.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, Preferential tariff for thyme, bay leaves and curry South Africa 15.% 15.% 15.% 15.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, Preferential tariff for thyme, bay leaves and curry South Africa.%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, Namibia thyme, bay leaves and curry Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Sudan Ginger, saffron, turmeric, General tariff 25.% 25.% 25.% 25.% 46

Country Seychelles Swaziland Turkey United Kingdom United States of America Zimbabwe Source: Market Access Map Applied tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Applied tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Product description (H91) Trade regime description 215 216 thyme, bay leaves and curry Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry General tariff.%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied) 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, Preferential tariff for thyme, bay leaves and curry South Africa.%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% During 216, South Africa (ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry) mainly to Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho, Zambia, Lesotho and Swaziland. Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland apply % Intra-SACU rate to (ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry) exports originating from South Africa. Zimbabwe and Zambia also applies % preferential tariff for South Africa to (ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry) exports. Kenya and China are the top countries in spice production and these markets are protected by 3% and 25% tariff respectively. India is a top exporter of (ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme, bay leaves and curry) and its domestic market is highly protected by 3% tariff. 47

Table 12: Tariffs applied by various exports markets to pepper from South Africa. Product description (H9411 Applied tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Applied tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Country Pepper neither crush nor ground) and (9412 crushed or ground) Trade regime description 215 216 Australia Pepper MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Botswana Pepper Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Brazil Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 1.% 1.% 1.% 1.% China Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% Germany Pepper Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% India Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 7.% 7.% 7.% 7.% Canada Pepper MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Indonesia Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 5.% 5.% 5.% 5.% Israel Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 5.% 5.% 5.% 5.% Japan Pepper Preferential tariff for GSP countries.%.%.%.% Malawi Pepper Preferential tariff for South Africa 15.% 15.% 15.% 15.% Malaysia Pepper MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Namibia Pepper Intra SACU rate.%.%.%.% Nigeria Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% Singapore Pepper MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% Kenya Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 25.% 25.% 25.% 25.% United Kingdom Pepper MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% United States of America Pepper MFN duties (Applied).%.%.%.% 48

Country Product description (H9411 Pepper neither crush nor ground) and (9412 crushed or ground) Trade regime description Applied tariff Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff Applied tariff 215 216 Viet Nam Pepper MFN duties (Applied) 2.% 2.% 2.% 2.% Zambia Pepper Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% Zimbabwe Pepper Preferential tariff for South Africa.%.%.%.% Source: Market Access Map Estimated total ad valorem equivalent tariff During 216, South Africa uncrushed pepper mainly to the United States of America, Australia, United Kingdom and Japan. South Africa has crushed pepper primarily to United States of America, Botswana, Namibia, Canada and Zimbabwe. United States of America, United Kingdom, Australia, Namibia, Japan, Canada and Botswana apply % tariff to pepper exports originating from South Africa. In the other African market, Zimbabwe also applies % for South Africa to pepper exports while Kenya is still protected by 25% tariff. India, Malawi and Viet Nam are the top countries in pepper production and these markets are protected by 7%,15% and 2% tariff respectively. 49

4.2 Non-tariff barriers One major problem for the industry is to ensure quality standards are maintained by growing and processing clean, high quality spice that has no contamination. This requires a concerted effort by the growers, processors, and traders to make certain that the products are of the highest standard to meet food hygiene requirements. There is a need to identify the problem areas (e.g. drying methods, or storage) that can have a significant effect on the quality outcome. The adoption of a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system which focuses on prevention rather than relying mainly on end-product testing would seem to be a worthwhile advance. The HACCP system provides a science-based and systematic approach to identify specific hazards and measures for their control. It ensures the safety of foods. There is a need for the production and processing stages for each crop to have individual HACCP procedures developed and adopted to ensure quality standards and to provide an insight into the most hazardous areas likely to affect spice quality. The International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), a worldwide network of national standards institutes working in partnership, develops voluntary technical standards for a wide range of products that are traded internationally. ISO standards for specific spices and essential oils have been formulated and adopted by the technical committees representing the producer nations and are being continually updated. The ISO standards help raise the levels of quality and provide assurance of minimum standards as well as detailing standardized analytical methods. The Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted a Code of Hygienic Practice for Spice and Dried Aromatic Plants in 1995 (CAC/RCP 42-1995). This code details hygienic requirements in the production/harvesting area, in the establishment design and facilities, for personal hygiene, for hygienic processing requirements and the end-products specifications. A comprehensive guide of practical information about the quality parameters and specifications of the common spices imported into United States spice processing industry is available at The Centre for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition within the USA. 4.2.1 The EU It is essential for exporters from SADC countries to know the EU market access requirements for spices and herbs. The EU places emphasis on standards through legislation, codes, markings, labels and certificates with respect to quality, environment, safety & health and labour conditions. Exporters from SADC countries can obtain more information regarding these requirements from www.cbi.nl/accessguide. Food legislation, known as the General Food Law, which was initially introduced to ensure that consumers gained more confidence in various food products, can make a potential exporter s life a little more difficult. It includes various provisions on the traceability of food and differs from country to country. It is best to obtain country-specific information, available at www.europa.eu.int/comm/food/indexen.html. Documentation and labels of suppliers are also crucial to the food industry, as food travelling across internal borders is required to have this information available for traceability purposes. The most important piece of legislation regarding herbs and spices deals with the maximum levels of aflatoxin that may be present in the product, especially for capsicum, pepper (black, green, white and long pepper), nutmeg, ginger and turmeric. The maximum acceptable levels of aflatoxin are listed in Regulation (EC) 472/22, which is an amendment of Regulation (EC) 466/21, which sets maximum levels for contaminants 5

