Aircraft Design: A Systems Engineering Approach, M. Sadraey, Wiley, 2012 Chapter 7 Fuselage Design Figures 1
Identify payload and operational requirements/prioritize fuselage design requirements Select fuselage configuration and internal arrangement Determine optimum fuselage length Design passenger cabin/ cargo compartment Design pilot(s) and crew members cockpit Design nose section Design rear section Design doors/windows Design internal space for items/components which are allocated to be inside fuselage (e.g. fuel tank, landing gear, and engine) Lofting (determine cross section and diameter at each station) Is this fuselage satisfying the design requirements? No Yes Optimization Figure 7.1. Fuselage design flowchart 2
1. Large transport aircraft 2. Fighter aircraft 3. Light GA aircraft 4. Glider Figure 7.2. Four generic fuselage configurations Cockpit Passenger cabin Systems Cargo Fuel tanks Cargo Systems Landing gear Wing box Landing gear 1. Low wing passenger aircraft Radar Cockpit Systems Jet Engine Landing gear 2. Fighter aircraft Figure 7.3. Internal arrangement of a civil passenger and a fighter aircraft 3
Males Japanese civilians Italian military USAF aircrew German Air Force 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 (cm) Females USAF British civilians Japanese civilians Swedish civilians Figure 7.4. Examples of variations in height between males and females and different ethnic groups [6] 74 19 91 c 46 c 49 84 Figure 7.5. A linear body dimensions (in cm) 4
1. Airbus 321 (Courtesy of Anne Deus) 5
2. Sukhoi Su-27U (Courtesy of Antony Osborne) 6
3. Piper PA-28-161 Cherokee Warrior II (Courtesy of Jenny Coffey) Figure 7.6. Three types of aircraft with three different fuselage configurations 7
sb H 3 W 1 H 2 L 1 H 1 Figure 7.7. Seat geometry (side-view) Airspeed indicator Attitude indicator Altimeter Machmeter Horizontal situation indicator Rate of climb Figure 7.8. Basic T instrument panel 8
1. Cessna Citation 2. Boeing B-757 (Courtesy of A J Best) 9
3. Aerotechnik L-13 (Courtesy of Miloslav Storoska 4. Extra EA-300 (Courtesy of Miloslav Storoska) Figure 7.9. Flight decks of four civil transport aircraft 10
55 cm windshield 5 o min 25 cm min 13 o 25 o min 18 o min 35 o min 18 cm 20 cm 48 cm Instrument panel 45 cm 82 cm 25 cm min 30 cm min 10 cm 10 cm 90 cm Figure 7.10. Cockpit geometry for a large transport aircraft 11
windscreen 15 o 60 o max 5 cm min 15 o min 25 o min 20 cm min 95 cm min 45 cm 85 cm Figure 7.11. Cockpit geometry for a fighter aircraft Figure 7.12. McDonnell Douglas F-15 Strike Eagle cockpit (Courtesy of Theodore J. Koniares) 12
Headroom Seat width Aisle height Aisle width Figure 7.13. Passenger cabin parameters 13
EMB-145 G:Galley, L: Lavatory, C: Closet A-320-200 First two rows: First class MD-88 First four rows: First class 777-200ER First five rows: First class Figure 7.14. Seating chart of several transport aircraft (courtesy of www.seatplans.com), figure not scaled 14
Cockpit Lavator y Cabin width fuselage width Galley Rear fuselage Nose section Cabin length Fuselage length Figure 7.15. Cabin width and cabin length (Top view) 1. Cabin of Cessna Citation 15
2. Boeing 777 cabin (Courtesy of Toshi Aoki) Figure 7.16. Cabins of two transport aircraft 16
Depth Width Height Figure 7.17. Cargo container 17
Figure 7.18. Airbus A-300 cross section 18
2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 f LD 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 L/D Figure 7.19. The variation of function f LD with respect to slenderness ratio 4 cm D C 3 m 4 m L C L f Figure 7.20. Fuselage top-view for the example 7.2 19
2.33 m 3 m 4 m 32 m 39 m Figure 7.21. Seating arrangement for the fuselage of the example 7.2 D f 1.5 D L C 2 D L f Figure 7.22. A recommended fuselage nose and tail section (Top view) 20
S w et (m 2 ) 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 L/D Figure 7.23. The variations of surface area versus L/D for a cylinder with a volume of 14 m 3 21
Figure 7.24. Aerospatiale-British Aerospace Concorde with the fuselage length-to-diameter ratio 23 (Courtesy of A J Best) Figure 7.25. Lockheed CF-104D Starfighter with wingtip fuel tanks (Courtesy of Antony Osborne 22
Figure 7.26. Schematic of Airbus A380 fuel tank locations Radome Dish Figure 7.27. Radar dish in the nose section of a fighter aircraft 23
Main spar Rear spar Wing box Figure 7.28. Wing box 24
A Fillet wing Section AA wing A Fillet Figure 7.29. The fillet in a low wing configuration 1. Top-view 2. Side-view Figure 7.30. Recommended to-view and side-view for a fuselage 25
1. Transport aircraft Ilyushin IL-76 special nose (Courtesy of Anne Deus) 26
2. Optica OA-7 fuselage Figure 7.31. Two aircraft with special fuselage noses 27
Cross-sectional area x Wing Fuselage x 1. Coke bottling 2. Contributions of wing and fuselage in cross-sectional area Figure 7.32. Area ruling 28
1. Boeing 747 29
2. Concorde Figure 7.33. The application of area ruling in the Boeing 747 and Concorde 30
1. Fuselage, engine, and tail design for stealth 2. Sharp edges of fuselage Figure 7.34. F-117 Night Hawk fuselage is designed to satisfy stealth requirements 31
Initial rear fuselage plan TO H LG Clearance Final rear fuselage plan us Figure 7.35. Rear fuselage upsweep angle 32
16 o 17 o 1. Boeing C-17 Globemaster 2. Boeing 777-300 6 o 10 o 3. F-16 4. Cessna 172 Figure 7.36. Upsweep for four aircraft (aircraft drawing is not scaled) Cockpit Passenger cabin Systems Cargo Fuel tanks Cargo Systems Landing gear Wing box 1. Side-view Landing gear Passenger cabin Passenger cabin Systems Cockpit 2. Top-view Figure 7.37. Internal arrangement of the fuselage 33
55 cm 90 cm windshield 15 o 35 o 13 o 20 o 40 o 18 cm 20 cm 48 cm Instrument panel 45 cm 82 cm 30 cm 40 cm 10 cm 10 cm 90 cm Figure 7.38. Cockpit geometry (side-view) 40 cm 34
8 cm 10 cm 50 cm 30 cm Figure 7.39. Back-view of the cockpit 6 cm D C 2.5 m L C 2.5 m L f Figure 7.40. Fuselage top-view for the example 7.5 35
2.37 2.5 m 24.8 m 29.8 2.5 m Figure 7.41. Top view of the cabin for Example 7.5 (values is cm) LD1 LD1 2.37 m Figure 7.42. Fuselage cross section 36
Cabin Cockpit 2.37 m 3.55 m Figure 7.43. Nose section 2.37 m cone 2.5 m Figure 7.44. Rear section is modeled as a cone (top-view) 2.37 m us 3.876 m m Figure 7.45. Rear section is modeled as a cone (side-view) 37
2.37 m Cockpit Passenger cabin 33.05 m 17 o 3.876 m Cockpit 1. Side-view Passenger cabin 20 o Passenger cabin 2.5 m 27.3 m 3.25 m 2. Top-view Figure 7.46. Fuselage side-view and top-view for example 7.5 D 1.5 D L C 2 D L Figure 7.47. A fuselage nose and tail section D 2 D L C 3 D L 38
Figure 7.48. A fuselage nose and tail section D 1 D L C 5 D L Figure 7.49. A fuselage nose and tail section 39