in foodstuffs. Sampling methods for aflatoxin in spices are available in the Commission Directive 22/27/EC. 4.2.2 NAFTA In NAFTA, and particularly the US as the region s most important market for herbs and spices, the existing known non-tariff barriers are the Inspection and Phytosanitary Requirements. The US Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) specifies that all spices and herbs entering the US are subject to a thorough inspection and checks. For example, before being imported 48 Trade Information Brief into the US, shipments of cumin seed from Pakistan packed in jute or burlap bagging must be fumigated with methyl bromide to prevent diseases from potentially entering the country. Contaminated shipments are either sent back, destroyed or decontaminated. Paperwork detailing the country of origin must be presented to the relevant officers at the port of entry for verification of species, as well as a packing list and phytosanitary certificate. Other information required includes the size of the shipment and a compliance history. SADC exporters of spices and herbs can obtain more information regarding these requirements from www.fas.usda.gov/itp/ofsts/us.html, http://www.arms.usda.gov.nop and www.ioia.net. 4.2.3 Japan Japan has very tight controls and many believe that the only successful way to ship agricultural commodities into Japan is through a Japanese agent or wholesaler. Japan places great emphasis on phytosanitory measures and all fresh spices and herbs must go through Plant Quarantine Law procedures. Certain forms of dried spices, including dried turmeric, dried pepper and spices packaged for retail uses are, however, exempt. Spices must also comply with the Food Sanitation Law. 5. LOGISTICAL ISSUES 5.1 Mode of transport The harvested raw plant material of the spice crop should be transported promptly in clean, dry conditions. The crop may be placed in clean baskets, dry sacks, trailers, hoppers or other wellaerated containers and carried to a central point for transport to the processing facility. All containers used at harvest should be kept clean and free from contamination by previouslyharvested plant products and other foreign matter. If plastic containers are used, particular attention should be paid to any possible retention of moisture that could lead to the growth of mould. When containers are not in use, they should be kept in dry conditions, in an area that is protected from insects, rodents, birds and other pests, and inaccessible to livestock and domestic animals. Conveyances used for transporting bulk plant materials from the place of production to storage for processing should be cleaned between loads. Bulk transport, such as ship or rail cars, where appropriate, should be well ventilated to remove moisture from plant materials and to prevent condensation. 51

5.2 Storage There is a need for quality storage both on farm and off-farm, with cool stores and warehousing facilities linked to post harvest crop management. Spices deteriorate rapidly in adverse conditions and should be stored in well prepared and maintained storage facilities. It is essential the moisture level of the spice to be stored is at safe level prior to storage. This is usually below 1% moisture. The storehouse should be damp proof, vermin proof and bird proof and where possible have controlled ventilation and devices to control humidity and temperature. A dehumidifier fitted to a storage room, by keeping the atmosphere always dry, can eliminate mould and insect attacks. The room should be fumigated before storage, the walls whitewashed regularly and the facility kept dry. 5.3 Packaging Processed plant materials should be packaged as quickly as possible to prevent deterioration of the product and as a protection against exposure to pest attacks and other sources of contamination. Continuous in-process quality control measures should be implemented to eliminate substandard materials, contaminants and foreign matter prior to and during the final stages of packaging. Processed plant materials should be packaged in clean, dry boxes, sacks, bags or other containers in accordance with standard operating procedures and national and/or regional regulations of the producer and the end-user countries. Materials used for packaging should be non-polluting, clean, dry and in undamaged condition and should conform to the quality requirements for the plant materials concerned. Fragile plant materials should be packaged in rigid containers. Whenever possible, the packaging used should be agreed upon between supplier and buyer. Reusable packaging material such as jute sacks and mesh bags should be disinfected and thoroughly dried prior to reuse, so as to avoid contamination by previous contents. The International Trade Centre (UNCTAD/WTO) has produced a packaging manual (1999) for dried herbs and spices. This reviews products and relevant packaging standards; explains various types of packaging methods and packaging materials used for handling and storage of such products; outlines current trends and highlights health, safety and environmental issues affecting spice packaging (www.intracen.org). 6. COMPETITIVENESS OF SOUTH AFRICAN HERB AND SPICE EXPORTS. It is evident from Figure 43 below that South Africa s celery exports to Namibia, Malawi, Swaziland and Mozambique are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa s performance in these markets is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s celery exports to Lesotho, Zambia, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola are declining while world imports are growing into these countries. South African exports to Botswana and Zimbabwe are growing while as the world imports are declining. South Africa s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 44 below shows that Botswana and Namibia were still the largest markets for celery from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of celery are mainly in Canada and Mauritius. Other smaller markets exist in Germany and Swaziland. However, if South Africa has to diversify its celery exports, the most lucrative market exists in Malawi and Mozambique which have 52

increased their celery imports from the world by 34% and 25% respectively between 212-216 period. Angola, Lesotho, Zimbabwe, Swaziland, Netherlands and Democratic Republic of Congo have experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 45 below shows that South African uncrushed ginger exports are growing faster than the world imports into Angola, Namibia and Malawi. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa s uncrushed ginger exports to Saint Helena, Mozambique, Uruguay, Botswana and Swaziland are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and these markets are regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s uncrushed ginger exports to Lesotho are declining while world imports are growing into this country. South Africa exports to Zambia and Zimbabwe are growing while as the world imports are declining into these markets. South Africa s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 46 below shows that Botswana and Angola were the largest market for uncrushed ginger from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of ginger are mainly in Saint Helena, Mauritius and Viet Nam. Other smaller markets exist in the Israel, Thailand and Namibia. However, if South Africa has to diversify its ginger exports, the most lucrative market exists in Mozambique and Democratic Republic of Congo which has increased their uncrushed ginger imports from the world by 8% and 52% respectively between 212-216 period. Australia has experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 47 below shows that South African crushed ginger exports are growing faster than the world imports into Zimbabwe. South Africa has gained market share in this dynamic market. South Africa s crushed ginger exports to Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Botswana and Switzerland are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa s performance is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s crushed ginger exports to Zambia, Lesotho, Swaziland and Malawi are declining faster than the world imports into these countries. South Africa exports to Swaziland, Nigeria, Angola, Swaziland and Namibia are growing while as the world imports are declining into these countries. Figure 48 below shows that Botswana and Lesotho were the largest market for crushed ginger from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of ginger are mainly in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Madagascar. Other smaller markets exist in the United States of America and Australia. However, if South Africa has to diversify its ginger exports, the most lucrative market exists in Mozambique and Ghana, which have increased their crushed ginger imports from the world by 57% and 52% between 212-216 period. Nigeria, Swaziland and Angola have experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 49 below illustrates that South Africa s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports are growing faster than the world imports into Seychelles, Zambia and Japan. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports to Democratic Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, United Arab Emirates and Kenya are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa s performance in these markets is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports to United States of America and United Arab Emirates are declining while world imports are growing into these countries. South Africa s (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) exports to Malawi and Lesotho are declining faster 53

than the world imports in these countries. South Africa exports to Angola and Mauritius are growing while, the world imports are declining. South Africa s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 5 below shows that Namibia and Botswana were the largest market for ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry are mainly in Zimbabwe and Australia. Other smaller markets exist in the United Kingdom and United States of America. However, if South Africa has to diversify its ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry exports, the most lucrative market exists in Kenya and Mozambique, which have increased its (ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry) imports from the world by 38% and 17% between 212-216 period. Mauritius and Malawi have experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 51 below illustrates that South Africa s uncrushed coriander seed exports are growing faster than the world imports into Switzerland and United States of America. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa s uncrushed coriander seed exports to Zambia are growing slower than the world imports into this country and South Africa s performance is regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s uncrushed coriander seed exports to Zambia are declining while world imports are growing into this country. South Africa exports to Zimbabwe are growing while, the world imports are declining. South Africa s performance is regarded as a gain in a declining market. Figure 52 below shows that Zimbabwe is the biggest market for uncrushed coriander seed from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of uncrushed coriander seed are mainly in the United Kingdom, Australia, Namibia and Switzerland. Other smaller markets exist in the Egypt, Italy and France. However, if South Africa has to diversify its uncrushed coriander exports, the most lucrative market exists in Iran and United Arab Emirates which have increased their uncrushed coriander imports from the world by 75% and 59% between 212-216 period. China has experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 53 below illustrates that South Africa s crushed coriander seed exports to Zimbabwe are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and South Africa s performance in these markets is regarded as a loss in the dynamic markets. South Africa s crushed coriander seed exports to Namibia are declining faster than the world imports into this country. Figure 54 below shows that Australia was the biggest market for crushed coriander seed from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of uncrushed coriander seed are mainly in Zimbabwe, Bulgaria and India. Other smaller markets exist in Canada and France. However, if South Africa has to diversify its crushed coriander exports, the most lucrative market exists in Brazil, which has increased its crushed coriander imports from the world by 68% between 212-216 period. Russina Federation has experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 55 below shows that South African uncrushed pepper exports are growing faster than the world imports into United Kingdom, Israel, Brazil, Belgium and Mozambique. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa s uncrushed pepper exports to Mozambique, Namibia, Australia, Japan, Botswana, United States of America and Lesotho are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and these markets are regarded as a 54

loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s uncrushed pepper exports to Zimbabwe, Ireland and Rusian Federation are growing while the world imports are declining into these countries. Figure 56 below shows that United States of America, United Kingdom and Australia were the largest markets for uncrushed pepper from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of uncrushed pepper are mainly in Ethopia, Lesotho, Mozambique and Spain. Other smaller markets exist in the Mozambique and Canada. However, if South Africa has to diversify its uncrushed exports, the most lucrative market exists in Brazil and Namibia, which have increased their uncrushed pepper imports from the world by 37% and 33% respectively between 212-216 period. Netherlands and Zimbabwe have experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. Figure 57 below shows that South African crushed pepper exports are growing faster than the world imports into United States of America, Swaziland, Namibia Hong Kong, China and Canada. South Africa has gained market share in these dynamic markets. South Africa s crushed pepper exports to Nigeria, Mozambique, Zambia, Mauritius and Netherlands are growing slower than the world imports into these countries and these markets are regarded as a loss in the dynamic market. South Africa s crushed pepper exports to Angola, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Kenya are growing while world imports are declining into these countries. Figure 58 below shows that United States of America and Botswana were still the largest markets for crushed pepper from South Africa. Prospective markets for exports of crushed pepper are mainly in Australia, Mozambique and Hong Kong (China). Other smaller markets exist in the Namibia, Netherlands and Mauritius. However, if South Africa has to diversify its crushed pepper exports, the most lucrative market exists in Zambia and Nigeria, which have increased their crushed pepper imports from the world by 27% and 25% respectively between 212-216 period. Malawi, Kenya and Zimbabwe have experienced a negative growth during the 212-216 period. 55

Figure 43: Growth in demand for celery by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 56

Figure 44: Prospects for market diversification for celery by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 57

Figure 45: Growth in demand for uncrushed ginger by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 58

Figure 46: Prospects for market diversification for uncrushed ginger by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 59

Figure 47: Growth in demand for crushed ginger by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 6

Figure 48: Prospects for market diversification for crushed ginger by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 61

Figure 49: Growth in demand for ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 62

Figure 5: Prospects for market diversification for ginger, saffron, turmeric, bay leaves and curry by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 63

Figure 51: Growth in demand for coriander seeds, neither crushed nor ground by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 64

Figure 52: Prospects for market diversification for coriander seeds neither crushed nor ground by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 65

Figure 53: Growth in demand for coriander seeds crushed or ground by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 66

Figure 54: Prospects for market diversification for coriander seeds crushed or ground by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 67

Figure 55: Growth in demand for peppers neither crushed nor ground by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 68

Figure 56: Prospects for market diversification for peppers neither crushed nor ground by South Africa in 216 Source: ITC Trade Map 69